TMC Topic Guide
Nuclear weapons and politics
Created: July 18, 2022
Last Updated: December 23, 2022
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See additional topic guides on Iran nuclear program and U.S.-Iran crises, North Korea, China, Russia and its neighbors, and India.
Note: This guide contains substantial coverage on the policies of nuclear states and their relations amongst one another. You will also find coverage on Iran’s ongoing nuclear program, following U.S. President Donald Trump’s 2018 decision to withdraw the United States from the withdrawal from the 2015 Iran nuclear deal — the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, or JCPOA. Information on global nuclear treaties that attempt to prevent nuclear proliferation and conflict can also be found below.
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Table of contents
Nuclear states and nuclear policy
United States
China
France
Russia
Israel
India
Pakistan
North Korea
Nuclear programs
Iran and the Iran nuclear deal
Failed nuclear programs
Nuclear proliferation
Nuclear escalation
Nuclear conflict in Eastern Europe
Nuclear conflict in the Middle East
Nuclear conflict in East Asia
Nuclear conflict in South Asia
Nuclear coercion
Cyber operations
Nuclear treaties
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF treaty)
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM treaty)
Nuclear Prohibition Treaty
Nuclear states and nuclear policy
United States
- Fiona S. Cunningham and M. Taylor Fravel, “China’s nuclear arsenal is growing. What does that mean for U.S.-China relations?” November 11, 2021
- Patricia M. Kim, “North Korea conducted more missile tests. What happens next?” March 27, 2021.
- Nicholas Miller, “Trump is still pushing for a new nuclear deal with Iran. How likely is that?” January 15, 2020.
- Dina Smeltz and John R. Cookson, “Would Iranians welcome a new nuclear deal? Think again,” March 27, 2019.
- Matthew Fuhrmann, “The Trump administration wants to sell nuclear technology to the Saudis — without a nuclear agreement. That’s alarming,” February 21, 2019.
- James J. Cameron, “What the INF Treaty means for the U.S. and Europe,” February 1, 2019.
- Mira Rapp-Hooper, “Trump plans to meet with Kim Jong Un next month. Here’s what not to expect,” January 24, 2019.
- Dmitry Gorenburg, “Here’s what the Russians think about the Trump administration’s decision to withdraw from a nuclear arms treaty,” October 26, 2018.
- Eric Grynaviski, “Trump just canceled a high-stakes summit. In 1972, Nixon almost did the same,” May 27, 2018.
- Bryan R. Early, “E.U. countries want to save the Iran nuclear deal. Don’t expect cooperation on U.S. sanctions,” May 25, 2018.
- Dan Reiter, “Should you worry about a U.S. war with North Korea? Not really,” May 24, 2018.
- James H. Lebovic, “Will toughness on Iran help Trump with North Korea? Here are three reasons to doubt it,” May 21, 2018.
- Susan Peterson, Ryan Powers and Michael J. Tierney, “Experts don’t like Trump’s withdrawal from the Iran deal — or his foreign policy in general,” May 16, 2018.
- Elizabeth N. Saunders, “President Trump pulled the U.S. out of the Iran deal. Here’s what you need to know,” May 9, 2018.
- Andrew Rudalevige, “If the Iran deal had been a Senate-confirmed treaty, would Trump have been forced to stay in? Nope,” May 9, 2018.
- Nicholas Miller, “Trump wants to wring a ‘better deal’ from Iran. Here’s why that’s so unlikely,” May 8, 2018.
- Dinshaw Mistry, “Trump doesn’t like the Iran deal’s sunset provisions. Here’s how to fix that,” April 25, 2018.
- Mark S. Bell, “North Korea won’t give up its nuclear weapons. The U.S. has three good reasons to talk anyway,” March 9, 2018.
- Sarah Kreps and Jacquelyn Schneider, “Should the U.S. try to deter cyberattacks by promising nuclear retaliation?” January 29, 2018.
- Alex Bollfrass, “Did the U.S. underestimate North Korea's weapons program? It's not that simple,” January 16, 2018.
- Rebecca Davis Gibbons, “The 2017 Nobel Peace Prize winner wants to ban nuclear weapons. Here’s why the U.S. is opposed,” December 11, 2017.
- Mike Mochizuki, “Three reasons why Japan will likely continue to reject nuclear weapons,” November 6, 2017.
- Andrew Yeo, “Four reasons Trump’s Asia trip is so important,” November 4, 2017.
