Guidelines
Standard of Care, Version 7 by WPATH
Hormone Therapy in Adults: Suggested Revisions to the 6th Version of the Standard of Care
Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society* Clinical Practice Guideline [2017]
Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual Persons [2009]
Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual People: A Review of Treatment Regimens Outcomes and Adverse Effects [2003]
Endocrine Care of Transpeople: Review of HRT for Transwomen [2015]
Northwest Aids Education and Training Center’s Care of the Transgender Patientf
Guidelines and Protocols for Hormone Therapy and Primary Health Care for Trans Clients
Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People
Practical Guideline for Transgender HRT by Boston University Medical Campus
Endocrinology and Metabolic Processes Regulation
Healthcare of the Transgender Patient
Hormone therapy for transgender patients
Progress on the road to better medical care for transgender patients
Patient Guidelines
Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual Persons, A Patient's Guide
Trans Care: A guide for MTFs
Trans Care: A guide for FTMs
Detailed Research
Note that research in a higher level topic covers multiple lower level fields. E.g. “17Beta-Estradiol…” contains information on Oral, Transdermal, Injected, and Vaginal estradiol.
Some research is in multiple higher level topics. E.g. “Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens..” is in both Estrogen and Progestogens.
[1] Estrogen
17Beta-Estradiol For Postmenopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy
A comparison of serum oestrogen levels after percutaneous and oral administration of oestradiol-17 beta
A randomized comparison of non oral estradiol delivery in postmenopausal women
Activated protein C resistance among postmenopausal women using transdermal estrogens; importance of progestogen
Androgen or Estrogen Effects on Human Prostate
Bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy; registered hormones (non-oral estradiol ± progesterone) are optimal
Biological Effects of Transdermal Estradiol
Breast Cancer Suspicion in a Transgender Male-to-Female Patient on Hormone Replacement Therapy Presenting with Right Breast Mass, Breast Cancer Risk Assessment and Presentation of a Rare Lesion
Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones
Effects of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment on Transgender Women and Men
Effects of oral and transdermal estrogen on IGF1, IGFBP3, IGFBP1, serum lipids, and glucose in patients with hypopituitarism during GH treatment, a randomized study
Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by MRI in transsexuals
Effects of sex steroids on components of the insulin resistance syndrome in transsexual subjects
Estrogen Plus Progestin and Risk of Venous Thrombosis
Estrogen Therapy and Liver Function--Metabolic Effects of Oral and Parenteral Administration
Exogenous estrogen effect on lipid - lipoprotein cholesterol in transsexual males
Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism
HRT optimization, using transdermal estradiol plus micronized progesterone, a safer HRT
Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism in Transgender Women Receiving Oral Estradiol
Long-Term Estrogen Therapy Improves Vascular Function in Male to Female Transsexuals
Lower-dose (6 mg Daily) versus High-dose (30 mg Daily) Oral Estradiol Therapy of Hormone-receptor-positive, Aromatase-inhibitor-resistant Advanced Breast Cancer; A Randomized Phase 2 Study
Menopausal hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacological features of oestradiol valerate
Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens, influence of different routes of administration
Plasma oestrogen fractions in postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy; influence of route of administration and cigarette smoking
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease; the value of transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone
Relationship of serum estrogens and estrogen metabolites to postmenopausal breast cancer risk, a nested case-control study
Reproductive hormone sensitivity and risk for depression across the female life cycle: A continuum of vulnerability?
