'And in the seventh day Elohim completed His work which He had done, and He rested on the seventh day from all His work which He had made. And Elohim blessed the seventh day and set it apart, because on it He rested from all His work which Elohim in creating had made.'

Berĕshith (Genesis) 2:2-3

'And it came to be, on the sixth day, that they gathered twice as much bread, two omers for each one. And all the rulers of the congregation came and told Mosheh. And he said to them, “This is what יהוה has said, ‘Tomorrow is a rest, a Sabbath set-apart to יהוה. That which you bake, bake; and that which you cook, cook. And lay up for yourselves all that is left over, to keep it until morning.’ ” And they laid it up till morning, as Mosheh commanded. And it did not stink, and no worm was in it. And Mosheh said, “Eat it today, for today is a Sabbath to יהוה, today you do not find it in the field. Gather it six days, but on the seventh day, which is the Sabbath, there is none. And it came to be that some of the people went out on the seventh day to gather, but they found none. And יהוה said to Mosheh, “How long shall you refuse to guard My commands and My Torot? See, because יהוה has given you the Sabbath, therefore He is giving you bread for two days on the sixth day. Let each one stay in his place, do not let anyone go out of his place on the seventh day. So the people rested on the seventh day.'

Shemoth (Exodus) 16:22-30

'“Remember the Sabbath day, to set it apart. “Six days you labour, and shall do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath of יהוה your Elohim. You do not do any work – you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your cattle, nor your stranger who is within your gates. “For in six days יהוה made the heavens and the earth, the sea, and all that is in them, and rested the seventh day. Therefore יהוה blessed the Sabbath day and set it apart.'

Shemoth (Exodus) 20:8-11

'“Six days you are to do your work, and on the seventh day you rest, in order that your ox and your donkey might rest, and the son of your female servant and the sojourner be refreshed.'

Shemoth (Exodus) 23:12

'And you, speak to the children of Yisra’ĕl, saying, ‘My Sabbaths you are to guard, by all means, for it is a sign between Me and you throughout your generations, to know that I, יהוה, am setting you apart.'

Shemoth (Exodus) 31:13

'‘And you shall guard the Sabbath, for it is set-apart to you. Everyone who profanes it shall certainly be put to death, for anyone who does work on it, that being shall be cut off from among his people. ‘Six days work is done, and on the seventh is a Sabbath of rest, set-apart to יהוה. Everyone doing work on the Sabbath day shall certainly be put to death.'

Shemoth (Exodus) 31:14-15

'‘Between Me and the children of Yisra’ĕl it is a sign forever. For in six days יהוה made the heavens and the earth, and on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed.’ ”'

Shemoth (Exodus) 31:17

'“Six days you work, but on the seventh day you rest – in ploughing time and in harvest you rest.'

Shemoth (Exodus) 34:21

'‘Each one of you should fear his mother and his father, and guard My Sabbaths. I am יהוה your Elohim.'

Wayyiqra (Leviticus) 19:3

'‘Six days work is done, but the seventh day is a Sabbath of rest, a set-apart gathering. You do no work, it is a Sabbath to יהוה in all your dwellings.'

Wayyiqra (Leviticus) 23:3

'Guard the Sabbath day, to set it apart, as יהוה your Elohim commanded you. Six days you labour, and shall do all your work, but the seventh day is a Sabbath of יהוה your Elohim. You do not do any work – you, nor your son, nor your daughter, nor your male servant, nor your female servant, nor your ox, nor your donkey, nor any of your cattle, nor your stranger who is within your gates, so that your male servant and your female servant rest as you do. And you shall remember that you were a slave in the land of Mitsrayim, and that יהוה your Elohim brought you out from there by a strong hand and by an outstretched arm. Therefore יהוה your Elohim commanded you to perform the Sabbath day.'

Deḇarim (Deuteronomy) 5:12-15

'“Blessed is the man who does this, and the son of man who becomes strong in it, guarding the Sabbath lest he profane it, and guarding his hand from doing any evil.'

Yeshayah (Isaiah) 56:2

'“If you do turn back your foot from the Sabbath, from doing your pleasure on My set-apart day , and shall call the Sabbath ‘a delight,’ the set-apart day of יהוה ‘esteemed,’ and shall esteem it, not doing your own ways, nor finding your own pleasure, nor speaking your own words, then you shall delight yourself in יהוה. And I shall cause you to ride on the heights of the earth, and feed you with the inheritance of Ya‛aqoḇ your father. For the mouth of יהוה has spoken!”'

Yeshayah (Isaiah) 58:13-14

'Thus said יהוה, “Guard yourselves, and bear no burden on the Sabbath day, nor bring it in by the gates of Yerushalayim, nor take a burden out of your houses on the Sabbath day, nor do any work. And you shall set apart the Sabbath day, as I commanded your fathers.'

Yirmeyahu (Jeremiah) 17:21-22

'“And I also gave them My Sabbaths, to be a sign between them and Me, to know that I am יהוה who sets them apart.'

Yehezqĕl (Ezekiel) 20:12

'I am יהוה your Elohim. Walk in My laws, and guard My right-rulings, and do them. And set apart My Sabbaths, and they shall be a sign between Me and you, to know that I am יהוה your Elohim.’'

Yehezqĕl (Ezekiel) 20:19-20

'In those days I saw in Yehuḏah those treading wine presses on the Sabbath, and bringing in sheaves, and loading donkeys with wine, grapes, and figs, and all kinds of burdens, which they brought into Yerushalayim on the Sabbath day. So I warned them on the day they sold food. And men of Tsor dwelt there, bringing in fish and all kinds of goods, and sold them on the Sabbath to the children of Yehuḏah, and in Yerushalayim. Then I contended with the nobles of Yehuḏah, and said to them, “What evil matter is this that you are doing, profaning the Sabbath day? “Did not your fathers do the same so that our Elohim brought all this evil on us and on this city? Yet you bring added wrath on Yisra’ĕl by profaning the Sabbath.” And it came to be, when the gates of Yerushalayim were shaded before the Sabbath, that I commanded the doors to be shut, and commanded that they should not be opened till after the Sabbath. And I stationed some of my servants at the gates, so that no burdens would be brought in on the Sabbath day. And the merchants and sellers of all kinds of wares spent the night outside Yerushalayim once or twice, and I warned them, and said to them, “Why do you spend the night around the wall? If you do so again, I lay hands on you!” From that time on they came no more on the Sabbath. And I commanded the Lĕwites that they should cleanse themselves, and they should come, guarding the gates, to set apart the Sabbath day. Remember me, O my Elohim, concerning this also, and pardon me according to the greatness of Your loving-commitment!'

Neḥemyah (Nehemiah) 13:15-22

'Do not think that I came to destroy the Torah or the Prophets. I did not come to destroy but to complete. For truly, I say to you, till the heaven and the earth pass away, one yod or one tittle shall by no means pass from the Torah till all be done. “Whoever, then, breaks one of the least of these commands, and teaches men so, shall be called least in the reign of the heavens; but whoever does and teaches them, he shall be called great in the reign of the heavens.'

Mattithyahu (Matthew) 5:17-19

'And see, there was a man having a withered hand. And they asked Him, saying, “Is it right to heal on the Sabbath?” – so as to accuse Him. And He said to them, “What man is there among you who has one sheep, and if it falls into a pit on the Sabbath, shall not take hold of it and lift it out? How much more worth is a man than a sheep! So it is right to do good on the Sabbath.'

Mattithyahu (Matthew) 12:10-12

'And He said to them, “The Sabbath was made for man, and not man for the Sabbath. So the Son of Aḏam is also Master of the Sabbath.”'

Marqos (Mark) 2:27-28

'And He said to them, “Is it right to do good on the Sabbath, or to do evil, to save life or to kill?” But they remained silent. And having looked around on them with displeasure, being grieved at the hardness of their hearts, He said to the man, “Stretch out your hand.” And he stretched it out, and his hand was restored as healthy as the other.'