- Jane Vaynman, “Is the U.S. about to ‘cheat’ on the Iran nuclear deal? Here’s how this could backfire,” October 17, 2017.
- Steven J. Brams, “If Trump doesn’t want a nuclear war with North Korea, a ‘No First Use’ pledge might work better than threats,” October 16, 2017.
- Nicholas Miller, “Trump’s criticism of the Iran nuclear deal may only lead to more nuclear weapons,” October 6, 2017.
- Or Rabinowitz, “Four paths to a ‘strategic miscalculation’ over North Korea,” September 27, 2017.
- Mira Rapp-Hooper, “Here are 5 takeaways from Trump’s startling nuclear threats against North Korea,” August 21, 2017.
- Henry Farrell, “North Korea just called Trump’s bluff. So what happens now?” August 9, 2017.
- Tom Le, “In Hiroshima, Obama and Abe are pledging to stop nuclear proliferation. Their actions don’t match their words,” May 27, 2016.
- Sidra Hamidi, “What’s really at stake in the Iran deal? Identity politics,” July 16, 2015.
- Steven Kull and Shibley Telhami, “What Americans really think about an Iran deal,” March 3, 2015.
- Gene Gerzhoy, “How to manage Saudi anger at the Iran nuclear deal,” May 22, 2015.
- Nicholas Miller and Or Rabinowitz, “Why the Iran deal is a logical extension of U.S. nonproliferation policy,” April 21, 2015.
- Austin Long, “If you really want to bomb Iran, take the deal,” April 3, 2015.
- Rebecca Davis Gibbons, “Nuclear nonproliferation is under threat, and so is American national security,” February 14, 2015.
- Mohammad Ayatollahi Tabaar, “Strategic anti-Americanism in Iran from the hostage crisis to nuclear talks,” November 4, 2014.
China
- Aidan Milliff and Paul Staniland, “What Indians think about China, and the border clashes,” December 23 2022.
- Fiona S. Cunningham and M. Taylor Fravel, “China’s nuclear arsenal is growing. What does that mean for U.S.-China relations?” November 11, 2021
- James J. Cameron, “What did China test in space, exactly, and why?” October 21, 2021.
- James M. Acton, “Don’t panic about China’s new nuclear capabilities,” July 27, 2021.
- Carla P. Freeman, “Did Xi Jinping’s Pyongyang visit restart denuclearization diplomacy?” June 27, 2019.
- Leif-Eric Easley, “Why China takes a middle-of-the-road policy toward North Korea,” February 28, 2019.
- James J. Cameron, “What the INF Treaty means for the U.S. and Europe,” February 1, 2019.
- Andrew Yeo, “Four reasons Trump’s Asia trip is so important,” November 4, 2017.
- Ed Goldring, “Will U.N. sanctions stop North Korean missile tests? Don’t count on it,” August 9, 2017.
France
Russia
- Stephen Biddle, “Is there a difference between ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ weapons?” April 28, 2022.
- Roseanne W. McManus, “Perhaps Putin thinks acting crazy is a good strategy. My research says otherwise,” March 6, 2022.
- James J. Cameron, “Here’s what ‘high combat alert’ for Russia’s nuclear forces means,” February 28, 2022.
- Caitlin Talmadge, “The Ukraine crisis is now a nuclear crisis,” February 27, 2022.
- James J. Cameron, “What the INF Treaty means for the U.S. and Europe,” February 1, 2019.
- Dmitry Gorenburg, “Here’s what the Russians think about the Trump administration’s decision to withdraw from a nuclear arms treaty,” October 26, 2018.
- Samuel Ramani, “Why Russia is openly violating sanctions against North Korea,” April 23, 2018.
- James J. Cameron, “Putin just bragged about Russia’s nuclear weapons. Here’s the real story,” March 5, 2018.
Israel
India
- Aidan Milliff and Paul Staniland, “What Indians think about China, and the border clashes,” December 23 2022.
- Debak Das, “An Indian nuclear power plant suffered a cyberattack. Here’s what you need to know,” November 4, 2019.
- Asfandyar Mir, “Why India and Pakistan are fighting again — and the risks that remain,” March 7, 2019.
- Caitlin Talmadge, “Are nuclear weapons keeping the India-Pakistan crisis from escalating — or making it more dangerous?” March 5, 2019.
- Christopher Clary, “After terrorist attack in Kashmir, will India seek vengeance or de-escalation?” February 25, 2019.
- Paul Staniland, “India and Pakistan clashed again in Kashmir. Here’s what you need to know,” September 30, 2016.