Sex Steroid Control of Gonadotropin Secretion in the Human Male. II. Effects of Estradiol Administration in Normal and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Deficient Men
Smoking, Estradiol Metabolism and Hormone Replacement Therapy
The effect of estrone on thrombin generation may explain the different thrombotic risk between oral and transdermal hormone replacement therapy
[1.1] Transdermal Estradiol
Climara Transdermal Patch
Clinical experience with a seven-day estradiol transdermal system for estrogen replacement therapy
Does hormonal skin aging exist, A study of the influence of different hormone therapy regimens on the skin of postmenopausal women using non-invasive measurement techniques
Effects of topical estradiol on the facial skin collagen of postmenopausal women under oral hormone therapy; A pilot study
Low Dose of Transdermal Estradiol Gel for Treatment of Symptomatic Postmenopausal Women
The Production of Breast Growth in the Human Female by the Local Application of Estrogenic Ointment
Transdermal Estradiol, A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of menopausal complaints
[1.2] Oral Estradiol
Bioequivalence assessment of three different estradiol formulations in postmenopausal women in an open, randomized, single-dose, 3-way cross-over study
Circulating Estradiol, Estrone and Gonadotropin Levels Following the Administration of Orally Active 17β-Estradiol in Postmenopausal Women
Ethinyl estradiol and 17β-estradiol in combined oral contraceptives, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and risk assessment
Influence of 2 Mg Estradiol17 on Circulating FSH, LH, Total and Unconjugated Estradiol Levels in PostMenopausal Women
Myers micronised estradiol versus Estrace
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic studies on oestradiol valerianate administered orally to postmenopausal women
Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Sublingual Versus Oral Administration of Micronized 17B-Estradiol
[1.3] Injection of Estradiol Esters
A comparison of the pharmacokinetic properties of three estradiol esters
Bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of two 10-mg estradiol valerate depot formulations following IM single does administration in health postmenopausal volunteers
Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (25mg) and estradiol cypionate (5mg)
Oestradiol-17B plasma concentrations after intramuscular injection of oestradiol benzoate or oestradiol cypionate in llamas
Pharmacokinetics and Biotransformation of Estradiol Valerate in Ovariectomized Women
Pharmacokinetics and Testosterone Suppression of a Single Dose of Polyestradiol Phosphate (Estradurin) in Prostatic Cancer Patients
[1.4] Estrone
Association of Serum Estrone Levels with Estrogen Receptor-positive Breast Cancer Risk in Postmenopausal Japanese Women
Estrone sulfate promotes human breast cancer cell replication and nuclear uptake of estradiol in MCF-7 cell cultures.
[2] Progestogens
Activated protein C resistance among postmenopausal women using transdermal estrogens; importance of progestogen
Hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism
Pharmacology of estrogens and progestogens, influence of different routes of administration
Short-Term and Long-Term Histologic Effects of Castration and Estrogen Treatment on Breast Tissue of 14 Male-to-Female Transsexuals in Comparison With Two Chemically Castrated Men
The absorption of oral micronized progesterone: the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone
[2.1] Progesterone
Bioidentical menopausal hormone therapy; registered hormones (non-oral estradiol ± progesterone) are optimal
Demonstration of progesterone receptor-mediated gonadotrophin suppression in the human male
Differential effects of exogenous oestradiol and progesterone on mood in post-menopausal women: individual dose / effect relationship
Effects and side-effects of 2% progesterone cream on the skin of peri- and postmenopausal women; results from a double-blind, vehicle-controlled, randomized study
HRT optimization, using transdermal estradiol plus micronized progesterone, a safer HRT
Micronized progesterone, clinical indications and comparison with current treatments
Oral Administration of Micronized Progesterone, A review and more experience
Oral Micronized Progesterone 1987
Oral Micronized Progesterone 1999
Pharmacokinetics and endometrial tissue levels of progesterone after administration by intramuscular and vaginal routes, a comparative study
Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease; the value of transdermal estradiol and micronized progesterone
Progesterone - promoter or inhibitor of breast cancer
Progesterone and related progestins; potential new health benefits