Marqos (Mark) 3:4-5

'And He came to Natsareth, where He had been brought up. And according to His practice, He went into the congregation on the Sabbath day, and stood up to read.'

Luqas (Luke) 4:16

'And because of this the Yehuḏim persecuted יהושע, and were seeking to kill Him, because He was doing these healings on the Sabbath. But יהושע answered them, “My Father works until now, and I work.”'

Yoḥanan (John) 5:16-17

'And when the Yehuḏim went out of the congregation, the nations begged to have these words spoken to them the next Sabbath. And when the meeting of the congregation had broken up, many of the Yehuḏim and of the worshipping converts followed Sha’ul and Barnaḇa, who, speaking to them, were urging them to continue in the favour of Elohim. And on the next Sabbath almost all the city came together to hear the Word of Elohim.'

Ma`asei (Acts) 13:42-44

'And on the Sabbath day we went outside the city by a river, where there used to be prayer. And having sat down we were speaking to the women who met there.'

Ma`asei (Acts) 16:13

'And according to his practice, Sha’ul went in unto them, and for three Sabbaths was reasoning with them from the Scriptures,'

Ma`asei (Acts) 17:2

'And he was reasoning in the congregation every Sabbath, and won over both Yehuḏim and Greeks.'

Ma`asei (Acts) 18:4

'For we who have believed do enter into that rest, as He has said, “As I swore in My wrath, if they shall enter into My rest...” And yet His works have come into being from the foundation of the world. For somewhere He has said thus about the seventh day, “And Elohim rested on the seventh day from all His works,”'

Iḇ`rim (Hebrews) 4:3-4

'So there remains a Sabbath-keeping for the people of Elohim.'

Iḇ`rim (Hebrews) 4:9

'Beloved ones, making all haste to write to you concerning our common deliverance, I felt the necessity to write to you urging you to earnestly contend for the belief which was once for all delivered to the set-apart ones.'

Yehuḏah (Jude) 1:3

Preparation Day

'And it shall be on the sixth day that they shall prepare what they bring in, and it shall be twice as much as they gather daily.'

Shemoth (Exodus) 16:5

'And he said to them, “This is what יהוה has said, ‘Tomorrow is a rest, a Sabbath set-apart to יהוה. That which you bake, bake; and that which you cook, cook. And lay up for yourselves all that is left over, to keep it until morning.’ ”'

Shemoth (Exodus) 16:23

'And when evening had come, because it was the Preparation Day, that is, the day before the Sabbath,'

Marqos (Mark) 15:42

'And taking it down, he wrapped it in linen, and laid it in a tomb hewn out of the rock, where no one was yet laid. And it was Preparation day, and the Sabbath was approaching. And the women who had come with Him from Galil followed after, and saw the tomb and how His body was laid. And having returned, they prepared spices and perfumes. And they rested on the Sabbath according to the command.'

Luqas (Luke) 23:53-56

Prophecy

'Let no one therefore judge you in eating or in drinking, or in respect of a festival or a new moon or Sabbaths – which are a shadow of what is to come – but the Body of the Messiah.'

Qolasim (Colossians) 2:16-17

'Therefore, since a promise remains of entering into His rest, let us fear lest any of you seem to have come short of it. For indeed the Good News was brought to us as well as to them, but the word which they heard did not profit them, not having been mixed with belief in those who heard it. For we who have believed do enter into that rest, as He has said, “As I swore in My wrath, if they shall enter into My rest...” And yet His works have come into being from the foundation of the world. For somewhere He has said thus about the seventh day, “And Elohim rested on the seventh day from all His works,” and in this again, “If they shall enter into My rest...” Since then it remains for some to enter into it, and those who formerly received the Good News did not enter in because of disobedience, He again defines a certain day, “Today,” saying through Dawiḏ so much later, as it has been said, “Today, if you hear His voice, do not harden your hearts.” For if Yehoshua had given them rest, He would not have spoken of another day after that. So there remains a Sabbath-keeping for the people of Elohim. For the one, having entered into His rest, has himself also rested from his works, as Elohim rested from His own. Let us therefore do our utmost to enter into that rest, lest anyone fall after the same example of disobedience.'

Iḇ`rim (Hebrews) 4:1-11

'Here is the endurance of the set-apart ones, here are those guarding the commands of Elohim and the belief of יהושע.'

Ḥazon (Revelation) 14:12

Definitions

H7673 שָׁבַת shâbath

Outline of Biblical Usage:

to cease, desist, rest

(Qal)

to cease
to rest, desist (from labour)

(Niphal) to cease
(Hiphil)

to cause to cease, put an end to
to exterminate, destroy
to cause to desist from
to remove
to cause to fail

(Qal) to keep or observe the sabbath

Strong’s Definition:

שָׁבַת shâbath, shaw-bath'; a primitive root; to repose, i.e. desist from exertion; used in many implied relations (causative, figurative or specific):—(cause to, let, make to) cease, celebrate, cause (make) to fail, keep (sabbath), suffer to be lacking, leave, put away (down), (make to) rest, rid, still, take away.

Brown-Driver-Briggs:

שָׁבַת 71 verb cease, desist, rest (Assyrian šabâtu, probably cease, be completed DlWB ZimKAT 3. 593 (JenZA iv (1889), 277 f. is sceptical); Arabic bdb099101 cut off, interrupt; Late Hebrew has שֶׁבֶת neglect, etc., Aramaic שִׁבְתָּא cost of neglect); —

Qal27 Perfect 3rd person masculine singular שׁ׳ Genesis 2:3 +; 3rd person plural שָׁבָ֑תוּ Lamentations 5:14, etc.; Imperfect 3rd person masculine singular יִשְׁבּוֺת Hosea 7:4; יִשְׁבֹּת Proverbs 22:10 + 2 times; 3rd person feminine singular תִּשְׁבֹּת Leviticus 26:35; תִּשְׁבַּת Leviticus 26:34; Nehemiah 6:3 +, etc.; —

1. cease: (absolute + 13 times) of seasons Genesis 8:22 (J); manna Joshua 5:12 (P), etc., Isaiah 14:4 (twice in verse); Nehemiah 6:3 +; with מִן Hosea 7:4 + 3 times

2. desist from labour, rest:

a. with מִן (of god) Genesis 2:2, 3(P).

b. מִן omitted, ב temporal Exodus 23:12 (E), Exodus 16:30; Exodus 34:21 (J), Exodus 31:17 (P); בֶּחָרִישׁ וּבַקָּצִיר שׁ׳ Exodus 34:21 (J; i.e., even in these busy seasons).

c. land in 7th year Leviticus 26:34, 35 (twice in verse) (H), 2 Chronicles 36:21. — Leviticus 23:32; Leviticus 25:2 see [שָׁבַת] verb denominative below.

† Niph. Perfect 3rd person masculine singular נִשְׁבַּת Isaiah 17:3 + 2 times; plural נִשְׁבְּתוּ Ezekiel 6:6; — cease: absolute Ezekiel 6:6; Ezekiel 30:18; Ezekiel 33:28; with מִן Isaiah 17:3.

Hiph. 40 Perfect 3rd person masculine singular הִשְׁבִּית Ruth 4:14 +; 2nd person masculine singular הִשְׁבַּתָּ Psalm 89:45; Psalm 119:119, etc.; Imperfect 3rd person masculine singular יַשְׁבִּיתּ Proverbs 18:18; Daniel 9:27; וַיַּשְׁבֵּת 2 Kings 23:11; 2 Chronicles 16:5, etc.; Infinitive construct הַשְׁבִּית Psalm 8:3; לַשְׁבִּית Amos 8:4 (Ges§ 53q); Imperative masculine plural הַשְׁבִּ֫יתוּ Isaiah 30:11; Participle מַשְׁבִּית Jeremiah 16:9; Psalm 46:10; —

1. cause to cease, put an end to: with accusative mirth Hosea 2:13, work 2 Chronicles 16:5; Nehemiah 4:5; sacrifice Daniel 9:27; war Psalm 46:10, compare Isaiah 13:11; Ezekiel 7:24; Proverbs 18:18 + 6 times, + קוֺל שָׂשׂוֺן מִן הִשׁ׳ Jeremiah 7:34; Jeremiah 16:9, compare Jeremiah 48:33.