- Sidra Hamidi, “What’s really at stake in the Iran deal? Identity politics,” July 16, 2015.
Pakistan
- Debak Das, “An Indian nuclear power plant suffered a cyberattack. Here’s what you need to know,” November 4, 2019.
- Asfandyar Mir, “Why India and Pakistan are fighting again — and the risks that remain,” March 7, 2019.
- Caitlin Talmadge, “Are nuclear weapons keeping the India-Pakistan crisis from escalating — or making it more dangerous?” March 5, 2019.
- Christopher Clary, “After terrorist attack in Kashmir, will India seek vengeance or de-escalation?” February 25, 2019.
- Paul Staniland, “India and Pakistan clashed again in Kashmir. Here’s what you need to know,” September 30, 2016.
North Korea
- Patricia M. Kim, “North Korea conducted more missile tests. What happens next?” March 27, 2021.
- Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “2020 is the year to worry about nuclear weapons,” January 6, 2020.
- Debak Das, “An Indian nuclear power plant suffered a cyberattack. Here’s what you need to know,” November 4, 2019.
- Carla P. Freeman, “Did Xi Jinping’s Pyongyang visit restart denuclearization diplomacy?” June 27, 2019.
- Leif-Eric Easley, “Why China takes a middle-of-the-road policy toward North Korea,” February 28, 2019.
- Mira Rapp-Hooper, “Trump plans to meet with Kim Jong Un next month. Here’s what not to expect,” January 24, 2019.
- Jane Vaynman and Vipin Narang, “There are signs North Korea is still working on its nuclear program. Here’s why ‘denuclearization’ is so problematic,” June 30, 2018.
- Andrew Yeo and Danielle Chubb, “Will raising human rights issues really derail nuclear negotiations with North Korea?” June 27, 2018.
- Seo-Hyun Park and Il Hyun Cho, “The Pentagon has officially canceled military exercises with South Korea. Here’s what comes next,” June 21, 2018.
- Eric Grynaviski, “Trump just canceled a high-stakes summit. In 1972, Nixon almost did the same,” May 27, 2018.
- Dan Reiter, “Should you worry about a U.S. war with North Korea? Not really,” May 24, 2018.
- Or Rabinowitz, “North Korea says it’s dismantling its nuclear test site. How significant is that?” May 23, 2018.
- James H. Lebovic, “Will toughness on Iran help Trump with North Korea? Here are three reasons to doubt it,” May 21, 2018.
- Samuel Ramani, “Why Russia is openly violating sanctions against North Korea,” April 23, 2018.
- Mark S. Bell, “North Korea won’t give up its nuclear weapons. The U.S. has three good reasons to talk anyway,” March 9, 2018.
- Alex Bollfrass, “Did the U.S. underestimate North Korea’s weapons program? It’s not that simple,” January 16, 2018.
- Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “Why North Korea succeeded at getting nuclear weapons — when Iraq and Libya failed,” January 2, 2018.
- Andrew Yeo, “Four reasons Trump’s Asia trip is so important,” November 4, 2017.
- Steven J. Brams, “If Trump doesn’t want a nuclear war with North Korea, a ‘No First Use’ pledge might work better than threats,” October 16, 2017.
- Or Rabinowitz, “Four paths to a ‘strategic miscalculation’ over North Korea,” September 27, 2017.
- Ed Goldring, “Will U.N. sanctions stop North Korean missile tests? Don’t count on it,” August 9, 2017.
- Henry Farrell, “North Korea just called Trump’s bluff. So what happens now?” August 9, 2017.
- Samuel Ramani, “These 5 things help make sense of North Korea’s nuclear tests and missile launch,” February 18, 2016.
Nuclear programs
Iran and the Iran nuclear deal
- Tyler B. Parker, “Yemen’s Houthi movement stepped up its attacks. That complicates U.S. policy in the region,” February 1, 2022.
- Dalia Dassa Kaye, “Has Israel been sabotaging Iran? Here’s what we know,” July 15, 2020.
- Nicholas Miller, “Trump is still pushing for a new nuclear deal with Iran. How likely is that?” January 15, 2020.
- Dina Esfandiary, “Will Soleimani’s death change Iran’s relationship with the Revolutionary Guard?” January 9, 2020.
- Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “2020 is the year to worry about nuclear weapons,” January 6, 2020.
- Mohammad Ayatollahi Tabaar, “Is there a way out of the Iran crisis?” October 3, 2019.