Progesterone involvement in breast development and tumorigenesis—as revealed by progesterone receptor “knockout” and “knockin” mouse models
Progesterone, Review of Safety for Clinical Studies
Progesterone-dependent regulation of female reproductive activity by two distinct progesterone receptor isoforms
The absorption of oral micronized progesterone, the effect of food, dose proportionality, and comparison with intramuscular progesterone
The biology of progesterone receptor in the normal mammary gland and in breast cancer
[2.2] Cyproterone Acetate
Antiandrogenic Effect of Spirolactones, Mechanism of Action
Body Composition and bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals during cross sex hormone therapy using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist
Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Antiandrogens and Their Efficacy in Prostate Cancer
Cross-sex hormone therapy in trans persons is safe and effective 2014
Effects of sex steroid hormones on regional fat depots as assessed by MRI in transsexuals
Effects of sex steroids on components of the insulin resistance syndrome in transsexual subjects
Endocrine Treatment of Male-to-Female Transsexuals Using Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist
Predictive Markers for Mammoplasty and a Comparison of Side Effect Profiles in Transwomen Taking Various Hormonal Regimens
[2.3] Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones
Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate (25mg) and estradiol cypionate (5mg)
Estrogen Plus Progestin and Risk of Venous Thrombosis
Magnitude and variability of sequential estradiol and progesterone concentrations in women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate for contraception
Medroxyprogesterone for Inappropriate hypersexuality in elderly men with dementia, oral dosages
Pharmacokinetics of Medroxyprogesterone Acetate After Single and Multiple Injection of Cylcofem in Chinese Women
Progestins initiate adverse events of menopausal estrogen therapy
Subcutaneous DMPA vs intramuscular DMPA, a 2-year randomized study of contraceptive efficacy and bone mineral density
[3] Other Anti-Androgens
[3.1] Spironolactone
Antiandrogenic Effect of Spirolactones, Mechanism of Action
Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones
Predictive Markers for Mammoplasty and a Comparison of Side Effect Profiles in Transwomen Taking Various Hormonal Regimens
Scalp Hair Regrowth in Hormone-Treated Transgender Woman
Spironolactone with Physiologicai Female Steroids for Presurgical Therapy of Male-to-Female Transsexualism
Testosterone Levels Achieved by Medically Treated Transgender Women in a United States Endocrinology Clinic Cohort
Variable Response to Oral Estradiol Therapy in Male to Female Transgender Patients. In Disorders of Sex Development and Transgender Medicine
[3.2] Bicalutamide and other Nonsteroidal Anti-Androgens
Androgen action blockade does not result in reduction in size but changes histology of the normal human prostate
Bicalutamide 150 mg in addition to standard care in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer; Results from the second analysis of the early prostate cancer program at median followup of 5.4 years
Bicalutamide as an Androgen Blocker with Secondary Effect of Promoting Feminization in Male to Female (MTF) Transgender Adolescents
Bicalutamide-Associated Fulminant Hepatotoxicity
Care of Transsexual Persons
Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Antiandrogens and Their Efficacy in Prostate Cancer
Combined Oral Contraception and Bicalutamide in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Severe Hirsutism - a Double-blind RTC
Drug-related hepatotoxicity and hepatic failure following combined androgen blockade
Effects of the pure antiandrogen RU 23.903 (anandron) on sexuality, aggression, and mood in male-to-female transsexuals
Finasteride and bicalutamide as primary hormonal therapy in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Merits and considerations in the use of anti-androgen
New alternative treatment in hirsutism: bicalutamide 25 mg/day
Reduction in undesired sexual hair growth with Anandron in male-to-female transsexuals—experiences with a novel androgen receptor blocker
Risk of hormoneotherapy in transgender people, Literature review and data from the French Database of Pharmacovigilance
Sex Steroids and Pulsatile Luteinizing Hormone Release in Men. Studies in Estrogen-Treated Agonadal Subjects and Eugonadal Subjects Treated with a Novel Nonsteroidal Antiandrogen
The preclinical development of bicalutamide, pharmacodynamics and mechanism of action
[3.3] Finasteride
Adverse effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors: What do we know, don’t know, and need to know?