2. = exterminate, destroy: with accusative 2 Kings 23:5, 11; Amos 8:4 (Now conjectures העשׁקים), Hosea 1:4; Psalm 8:3; Psalm 119:119; with accusative + מִן, Jeremiah 36:29, מִן הָאָרֶץ Leviticus 26:6 (H), Ezekiel 34:25; אלילים Ezekiel 30:13; Deuteronomy 32:26.

3. cause to desist from: with מִן Ezekiel 16:41; Ezekiel 34:10; Exodus 5:5 (E = give rest from); לְבִלְתִּי infinitive Joshua 22:25 (P).

4. remove)= מִן הֵסִיר): with מִן Ezekiel 23:27, 48; Psalm 89:45 (text dubious: read הִשְׁבַּתּוֺ [3] Greek Version of the LXX Du; מַטֵּה הֹדוֺ Herz Che, see also below טֳהָר); leaven מבתים Exodus 12:15 (P); מִמָּנֵינוּ ישׂר׳ אֶחקֿ׳ הַשׁ׳ Isaiah 30:11.

5. cause to fail, let be lacking: salt מֵעַל מִנְחָתֶ֑ךָ Leviticus 2:12 (P); accusative pers + ל person Jeremiah 48:35; Ruth 4:14.

† [שָׁבַת] verb denominative keep, observe (sabbath); —

Qal, with accusative of congnate meaning with verb; Perfect 3rd person feminine singular וְשָֽׁבְתָה הָאָרֶץ שַׁבָּת לי׳ Leviticus 25:2; 2nd person masculine plural מֵעֶרֶב עַדעֶֿרֶב תִּשְׁבְּתוּ שַׁבַּתְּכֶ֑ם Leviticus 23:32 (P).

Gesenius’ Hebrew Lexicon:

שָׁבַת fut. יִשְׁבֹּת and יִשְׁבַּת Leviticus 26:34.

(1) to rest, to keep as a day of rest. (Arab. سبت IV. to take rest. The primary idea appears to be that of to sit down, to sit still; cognate on the one hand are יָשַׁב, inf. שֶׁבֶת, on the other to שׁוּת and שָׁפַת.) It is used of men (opp. to labour), Exodus 23:12, 34:21 of land which is not tilled, Leviticus 26:34, 35 Leviticus 26:35, compare 25:2. Followed by מִן to rest from labour, Genesis 2:2, Exodus 31:17.- Isaiah 33:8, שָׁבַת עֹבֵר אֹרַח “the traveller rests,” abstains from journeying; Isaiah 14:4; Lamentations 5:14, “the elders rest from the gate,” i.e. do not go to the forum.

(2) to cease, to desist, leave off, followed by מִן with an inf. (prop. to desist from doing any thing), Job 32:1; Jeremiah 31:36; Hosea 7:4 absol. to cease to be, to have an end, Genesis 8:22; Isaiah 24:8; Lamentations 5:15.

(3) to celebrate the sabbath, followed by שַׁבָּת Leviticus 23:32.

Niphal, i.q. Kal No. 2, prop. pass. of Hiphil, to have an end, Isaiah 17:3; Ezekiel 6:6, 30:18 33:28.

Hiphil

(1) to cause to rest, followed by מִן from work, Exodus 5:5, or to cause a work to cease, i.e. to interrupt, 2 Chronicles 16:5 to make an enemy to rest, i.e. to restrain, to still, Psalms 8:3.

(2) to cause to cease

(a) any person, followed by מִן before an inf. Ezekiel 34:10 followed by לְבִלְתִּי Joshua 22:25.

(b) any thing, i.e. to put an end to, e.g. war, Psalms 46:10 contention, Proverbs 18:18 exultation, Isaiah 16:10. Followed by לְ Jeremiah 48:35; Amos 8:4; Ruth 4:14, אֲשֶׁר הִשְׁבִּית לָךְ גֹּאֵל “who hath not left thee without a redeemer;” Leviticus 2:13.

(3) to remove, to take away, followed by מִן from any person or thing, i.q. הֵסִיר, Exodus 12:15 Levit. 26:6 Ezekiel 34:25, 23:27, 48 Ezekiel 23:48, 30:13 Isaiah 30:11; Jeremiah 7:34; Psalms 119:119.

Derivatives, שֶׁבֶת No. I, שַׁבָּת, שַׁבָּתוֹן, שַׁבְּתַי, מַשְׁבָּת.

I. שֶׁבֶת with suff. שִׁבְתִּי (from the root שָׁבַת), cessation, a ceasing, Proverbs 20:3 (compare 18:18 22:10 ); hence idleness, inactivity, Isaiah 30:7.

(2) interruption of work, time lost, Exodus 21:19.

II. שֶׁבֶת f. inf. from the root יָשַׁב to dwell, which see. [“Used as a subst. sitting, seat, 1 Kings 10:19; Amos 6:3 also place, 2 Samuel 23:7.”]

Jastrow’s Dictionary of the Targums:

שָׁבַת (b. h.) 1) to rest, cease; esp. to observe the Sabbath, Lam. R. to V, 14 (expl. מנגינתם, ib.) מזמריהון שָׁבְתוּ they ceased from their songs. Ib. to I, 7 (ref. to משבתיה, ib.) זה … שש׳ מתוכה this refers to R. J. b. Z. who ceased from staying within her (who left Jerusalem during the siege). Snh. 58ᵇ נכרי שש׳ וכ׳ a gentile that rests from work (on any day) deserves death. Y. Ber. IV, 7ᶜ bot. כבר ש׳ וכ׳ R. Ḥ. has already begun the Sabbath observance in his town. Y. Sabb. XV, 15ᵃ bot. שבת לה׳ שְׁבוֹת כה׳ מה הקב"ה ש׳ ממאמר אף את שבות ממאמר ‘a Sabbath unto the Lord’ (Ex. XX, 10), rest like the Lord, as God rested from speech, so do thou rest from speech (planning work). Ned. III, 10 הנודר משׁוֹבְתֵי שבת וכ׳ he who forswears benefit at the hands of those who rest on the Sabbath, is forbidden to receive benefits from Jews and from Samaritans; a. fr.—Pes. 54ᵃ אור שש׳ a light which burned during the entire Sabbath (having been kindled on the Sabbath eve). Men. 21ᵃ (ref. to תשבית, Lev. II, 13) מלח שאינה שׁוֹבֶתֶת וכ׳ Ms. M. (ed. שובתה) a kind of salt which has no Sabbath (is generated at all times), which is Sodom salt (v. מֶלַח). —2) to stay over the Sabbath; (of scholars) to deliver the Sabbath lecture. Peah VIII, 7 ש׳ נותנין לו מזון וכ׳ where the transient poor makes his Sabbath station, you must give him food for three meals; Sabb. 118ᵃ; B. Bath. 9ᵃ. Mekh. Bo, s. 16 כבר שָׂבְתוּ … ולא ש׳ וכ׳ once the disciples made their Sabbath station at Jabneh, but R. J. did not stay there. Ib. ומי ש׳ שם and who lectured there?; אפשר שש׳ ר׳ וכ׳ is it possible that R. El. b. Az. lectured without sayîng something novel?; Y. Ḥag. I, beg. 75ᵈ; Y. Sot. III, 18ᵈ bot.; a. fr. —3) (v. שְׁבִיתָה) to appoint a Sabbath camp as the center for Sabbath movements. Pes. III, 7 (49ᵃ) ההולך … לִשְׁבּוֹת שביתת הרשות if a person goes away from home … in order to transfer his Sabbath camp for some secular (social) purpose. Erub. 51ᵃ לשׁוֹבְתֵי שבת for those who appoint a Sabbath camp (when on the road near the beginning of the Sabbath), v. פֵּאָה; a. fr.—Part. pass. שָׁבוּת allowed to rest, abandoned. Sifra B’har, Par. 1, ch. I (ref. to שבת הארץ, Lev. XXV, 6) מן הש׳ בארץ … מן השמור thou mayest (in the Sabbatical year) eat of what is abandoned in the earth (that which grows without special cultivation, manuring &c.), but not of what is watched in the earth (of a field more than ordinarily ploughed); Yalk. Lev. 659.