- Eliza Gheorghe, “Iran’s nuclear program seems to be accelerating. Will Saudi Arabia take a similar path?” July 12, 2019.
- Dina Esfandiary, “Iran reduces commitment to the nuclear deal amid increased U.S. pressure,” May 9, 2019.
- Dina Smeltz and John R. Cookson, “Would Iranians welcome a new nuclear deal? Think again,” March 27, 2019.
- Matthew Fuhrmann, “The Trump administration wants to sell nuclear technology to the Saudis — without a nuclear agreement. That’s alarming,” February 21, 2019.
- Bryan R. Early, “E.U. countries want to save the Iran nuclear deal. Don’t expect cooperation on U.S. sanctions,” May 25, 2018.
- James H. Lebovic, “Will toughness on Iran help Trump with North Korea? Here are three reasons to doubt it.” May 21, 2018.
- Susan Peterson, Ryan Powers, and Michael J. Tierney, “Experts don’t like Trump’s withdrawal from the Iran deal — or his foreign policy in general,” May 16, 2018.
- Elizabeth N. Saunders, “President Trump pulled the U.S. out of the Iran deal. Here’s what you need to know,” May 9, 2018.
- Andrew Rudalevige, “If the Iran deal had been a Senate-confirmed treaty, would Trump have been forced to stay in? Nope,” May 9, 2018.
- Nicholas Miller, “Trump wants to wring a ‘better deal’ from Iran. Here’s why that’s so unlikely,” May 8, 2018.
- Or Rabinowitz, “What Netanyahu’s dramatic speech about Iran’s nuclear program revealed — and concealed,” May 4, 2018.
- Dinshaw Mistry, “Trump doesn’t like the Iran deal’s sunset provisions. Here’s how to fix that,” April 25, 2018.
- Jane Vaynman, “Is the U.S. about to ‘cheat’ on the Iran nuclear deal? Here’s how this could backfire,” October 17, 2017.
- Rupal N. Mehta and Rachel Whitlark, “The Iran nuclear deal isn’t so great — for Iran,” October 13, 2017.
- Nicholas Miller, “Trump’s criticism of the Iran nuclear deal may only lead to more nuclear weapons,” October 6, 2017.
- William Spaniel, “Here’s what could happen if a President Trump tore up the Iran nuclear deal,” July 11, 2016.
- Dina Esfandiary and Ariane Tabatabai, “Iran’s cyber attacks are likely to increase. Here’s why.” November 18, 2015.
- Mark S. Bell, “Okay, so what if Iran does get nuclear weapons?” August 20, 2015.
- Rupal N. Mehta, “Why did Iran make a nuclear deal now?” July 17, 2015.
- Sidra Hamidi, “What’s really at stake in the Iran deal? Identity politics,” July 16, 2015.
- Gene Gerzhoy, “How to manage Saudi anger at the Iran nuclear deal,” May 22, 2015.
- Dina Esfandiary and Ariane Tabatabai, “Why an Iran deal won’t lead to nuclear proliferation,” April 28, 2015.
- Michael E. Brown and Chantal de Jonge Oudraat, “The real vs. the surreal options on Iran,” April 27, 2015.
- Kevan Harris, “Iran’s political economy under and after the sanctions,” April 23, 2015.
- Nicholas Miller and Or Rabinowitz, “Why the Iran deal is a logical extension of U.S. nonproliferation policy,” April 21, 2015.
- Frederic Wehrey, “The Iran deal sharpens the Persian Gulf region’s sectarian divide,” April 17, 2015.
- Austin Long, “If you really want to bomb Iran, take the deal,” April 3, 2015.
- Steven Kull and Shibley Telhami, “What Americans really think about an Iran deal,” March 3, 2015.
- Mohammad Ayatollahi Tabaar, “Strategic anti-Americanism in Iran from the hostage crisis to nuclear talks,” November 4, 2014.
Failed nuclear programs
Nuclear proliferation
- J. Luis Rodriguez, “Can the NPT fulfill its promise to eliminate nuclear weapons?” August 1, 2022.
- Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “2020 is the year to worry about nuclear weapons,” January 6, 2020.
- Eliza Gheorghe, “Iran’s nuclear program seems to be accelerating. Will Saudi Arabia take a similar path?” July 12, 2019.
- Matthew Fuhrmann, “The Trump administration wants to sell nuclear technology to the Saudis — without a nuclear agreement. That’s alarming,” February 21, 2019.
- Alex Bollfrass, “Did the U.S. underestimate North Korea's weapons program? It’s not that simple,” January 16, 2018.