Hif. - הִשְׁבִּית to cause to cease, remove. Y. Ber. IV, 7ᵈ bot. שתשבור ותַשְׁבִּית עולו וכ׳ that thou mayest break and remove the yoke of the evil inclination &c.; ib. שתַּשְׁבִּיתֵהוּ מעלינו וכ׳ that thou mayest remove it (the leaven of evil) from within us &c.—V. הַשְׁבָּתָה.

Klein Dictionary:

שׁבת to cease, desist; to rest.

— Qal - שָׁבַת 1 he ceased, desisted; 2 he desisted from labor, rested; PBH 3 he observed the Sabbath, he spent the Sabbath; NH 4 he struck, was on strike (properly ‘he stopped working’).

— Niph. - נִשֽׁבַּת ceased.

— Hiph. - הִשֽׁבִּית 1 he caused to cease, put an end to; 2 he removed, exterminated, destroyed; NH 3 he locked out (workers).

— Hoph. - הֻשְׁבַּת PBH 1 was made to cease, was stopped; PBH 2 he ceased, perished; NH 3 was locked out (from his work). [JAram. שְׁבַת (= he rested; he observed the Sabbath), Arab. sabata (= he cut off, interrupted, ceased, rested). Akka. shabātu, which prob. means ‘to complete, cease, desist’. cp. שֶׁבֶת ᴵ.] Derivatives: שַׁבָּת, שְׁבוּת ᴵᴵ, שְׁבִיתָה, שׁוֹבֵת, מִשְׁבָּת, מֻשְׁבָּת.

Found in Scripture:

Gen_2:2; Gen_2:3; Gen_8:22; Exo_5:5; Exo_12:15; Exo_16:30; Exo_23:12; Exo_31:17; Exo_34:21; Lev_2:13; Lev_23:32; Lev_25:2; Lev_26:6; Lev_26:34; Lev_26:35; Deu_32:26; Jos_5:12; Jos_22:25; Rth_4:14; 2Ki_23:5; 2Ki_23:11; 2Ch_16:5; 2Ch_36:21; Neh_4:11; Neh_6:3; Job_32:1; Psa_8:2; Psa_46:9; Psa_89:44; Psa_119:119; Pro_18:18; Pro_22:10; Isa_13:11; Isa_14:4; Isa_16:10; Isa_17:3; Isa_21:2; Isa_24:8; Isa_30:11; Isa_33:8; Jer_7:34; Jer_16:9; Jer_31:36; Jer_36:29; Jer_48:33; Jer_48:35; Lam_5:14; Lam_5:15; Eze_6:6; Eze_7:24; Eze_12:23; Eze_16:41; Eze_23:27; Eze_23:48; Eze_26:13; Eze_30:10; Eze_30:13; Eze_30:18; Eze_33:28; Eze_34:10; Eze_34:25; Dan_9:27; Dan_11:18; Hos_1:4; Hos_2:11; Hos_7:4; Amo_8:4.

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H7676 שַׁבָּת shabbâth

Outline of Biblical Usage:

Sabbath

sabbath
day of atonement
sabbath year
week
produce (in sabbath year)

Strong’s Definition:

שַׁבָּת shabbâth, shab-bawth'; intensive from H7673; intermission, i.e (specifically) the Sabbath:—(+ every) sabbath.

Brown-Driver-Briggs:

שַׁבָּת 111 noun feminineEx 31:41+ and masculineIsaiah 66:2, 6 (under influence of יוֺם in frequent יוֺם הַשּׁ׳, AlbrZAW xvi (1896), 47) sabbath (= ת + שׁבת; Late Hebrew שַׁבָּת, Aramaic שַׁבְּתָא, bdb099201; perhaps Assyrian šabattum (||um nuḫ libbi, day of rest of heart (i.e. propitiation) [of deity]: only in lexical Tablets); compare LotzQuaest. de hist. Sabbati, 1883 JenZA iv (1889), 274 ff. (doubts connection of Assyrian word with Hebrew Sabbath) IdS. S. Times, Jan. 16, 1892, 35 f. Muss-ArnJBL xi (1892), 93 SchwIdioticon 127; see (more recently) JastrAmos. J. Theol. ii (1898), 332 ff. ToyTBL xviii (1899), 190 ff. DrHast. DB SABBATH (1902) ZimKAT 3. 592 ff.; ZMG 1904, 199 ff. [15th day of month so called]458ff.); — absolute שׁ׳ Exodus 16:25 + 64 times; construct שַׁבַּת Exodus 16:23 + 10 times; suffix שַׁבַּתּוֺ Numbers 28:10 + 3 times suffix; plural שַׁבָּתוֺת Leviticus 23:15 + 7 times; construct שַׁבְּתתֹ Leviticus 23:38; Leviticus 25:3, 8; suffix שַׁבְּתוֺתַי Isaiah 56:4 +, etc.; —

1. sabbath:

a. primitive ליהוה שׁ׳ Exodus 16:25 (J), Exodus 20:10 = Deuteronomy 5:14 (ten words) Leviticus 23:3 (P); הַשּׁ׳ Exodus 16:29 (J); בַּיוֺם הַשְּׁבִיעִי שׁ׳ Exodus 16:26 (J); on seventh day יוֺם הַשַּׁבָּת Exodus 20:8, 11 = Deuteronomy 5:12, 15 (ten words), so throughout; Exodus 31:15 + 3 times P, Jeremiah 17:21; Ezekiel 46:4; Nehemiah 10:32 + 9 times, + (|| new moon) Isaiah 1:13; Ezekiel 46:1; 2 Kings 4:23; Amos 8:5, compare Isaiah 66:23 (twice in verse), also חג and מועד Hosea 2:13; time of change of watch in temple 2 Kings 11:5, 7, 9 (twice in verse) = 2 Chronicles 23:4, 8 (twice in verse); מיסך הַשּׁ׳ (in temple) 2 Kings 16:18; originally observed simply by abstinence from labour Exodus 20:9, 10 = Deuteronomy 5:12-14; Exodus 23:12 (E), Exodus 34:21 (J; BrHex. 181-195).

b. Deuteronomic reason for day is deliverance from Egypt Deuteronomy 5:15, hence its consecration, לְקַדְּשׁוֺ Deuteronomy 5:12 = Exodus 20:8; קדּשׁ יום השׁ׳ Jeremiah 17:22, 24, 27 (especially no load carried), Ezekiel 20:20; Ezekiel 44:24.

c. intensified by anith. חלּל שׁ׳ Ezekiel 20:13 + 5 times Ezekiel; compare Nehemiah 13:18. Phrases in H: שׁמר (ה)שׁ׳ Leviticus 19:3, 10; Leviticus 26:2, then P Exodus 31:13, 14, 16; compare Isaiah 56:2, 4, 6; יוֺם קָדְשִׁי, קדושׁ י׳ : Isaiah 58:13 (twice in verse) (with כבּד). H also שַׁבְּתֹתֵיכֶם Leviticus 26:35; מִמָּחֳרַת הַשּׁ׳ Leviticus 23:11, 15, 16; שַׁבְּתוֺתַי Leviticus 19:3, 30; Leviticus 26:2; Isaiah 56:4; Ezekiel 20:12; Ezekiel 22:26, + 8 times Ezekiel; || מוֺעֵד Lamentations 2:6.

d. P gives as basis God's resting Exodus 20:11; Exodus 31:17; שׁבתות י׳ Leviticus 23:38; קדשׁ שׁ׳ ליהוה Exodus 16:23, compare Nehemiah 9:14, שׁבתון שׁ׳ Exodus 31:15; Exodus 35:2; Leviticus 23:3; עשׂה השׁ׳ Exodus 31:16, בְּשַׁבַּתּוֺ עֹלַת שׁ׳ Numbers 28:10, compare Isaiah 66:23; בְּיוֺם הַשּׁ׳ בְּיוֺם הַשּׁ׳ Leviticus 24:8 on every sabbath, abbreviation שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּת 1 Chronicles 9:32; לַשַּׁבָּתוֺת || חֳדָשִׁים + מועדים 1 Chronicles 23:31 + 3 times Chronicles, Nehemiah 10:34 (ל omitted by error); work punished by stoning Numbers 15:32, 36; trade prohibited Nehemiah 10:32; Nehemiah 13:15-21.