- Nicholas Miller, “Trump’s criticism of the Iran nuclear deal may only lead to more nuclear weapons,” October 6, 2017.
- William Spaniel, “Here’s what could happen if a President Trump tore up the Iran nuclear deal,” July 11, 2016.
- Samuel Ramani, “These 5 things help make sense of North Korea’s nuclear tests and missile launch,” February 18, 2016.
- Mark S. Bell, “Okay, so what if Iran does get nuclear weapons?” August 20, 2015.
- Dina Esfandiary and Ariane Tabatabai, “Why an Iran deal won’t lead to nuclear proliferation,” April 28, 2015.
- Michael E. Brown and Chantal de Jonge Oudraat, “The real vs. the surreal options on Iran,” April 27, 2015.
- Nicholas Miller and Or Rabinowitz, “Why the Iran deal is a logical extension of U.S. nonproliferation policy,” April 21, 2015.
- Rebecca Davis Gibbons, “Nuclear nonproliferation is under threat, and so is American national security,” February 14, 2015.
- Francesca Giovannini and Amy J. Nelson, “Is the nonproliferation agenda stuck in the Cold War?” October 29, 2013.
- Campbell Craig and Jan Ruzicka, “The problem with nuclear nonproliferation,” October 9, 2013.
Nuclear escalation
- Stephen Biddle, “Is there a difference between ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ weapons?” April 28, 2022.
- James J. Cameron, “Here’s what ‘high combat alert’ for Russia’s nuclear forces means,” February 28, 2022.
- Caitlin Talmadge, “The Ukraine crisis is now a nuclear crisis,” February 27, 2022.
- Dina Esfandiary, “Will Soleimani’s death change Iran’s relationship with the Revolutionary Guard?” January 9, 2020.
- Asfandyar Mir, “Why India and Pakistan are fighting again — and the risks that remain,” March 7, 2019.
- Caitlin Talmadge, “Are nuclear weapons keeping the India-Pakistan crisis from escalating — or making it more dangerous?” March 5, 2019.
- Michael C. Horowitz and Elizabeth N. Saunders, “Why nuclear war with North Korea is less likely than you think,” May 24, 2018.
- Dan Reiter, “Should you worry about a U.S. war with North Korea? Not really,” May 24, 2018.
- Steven J. Brams, “If Trump doesn’t want a nuclear war with North Korea, a ‘No First Use’ pledge might work better than threats,” October 16, 2017.
- Or Rabinowitz, “Four paths to a ‘strategic miscalculation, over North Korea,” September 27, 2017.
- Mira Rapp-Hooper, “Would Trump attack North Korea? Here’s what we learned from his ‘Rocket Man’ speech at the U.N.,” September 20, 2017.
- Mira Rapp-Hooper, “Here are 5 takeaways from Trump’s startling nuclear threats against North Korea,” August 21, 2017.
- Henry Farrell, “North Korea just called Trump’s bluff. So what happens now?” August 9, 2017.
- Paul Staniland, “India and Pakistan clashed again in Kashmir. Here’s what you need to know,” September 30, 2016.
Nuclear conflict in Eastern Europe
- Stephen Biddle, “Is there a difference between ‘defensive’ and ‘offensive’ weapons?” April 28, 2022.
- Roseanne W. McManus, “Perhaps Putin thinks acting crazy is a good strategy. My research says otherwise,” March 6, 2022.
- James J. Cameron, “Here’s what ‘high combat alert’ for Russia’s nuclear forces means,” February 28, 2022.
- Caitlin Talmadge, “The Ukraine crisis is now a nuclear crisis,” February 27, 2022.
Nuclear conflict in the Middle East
- Dalia Dassa Kaye, “Has Israel been sabotaging Iran? Here’s what we know,” July 15, 2020.
- Eliza Gheorghe, “Iran’s nuclear program seems to be accelerating. Will Saudi Arabia take a similar path?” July 12, 2019.
- Matthew Fuhrmann, “The Trump administration wants to sell nuclear technology to the Saudis — without a nuclear agreement. That’s alarming,”
- Elizabeth N. Saunders, “President Trump pulled the U.S. out of the Iran deal. Here’s what you need to know,” May 9, 2018.
- Or Rabinowitz, “What Netanyahu’s dramatic speech about Iran’s nuclear program revealed — and concealed,” May 4, 2018.
- Nicholas Miller, “Trump’s criticism of the Iran nuclear deal may only lead to more nuclear weapons,” October 6, 2017.