2. day of atonement is a שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֺן Leviticus 16:31; Leviticus 23:32 (P), compare שָׁבַת שַׁבָּת Leviticus 23:32 (P).

3. sabbath year, שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּתוֺן Leviticus 25:4 (H); שַׁבָּת ליהוה Leviticus 25:2; Leviticus 25:4 (H), שַׁבְּתוֺתֶיהָ רצה (הארץׅ Leviticus 26:34 (twice in verse); Leviticus 26:43 (H), 2 Chronicles 36:21.

4. = week(?): שֶׁבַע שַׁבָּתוֺת Leviticus 23:15 (H), seven sabbaths or weeks; שֶׁבַע שַׁבְּתתֹ (ה)שָּׁנִים Leviticus 25:8 (twice in verse); (H) seven sabbaths or weeks (of years), uncertain (see Mark 16:2, 9; Luke 18:12; Matthew 28:1, compare Jewish-Aramaic usage); possibly שַׁבָּת Isaiah 66:23 = week (Du).

5. שַׁבַּת הָאָ֫רֶץ Leviticus 25:6 (H) = produce in sabbath year (growing of itself).

Gesenius’ Hebrew Lexicon:

שַׁבָּת const. state שַׁבַּת, with suff. שַׁבַּתּוֹ, pl. שַׁבָּתוֹת, const. state שַׁבְּתוֹת, common (Exodus 31:14, compared with Leviticus 25:4)

(1) sabbath, the seventh day of the week, Exodus 16:25, שַׁבָּת הַיּוֹם לַיהוָֹה “to-day is the sabbath of Jehovah.” שַׁבַּת שַׁבָּת every sabbath, 1 Chronicles 9:32. שַׁבַּת שָׁנִים the sabbatical year, every seventh year, in which the land was not tilled, Leviticus 25:4, seqq.

(2) perhaps a week, like the Syr. and Gr. (Matthew 28:1) Leviticus 23:15 compare Deuteronomy 16:9.

Jastrow’s Dictionary of the Targums:

שַׁבָּת f. (b. h.; preced.) 1) day of rest, Sabbath.—שַׁבַּת בראשית, v. בְּרֵאשִׁית. Sabb. I, 1 יציאות הש׳ the laws concerning the carrying of objects from one territory (רָשׁוּת) to another on the Sabbath, v. הוֹצָאָה. Ib. 2ᵇ הכא דעיקר ש׳ הוא here where the Sabbath law is the main subject. Ib. 10ᵇ מתנה … וש׳ שמה I have a precious gift in my treasury, its name is Sabbath. Ib. 119ᵃ תבלין … וש׳ שמו וכ׳ we (Jews) have a certain spice, its name is Sabbath, which we put into it (the Sabbath dish), and its flavor spreads, Ib. 117ᵇ בש׳ חייב אדם לבצוע וכ׳ on the Sabbath one must break bread (say the blessing) over two loaves. Ib. לעולם … להוצאת ש׳ one should always be early in making the purchases for the Sabbath. Ib. 118ᵃ עשה שַׁבַּתְּךָ וכ׳, v. צָרַךְ. Ib. 119ᵃ בואו … ש׳ המלכה come ye, and let us go forth to meet queen Sabbath. Ib.ᵇ שני … בערב ש׳ מבית וכ׳ two ministering angels escort man on the Sabbath eve from the synagogue to his house; מלאך … שתהא לש׳ אחרת כך וכ׳ the good angel says, may it be thus the next Sabbath, and the evil angel says Amen against his will. Ib. לא חרבה … את הש׳ Jerusalem was destroyed for no other reason than because they desecrated the Sabbath there. Mekh. Ki Thissa לכם ש׳ מסורה וכ׳, v. מָסַר. R. Hash. IV, 1 שחל להיות בש׳ which falls on a Sabbath day; a. v. fr.—Ber. 28ᵃ, a. e. ש׳ של מי היתה whose Sabbath was it, i.e. whose turn to preach was it?—Pl. שַׁבָּתוֹת. Sabb. l. c. אילמלי … שתי ש׳ וכ׳ if Israel were to observe two Sabbaths properly, they would at once be redeemed. Yeb. 93ᵃ ש׳ וימים טובים Sabbaths and festivals; Keth. 110ᵇ; a. v. fr. —2) week. Ned. VIII, 1 ש׳ זו אסור בכל הש׳ וש׳ שעברה (if one says on a Sabbath day, ‘I vow abstinence from wine) this Sabbath’, he is forbidden to drink wine the whole (incoming) week and the week just expiring. Men. 65ᵇ באמצע ש׳ during the week, opp. בשבת on the Sabbath day; a. fr.—Pl. as ab. Is. 66ᵃ אימתי … שבע ש׳ תמימות וכ׳ when do you find seven complete weeks (between Passover and Shabuoth)? When you begin to count from the evening. Pesik. Haʿom., p. 69ᵇ באלו שבע ש׳ וכ׳ during those seven weeks between Passover &c.; a. fr.—שַׁבָּת Sabbath, name of a treatise, of the Order of Moʿed, of the Mishnah, Tosefta, Talmud Babli and Y’rushalmi.

Klein Dictionary:

שַׁבָּת m.n. (pl. שַׁבָּתוֹת) 1 day of rest, Sabbath. 2 week, i.e. the seven days from Sunday to Sabbath (the JAram. and Syr. loan words also have both meanings: ‘Sabbath’, and ‘week’; cp. also Gk. sabbaton and sabbata, which also have both these meanings). 3 feast, festival. 4 of years, i.e. a period of seven years. 5 the Sabbathical year, ‘shemittah’. PBH 6 ‘Sabbath’, name of the first Mishnah and Talmud tractate of the order מוֹעֵד. [Derived from שׁבת and lit. meaning ‘day of rest’. Aram.–Syr. שַׁבְּתָא, Arab. sabt, Ethiop. sanbat, are Heb. loan words. So are Gk. sabbaton (whence L. sabbatum, It. sabato, Old Provençal–Catalan dissapte, Spanish–Portuguese sábado, Serbo–Croatian subota, Czech and Slovak sobota, Russ. subbóta, etc.), and its Gk. vulgar var. sambaton, whence VL sambatum, Rumanian sîmbǎtǎ, Old Slavic so̧bota, Hungarian szombat (= Saturday), and sambatīdiēs (= the day of Sabbath), whence Old Fren. sambe-di, whence Fren. samedi (= Saturday), and prob. through the medium of the Gothic — the first element in Old High Ger. sambaz-tac, middle High Ger. samez-tac, Ger. Samstag (= Saturday). However, also Akka. shabbatu, shappatu, and Egypt. smdt, in the sense ‘15th day of the month’ (but not in the meaning ‘7th day of the week’, nor in that of ‘7th or 14th day of the month’, as supposed by many scholars), are borrowed from ancient Hebrew. As shown by the above facts, the name שַׁבָּת and the idea it conveys are of Hebrew origin.] Derivatives: שַׁבּֽתַאי, שַׁבָּתוֹן, שַׁבַּתִּי, שַׁבַּתְיָן. cp. סַמֽבַּטְיוֹן.