- Gene Gerzhoy, “How to manage Saudi anger at the Iran nuclear deal,” May 22, 2015.
- Dina Esfandiary and Ariane Tabatabai, “Why an Iran deal won’t lead to nuclear proliferation,” April 28, 2015.
- Frederic Wehrey, “The Iran deal sharpens the Persian Gulf region’s sectarian divide,” April 17, 2015.
- Steven Kull and Shibley Telhami, “What Americans really think about an Iran deal,” March 3, 2015.
Nuclear conflict in East Asia
- Nadiya Kostyuk and Yuri M. Zhukov, “Would cyberattacks be likely in a U.S.-North Korea conflict? Here’s what we know,” November 21, 2017.
- Andrew Yeo, “Four reasons Trump’s Asia trip is so important,” November 4, 2017.
- Steven J. Brams, “If Trump doesn’t want a nuclear war with North Korea, a ‘No First Use’ pledge might work better than threats,” October 16, 2017.
- Or Rabinowitz, “Four paths to a ‘strategic miscalculation’ over North Korea,” September 27, 2017.
- Mira Rapp-Hooper, “Would Trump attack North Korea? Here’s what we learned from his ‘Rocket Man’ speech at the U.N.,” September 20, 2017.
- Mira Rapp-Hooper, “Here are 5 takeaways from Trump’s startling nuclear threats against North Korea,” August 21, 2017.
- Henry Farrell, “North Korea just called Trump’s bluff. So what happens now?” August 9, 2017.
- Erik Gartzke and Jon Lindsay, “The U.S. wants to stop North Korean missiles before they launch. That may not be a great idea,” March 15, 2017.
Nuclear conflict in South Asia
- Aidan Milliff and Paul Staniland, “What Indians think about China, and the border clashes,” December 23 2022.
- Debak Das, “An Indian nuclear power plant suffered a cyberattack. Here’s what you need to know.” November 4, 2019.
- Asfandyar Mir, “Why India and Pakistan are fighting again — and the risks that remain,” March 7, 2019.
- Caitlin Talmadge, “Are nuclear weapons keeping the India-Pakistan crisis from escalating — or making it more dangerous?” March 5, 2019.
- Christopher Clary, “After terrorist attack in Kashmir, will India seek vengeance or de-escalation?” February 25, 2019.
- Asfandyar Mir, “The Kashmir attack could prompt a crisis in South Asia. Here’s why,” February 15, 2019.
- Paul Staniland, “India and Pakistan clashed again in Kashmir. Here’s what you need to know,” September 30, 2016.
Nuclear coercion
Cyber operations
- Debak Das, “An Indian nuclear power plant suffered a cyberattack. Here’s what you need to know,” November 4, 2019.
- Jacquelyn Schneider, “Are cyber-operations a U.S. retaliatory option for the Saudi oil field strikes? Would such action deter Iran?” October 1, 2019.
- Brandon Valeriano and Benjamin Jensen, “How cyber operations can help manage crisis escalation with Iran,” June 25, 2019.
- Sarah Kreps and Jacquelyn Schneider, “Should the U.S. try to deter cyberattacks by promising nuclear retaliation?” January 29, 2018.
- Nadiya Kostyuk and Yuri M. Zhukov, “Would cyberattacks be likely in a U.S.-North Korea conflict? Here’s what we know,” November 21, 2017.
- Erik Gartzke and Jon Lindsay, “The U.S. wants to stop North Korean missiles before they launch. That may not be a great idea,” March 15, 2017.
- Dina Esfandiary and Ariane Tabatabai, “Iran’s cyber attacks are likely to increase. Here’s why,” November 18, 2015.
Nuclear treaties
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)
- J. Luis Rodriguez, “Can the NPT fulfill its promise to eliminate nuclear weapons?” August 1, 2022.
- Malfrid Braut-Hegghammer, “2020 is the year to worry about nuclear weapons,” January 6, 2020.
- Or Rabinowitz, “What Netanyahu’s dramatic speech about Iran’s nuclear program revealed — and concealed,” May 4, 2018.
- Tom Le, “In Hiroshima, Obama and Abe are pledging to stop nuclear proliferation. Their actions don’t match their words,” May 27, 2016.
- Rebecca Davis Gibbons, “Nuclear nonproliferation is under threat, and so is American national security,” February 14, 2015.
- Nicholas Miller, “U.S. nonproliferation policy is an invisible success story,” October 16, 2014.
Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF treaty)
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM treaty)
Nuclear Prohibition Treaty