Found in Scripture:

Exo_16:23; Exo_16:25; Exo_16:26; Exo_16:29; Exo_20:8; Exo_20:10; Exo_20:11; Exo_31:13; Exo_31:14; Exo_31:15; Exo_31:16; Exo_35:2; Exo_35:3; Lev_16:31; Lev_19:3; Lev_19:30; Lev_23:3; Lev_23:11; Lev_23:15; Lev_23:16; Lev_23:32; Lev_23:38; Lev_24:8; Lev_25:2; Lev_25:4; Lev_25:6; Lev_25:8; Lev_26:2; Lev_26:34; Lev_26:35; Lev_26:43; Num_15:32; Num_28:9; Num_28:10; Deu_5:12; Deu_5:14; Deu_5:15; 2Ki_4:23; 2Ki_11:5; 2Ki_11:7; 2Ki_11:9; 2Ki_16:18; 1Ch_9:32; 1Ch_23:31; 2Ch_2:4; 2Ch_8:13; 2Ch_23:4; 2Ch_23:8; 2Ch_31:3; 2Ch_36:21; Neh_9:14; Neh_10:31; Neh_10:33; Neh_13:15; Neh_13:16; Neh_13:17; Neh_13:18; Neh_13:19; Neh_13:21; Neh_13:22; Psa_92:1; Isa_1:13; Isa_56:2; Isa_56:4; Isa_56:6; Isa_58:13; Isa_66:23; Jer_17:21; Jer_17:22; Jer_17:24; Jer_17:27; Lam_2:6; Eze_20:12; Eze_20:13; Eze_20:16; Eze_20:20; Eze_20:21; Eze_20:24; Eze_22:8; Eze_22:26; Eze_23:38; Eze_44:24; Eze_45:17; Eze_46:1; Eze_46:3; Eze_46:4; Eze_46:12; Hos_2:11; Amo_8:5.

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G4520 σαββατισμός sabbatismos

Outline of Biblical Usage:

a keeping sabbath
the blessed rest from toils and troubles looked for in the age to come by the true worshippers of God and true Christians

Strong’s Definition:

σαββατισμός sabbatismós, sab-bat-is-mos'; from a derivative of G4521; a "sabbatism", i.e. (figuratively) the repose of Christianity (as a type of heaven):—rest.

Thayer’s Greek Lexicon:

σαββατισμός, σαββατισμου, ὁ (σαββατίζω to keep the sabbath);

1. a keeping sabbath.

2. the blessed rest from toils and troubles looked for in the age to come by the true worshippers of God and true Christians (R. V. sabbath rest): Hebrews 4:9. (Plutarch, de superstit. c. 3; ecclesiastical writings.)

Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament:

67.185 σαββατισμός, ού m: (derivative of σάββατον, 67.184) a special religiously significant period for rest and worship - 'a Sabbath rest, a period of rest.' άπολείπεται σαββατισμός τω λαφ του θεού 'there still remains for God's people a period of rest' He 4.9.

BDAG:

σαββατισμός, οῦ, ὁ ⟦sabbatismós⟧ (σαββατίζω; Plut., Mor. 166a cj.; Just., D. 23, 3) sabbath rest, sabbath observance fig. Hb 4:9 a special period of rest for God’s people modeled after the traditional sabbath (CBarrett, CHDodd Festschr. ’56, 371f [eschat.]).—S. on κατάπαυσις HWeiss, CBQ 58, ’96, 674–89. M-M. TW.

Found in Scripture:

Heb_4:9.

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Acts 16:13, G4521

G4521 σάββατον sabbaton

Outline of Biblical Usage:

the seventh day of each week which was a sacred festival on which the Israelites were required to abstain from all work

the institution of the sabbath, the law for keeping holy every seventh day of the week
a single sabbath, sabbath day

seven days, a week

Strong’s Definition:

σάββατον sábbaton, sab'-bat-on; of Hebrew origin (H7676); the Sabbath (i.e. Shabbath), or day of weekly repose from secular avocations (also the observance or institution itself); by extension, a se'nnight, i.e. the interval between two Sabbaths; likewise the plural in all the above applications:—sabbath (day), week.

Thayer’s Greek Lexicon:

σάββατον, σαββάτου, τό (Hebrew שַׁבָּת), found in the N. T. only in the historical books except twice in Paul's Epistles; sabbath; i. e.:

1. the seventh day of each week, which was a sacred festival on which the Israelites were required to abstain from all work (Exodus 20:10; Exodus 31:13; Deuteronomy 5:14);

a. singular σάββατον and τό σάββατον: Mark 6:2; (Mark 15:42 L Tr); Mark 16:1; John 5:9f, etc.; equivalent to the institution of the sabbath, the law for keeping holy every seventh day of the week: Matthew 12:8; Mark 2:27; Luke 6:5; λύειν, John 5:18; τηρεῖν, John 9:16; ἡ ἡμέρα τοῦ σαββάτου (הַשַּׁבָּת יום, Exodus 20:8 and often), the day of the sabbath, sabbath-day, Luke 13:16; Luke 14:5; ὁδός σαββάτου, a sabbath-day's journey, the distance it is lawful to travel on the sabbath-day, i. e. according to the Talmud two thousand cubits or paces, according to Epiphanius (haer. 66, 82) six stadia: Acts 1:12, cf. Matthew 24:20 (the regulation was derived from Exodus 16:29); cf. Winers RWB, under the word Sabbathsweg; Oehler in Herzog xiii., 203f (cf. Leyrer in Herzog edition 2 vol. 9:379); Mangold in Sehenkel v., 127f; (Ginsburg in Alexander's Kitto under the word Sabbath Day's Journey; Lumby on Acts 1:12 (in Cambr. Bible for Schools)). as dative of time (Winers Grammar, § 31, 9 b.; Buttmann, § 133, 26): σαββάτῳ, Matthew 24:20 (G L T Tr WH); Luke 14:1; τῷ σαββάτῳ, Luke 6:9 L text T Tr WH; Luke 13:14; Luke 14:3; Acts 13:44; ἐν σαββάτῳ, Matthew 12:2; John 5:16; John 7:22 (here L WH brackets ἐν),23; ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ, Luke 6:7; John 19:31, accusative τό σάββατον during (on) the sabbath (cf. Buttmann, § 131, 11; Winer's Grammar, § 32,6): Luke 23:56; κατά πᾶν σάββατον every sabbath, Acts 13:27; Acts 15:21; Acts 18:4. plural τά σάββατα, of several sabbaths, Acts 17:2 (some refer this to 2).

b. plural, τά σαββάτων (for the singular) of a single sabbath, sabbath-day (the use of the plural being occasioned either by the plural names of festivals, as τά ἐγκαίνια, ἄζυμα, γενέσια, or by the Chaldaic form שַׁבָּתָא (Winers Grammar, 177 (167); Buttmann, 23 (21))): Matthew 28:1; Colossians 2:16 (Exodus 20:10; Leviticus 23:32 etc.; τήν ἑβδόμην σάββατα καλουμεν, Josephus, Antiquities 3, 6, 6; add, 1, 1, 1; (14, 10, 25; Philo de Abrah. § 5; de cherub. § 26; Plutarch, de superstitione 8); τήν τῶν σαββάτων ἑορτήν, Plutarch, symp. 4, 6, 2; hodie tricesima sabbata, Horace sat. 1, 9, 69; nowhere so used by John except in the phrase μία τῶν σαββάτων, on which see 2 below); ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν σαββάτων, Luke 4:16; Acts 13:14; Acts 16:13 (Exodus 20:8; Exodus 35:3; Deuteronomy 5:12; Jeremiah 17:21f); τοῖς σάββασιν and ἐν τοῖς σάββασιν (so constantly (except Lachmann in Matthew 12:1, 12) by metaplasm for σαββάτοις, cf. Winers Grammar, 63 (62); (Buttmann, 23 (21))) on the sabbath-day: Matthew 12:1(see above),5, 10-12 (see above); Mark 1:21; Mark 2:23; Mark 3:2, 4; Luke 4:31; Luke 6:9 (R G L marginal reading) (1 Macc. 2:38; the Sept. uses the form σαββάτοις, and Josephus both forms). On the precepts of the Jews with regard to the observance of the sabbath, which were for the most part extremely punctilious and minute, cf. Winers RWB, under the word Sabbath; Oehler in Herzog xiii. 192ff (revised by Orelli in edition 2 vol. xiii. 156ff); Schürer, Zeitgesch. 2te Aufl. § 28 II.; Mangold in Schenkel see, p. 123f; (BB. DD., under the word; Geikie, Life and Words of Christ, chapter xxxviii. vol. ii: p. 95ff; Farrar, Life of Christ, chapter xxxi. vol. i., p. 432f; Edersheim, Jesus the Messiah, vol. ii., p. 56ff and Appendix, xvii.).

2. seven days, a week: πρώτη σαββάτου, Mark 16:9; δίς τοῦ σαββάτου, twice in the week, Luke 18:12. The plural is used in the same sense in the phrase ἡ μία τῶν σαββάτων, the first day of the week (see εἷς, 5) (Prof. Sophocles regards the genitive (dependent on ἡμέρα) in such examples as those that follow (cf. Mark 16:9 above) as equivalent to μετά with an accusative, the first day after the sabbath; see his Lex., p. 43 par. 6): Matthew 28:1; Mark 16:2; Luke 24:1; John 20:1, 19; Acts 20:7; κατά μίαν σαββάτων (L T Tr WH σαββάτου), on the first day of every week, 1 Corinthians 16:2.

Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament:

67.184 oáßßaTova, ov n: the seventh or last day of the week (religiously the most important since it was consecrated to the worship of God) - 'Sabbath, Saturday.' ποιούσιν ο ούκ έξεστιν ποιεΐν έν σαββάτω 'they do what one is not allowed to do on the Sabbath' Mt 12.2; εαν έμπέση τούτο τοις σάββασιν είς βόθυνον 'if (your sheep) falls into a deep hole on the Sabbath' Mt 12.11.

BDAG:

σάββατον, ου, τό ⟦sábbaton⟧ ( שַׁבָּת ) dat. pl. σάββασιν (Meleager [I]: Anth. Pal. 5, 160; 1 Macc 2:38; Jos., Vi. 279, Ant. 16, 163; Just., D. 27, 5; 29, 3) always in NT except that a v.l. at Mt 12:1 and 12 acc. to codex B has σαββάτοις (so usu. LXX [Thackeray 35]; Jos., Bell. 1, 146, Ant. 3, 294. See W-S. §8, 12; B-D-F §52; Mlt-H. 128; MBlack, BRigaux Festschr. ’70, 60f.—The word is found Plut. et al.; pap, LXX; En 10:17; Philo, Joseph.) 1 the seventh day of the week in Israel’s calendar, marked by rest fr. work and by special religious ceremonies, sabbath a sing. (τὸ) σάββατον (Nepualius [I a.d.] ed. W Gemoll, Progr. Striegau 1884, 53; LXX; Philo, Cher. 87; Jos., Ant. 3, 143; 255; Just., D. 8, 4 al.) Mt 12:8; Mk 2:27f (Alex. Aphr., Eth. Probl. 10, II 2 p. 130, 34ff ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῶν ἀρετῶν χάριν, ἀλλ’ οὐκ ἔμπαλιν [=vice versa]); 6:2; 15:42 v.l.; 16:1; Lk 6:5; 23:54; J 5:9f; 9:14; B 15:1a, 3; GPt 2:5 al. ἁγιάζειν τὸ ς. B 15:1b (s. 2 Esdr 23:22). βεβηλοῦν τὸ ς. Mt 12:5b; λύειν τὸ ς. J 5:18 (s. λύω 4). τηρεῖν τὸ ς. 9:16 (cp. Just., D. 10, 3). σαββατίζειν τὸ ς. (cp. Lev 23:32) Ox 1, 9f (GTh 27) φυλάσσειν τὸ ς. (s. Ex 31:13f; Lev 19:3; Just., D. 8, 4) B 15:2, s. vs. 3. On the Sabbath (s. B-D-F §200, 3; Rob. 523): ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ (2 Esdr 23:15a, 16) Lk 6:7; J 19:31a; ἐν σαββάτῳ (2 Esdr 20:32b) Mt 12:2; Lk 6:1; J 5:16; 7:22f; τῷ σαββάτῳ Lk 6:4 D (Unknown Sayings, 49–54); 6:9; 13:14a, 15; 14:3; τῷ σαββάτῳ ἐπερχομένης τῆς κυριακῆς AcPl Ha 3, 8. σαββάτῳ (Jos., Bell. 2, 456) Mt 24:20 (s. Boll 134, 1); Lk 14:1; J 6:59 v.l.; ἐν ἑτέρῳ ς. Lk 6:6; τῷ ἐρχομένῳ ς. Ac 13:44; ἐν τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ ς. (cp. Jer 17:21f) Lk 14:5 v.l.; ἐν ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ ς. (2 Esdr 20:32a; 23:15b; cp. Cyranides p. 79, 11 ἐν ἡμ. σαββάτου) Lk 14:5; τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τοῦ ς. Lk 13:14b, 16. In the acc. of duration of time (B-D-F §161, 2) τὸ σάββατον throughout the Sabbath Lk 23:56. κατὰ πᾶν ς. (on) every Sabbath Ac 13:27; 15:21; 18:4; εἰς τὸ μεταξὺ ς. on the following Sabbath 13:42. ἡ ἡμέρα πρὸ σαββάτου Lk 23:54 D.— σάββατον μέγα Great Sabbath MPol 8:1; 21:1; cp. J 19:31b (s. ESchwartz, Christl. u. jüd. Ostertafeln: AGG VIII/6, 1905, 127). ς. τὸ λεγόμενον πρῶτον the so-called first Sabbath PtK 2, p. 14, 28.—On σαββάτου ὁδός a Sabbath day’s journey Ac 1:12 s. ὁδός 2. b pl. α of more than one Sabbath (2 Ch 31:3; Ezk 46; 3; Jos., Ant. 13, 252; Just., D. 10, 3 al.) σάββατα τρία Ac 17:2. B 15:8a (Is 1:13), b. β τὰ σάββατα for a single Sabbath day (PCairZen 762, 6 [III b.c.]; Plut., Mor. 169c; 671e τὴν τῶν σαββάτων ἑορτήν; 672a; Ex 20:10; Lev 23:32 al.; Philo, Abr. 28 τὴν ἑβδόμην, ἣν Ἑβραῖοι σάββατα καλοῦσιν; Jos., Ant. 1, 33; 3, 237; 12, 259; 276.—B-D-F §141, 3 ; Rob. 408; ESchwyzer, ZVS 62, ’35, 1–16; ASchlatter, Mt 1929, 393) ὀψὲ σαββάτων Mt 28:1a (s. ὀψέ 3). Also prob. Col 2:16. ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν σαββάτων (Ex 20:8; 35:3; Dt 5:12; Jer 17:21f; Jos., Ant. 12, 274; Just., 27, 5) Lk 4:16; Ac 13:14; 16:13; Dg 4:3. (ἐν) τοῖς σάββασιν on the Sabbath (Jos., Vi. 279 τοῖς σάββασιν, Ant. 13, 252 v.l. ἐν τοῖς σάββασιν) Mt 12:1, 5, 10–12; Mk 1:21; 2:23, 24; 3:2, 4; Lk 4:31; 6:2; 13:10. ἡ περὶ τὰ σάββατα δεισιδαιμονία fanatical veneration of the Sabbath Dg 4:1 (only extreme danger to human life can cause the Sabbath law to be suspended: Synes., Ep. 4 p. 162bc). τὰ σάββατα the Sabbath feasts B 2:5 (Is 1:13).—JMeinhold, Sabbat u. Woche im AT 1905, Sabbat u. Sonntag 1909; JHehn, Siebenzahl u. Sabbat bei den Babyloniern u. im AT 1907, Der israelit. Sabbat 1909, Zur Sabbatfrage: BZ 14, 1917, 198–213; EMahler, Der Sabbat: ZDMG 62, 1908, 33–79, Handbuch der jüd. Chronologie 1916; GBeer, Schabbath1908; WNowack, Schabbat 1924; MWolff, Het ordeel der helleensch-romeinsche schrijvers over … den Sabbath: TT 44, 1910, 162–72; ELohse, Jesu Worte über den Sabbat, Beih. ZNW 26, ’60, 79–89; Moore, Judaism s. ind.; Schürer II 424–27; 447–54; 467–75. S. also κυριακός, end. 2 a period of seven days, week a sing. δὶς τοῦ σαββάτου two days (in) a week Lk 18:12. πρώτῃ σαββάτου on the first day of the week (Sunday) Mk 16:9. κατὰ μίαν σαββάτου every Sunday 1 Cor 16:2. πρωὶ̈μιᾶς σαββάτου early on Sunday morning Mk 16:2 D. b pl. (ἡ) μία (τῶν) σαββάτων (i.e. ἡμέρα) the first day of the week Mt 28:1b (Just., D. 41, 4; s. Dalman, Gramm. 247; SKrauss, Talm. Archäologie II 1911, 428f; PGardner-Smith, JTS 27, 1926, 179–81); Mk 16:2; Lk 24:1; J 20:1, 19; Ac 20:7; 1 Cor 16:2 v.l. Judeans fast δευτέρᾳ σαββάτων καὶ πέμπτῃ on the second and fifth days of the week (Monday and Thursday) D 8:1 (s. νηστεύω and the lit. there).—ESchürer, Die siebentägige Woche im Gebr. der christl. Kirche der ersten Jahrhunderte: ZNW 6, 1905, 1–66; FColson, The Week 1926; FBoll, Hebdomas: Pauly-W. VII/2, 1912, 2547–48; RNorth, The Derivation of ‘Sabbath’, Biblica 36, ’55, 182–201; WRordorf, Sunday, tr. AGraham, ’68; BHHW III 1633–35; TRE III 608.—B. 1005. DELG s.v. σάββατα. M-M. EDNT. TW.

Found in Scripture:

Mat_12:1; Mat_12:2; Mat_12:5; Mat_12:8; Mat_12:10; Mat_12:11; Mat_12:12; Mat_24:20; Mat_28:1; Mar_1:21; Mar_2:23; Mar_2:24; Mar_2:27; Mar_2:28; Mar_3:2; Mar_3:4; Mar_6:2; Mar_16:1; Mar_16:2; Mar_16:9; Luk_4:16; Luk_4:31; Luk_6:1; Luk_6:2; Luk_6:5; Luk_6:6; Luk_6:7; Luk_6:9; Luk_13:10; Luk_13:14; Luk_13:15; Luk_13:16; Luk_14:1; Luk_14:3; Luk_14:5; Luk_18:12; Luk_23:54; Luk_23:56; Luk_24:1; Joh_5:9; Joh_5:10; Joh_5:16; Joh_5:18; Joh_7:22; Joh_7:23; Joh_9:14; Joh_9:16; Joh_19:31; Joh_20:1; Joh_20:19; Act_1:12; Act_13:14; Act_13:27; Act_13:42; Act_13:44; Act_15:21; Act_16:13; Act_17:2; Act_18:4; Act_20:7; 1Co_16:2; Col_2:16.

https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/g4521/kjv/wlc/0-1/

https://www.studylight.org/lexicons/eng/greek/4521.html

Quotes

“67.177 σάββατονb … For the expression ‘the first day of the week,’ there may be a number of complications, especially since in present- day usage Monday is often regarded as ‘the first day of the week.’ For the NT, of course, the Sabbath Day, or ‘Saturday,’ marked the seventh day of the week and the next day would be regarded as ‘the first day of the week,’ namely, Sunday.”

Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament Based on Semantic Domains, Second Edition

“Christians must not judaize by resting on the Sabbath, but must work on that day, rather honouring the Lord's Day; and, if they can, resting then as Christians. But if any shall be found to be judaizers, let them be anathema from Christ.”

Council of Laodicea, 364, Canon 29

https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/3806.htm

“Brandon Rhea: When we think about it, you think of, those from a new covenant theology or progressive covenantalism who, would emphasize that the Sabbath has been fulfilled in Christ. … And so, because of that, there’s no obligation to set aside a day. Christ is our Sabbath rest. So that’s probably what most people are familiar with. And even talking about this subject would, maybe have their antenna of legalism come up. … So, you have people say, yes, there’s a day, but their understanding of how to keep it is different. And then, of course, you have those who are secular who say, no, there is no day. And why are you trying to encourage people and force people to go to church? And why are you advocating for certain amusements to be shut down on Sunday, instead of allowing people to go and make their decision? Yeah.

… So, filling the day with things that are service to the Lord, not just. Well, I have to worry about what, is it okay if I cook this or if I. Okay to do that? No, no, no. Focus on. I have a whole day to serve the lord. I don’t have to feel guilty because I have six other days to get my work done. So that’s piety, then. …

… And then when you get to the New Testament, you have the Lord’s Day, revelation one. You have the example of the apostles meeting on Sunday because Jesus Christ was raised from the dead. So, the principle of one day in seven still remains. But now the observance of that one day in seven has shifted from Saturday to Sunday because Sunday is the day that Christ was raised from the dead. … And that basically, the purpose of the Sabbath day is, one, that gives us a day to gather, to worship. Two, it is God’s grace to help us as we are traveling as pilgrims into this world, to the celestial city, to the promised land. …”

Reasonable Theology

Remember the Sabbath: Spurgeon’s Views on the Lord’s Day | Ep. 89

A conversation about Spurgeon’s views on how Christians should keep the Sabbath

https://reasonabletheology.org/remember-the-sabbath-spurgeons-views-on-the-lords-day/

Constantine’s Sunday Law

“Emperor Constantine Augustus to Helpidius. All judges and the people in the city should rest, and the work in all crafts should cease, on holy Sunday. But the people in the country may freely and lawfully apply themselves to cultivating their fields, so that the benefit conferred by the providence of God may not perish in an instant, since it often happens that grain can be sown in the furrows and vines planted in the trenches on no better day.”

Posted March 3,9 in the consulship of Crispus, for the second time, and Constantine, for the second time (321)

Code of Justinian, Book 3, Title 12, Law 2

https://archive.org/details/fred-h.-blume-bruce-w.-frier-the-codex-of-justinian-a-new-annotated-translation-/page/642/mode/2up?q=sunday

“Let all judges, the people of cities, and those employed in all trades, remain quiet on the Holy Day of Sunday. Persons residing in the country, however, can freely and lawfully proceed with the cultivation of the fields; as it frequently happens that the sowing of grain or the planting of vines cannot be deferred to a more suitable day, and by making concessions to Heaven the advantage of the time may be lost.”

Codex of Justinian, Third Book, Twelfth Title, Second Law

https://droitromain.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr/Anglica/CJ3_Scott.htm#12

“On the venerable Day of the Sun let the magistrates and people residing in cities rest, and let all workshops be closed. In the country, however, persons engaged in agriculture may freely and lawfully continue their pursuits; because it often happens that another day is not so suitable for grain-sowing or for vine-planting; lest by neglecting the proper moment for such operations the bounty of heaven should be lost. (Given the 7th day of March, Crispus and Constantine being consuls each of them for the second time.)”

From Constantine the Great to Gregory the Great, pg 380

Philip Schaff, 1867

https://www.google.com/books/edition/From_Constantine_the_Great_to_Gregory_th/SgtOAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&pg=PA380&printsec=frontcover&dq=venerable%20day%20sun%207th%20day%20March

Early Writers

Jokes

How do you know someone's serious about the Sabbath?
They start preparing before you’ve even finished breakfast on Friday!
“I'm not lazy—I'm just Sabbathly minded.”
“Rest assured… it’s Sabbath.”
“Stop, drop, and Shabbath.”
(Especially on Friday at sundown!)
“Keep calm and Sabbath on.”
“Shabbat happens.”
(Every seventh day, without fail.)
“I'm on a Shabbatical—be back after sunset.”