Finasteride and bicalutamide as primary hormonal therapy in patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate
Patients treated for male pattern hair with finasteride show, after discontinuation of the drug, altered levels of neuroactive steroids in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma
Scalp Hair Regrowth in Hormone-Treated Transgender Woman
The importance of dual 5a-reductase inhibition in the treatment of male pattern hair loss: Results of a randomized placebo controlled study of dutasteride versus finasteride
[3.4] Dutasteride
Adverse effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors: What do we know, don’t know, and need to know?
Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of dutasteride 0.5 mg once daily in male patients with male pattern hair loss, A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study
The importance of dual 5a-reductase inhibition in the treatment of male pattern hair loss: Results of a randomized placebo controlled study of dutasteride versus finasteride
[4] Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Analogues (GnRH)
Body Composition and bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals during cross sex hormone therapy using gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist
Breast Development in Trans Women Receiving Cross-Sex Hormones
Effects on the male endocrine system of long-term treatment with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists and estrogens in male-to-female transsexuals
Endocrine Treatment of Male-to-Female Transsexuals Using Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist
High dose estrogen treatment increases bone mineral density in male-to-female transsexuals receiving gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist in the absence of testosterone
Long-Term Evaluation of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment in Transsexual Persons
Precocious Puberty
Risk of hormoneotherapy in transgender people, Literature review and data from the French Database of Pharmacovigilance
[5] Testosterone
Androgen metabolism in adipose tissue; Recent advances
Effects of Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment on Transgender Women and Men
Guidelines for the use of androgens in men
Injectable testosterone undecanoate has more favourable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics than testosterone enanthate
Randomized Clinical Trial of Testosterone Replacement Therapy in Hypogonadal Men
Testosterone Action Deficiency Substitution
[6] Quality of Life
A long-term follow-up study of mortality in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones
An Analysis of All Applications for Sex Reassignment Surgery in Sweden, 1960-2010; Prevalence, Incidence, and Regrets
An ICF Perspective on Voice-related Quality of Life of American Transgender Women
An Overview of Depression among Transgender Women
Anxiety and Depression in Transgender Individuals, The Roles of Transition Status, Loss, Social Support and Coping
Care of Transsexual Persons
Counselling and Mental Health Care of Transgender Adults and Loved Ones
Cross-sex hormone therapy in trans persons is safe and effective 2014
Gender Abuse and Major Depression Among Transgender Women, A Prospective Study of Vulnerability and Resilience
Hormonal Therapy and Sex Reassignment- A systematic review and meta analysis of quality of life and psychosocial outcomes
Hormone therapy in transgender adults is safe with provider supervision
Is Hormonal Therapy Associated with Better Quality of Life in Transsexuals; A Cross-Sectional Study
Long-Term Follow-Up of Transsexual Persons Undergoing Sex Reassignment Surgery; Cohort Study in Sweden
Nonprescribed Hormone Use and Self-Performed Surgeries; 'Do-It-Yourself' Transitions in Transgender Communities in Ontario, Canada
Psychiatric comorbidity in gender identity disorder
Quality of life 15 years after sex reassignment surgery for transsexualism
Regrets After Sex Reassignment Surgery
Transgender affirmative cognitive behavioral therapy: Clinical considerations and applications.
Young Adult Psychological Outcome After Puberty Suppression and Gender Reassignment
WHOQOL-100 Before and After Sex Reassignment Surgery in Brazilian Male-to-Female Transsexual Individuals
[7] Other Considerations
(Sex hormone levels males and females)
Age of Puberty, data from the united states of america
Assessment of Circulating Sex Steroid Levels in Prepubertal and Pubertal Boys and Girls by a Novel Ultrasensitive Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method
Reference ranges for estradiol, progesterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone during the menstrual cycle
(Transgender Minors)
Age is just a number, WPATH less than 18 Vaginoplasty
Beginning Practice with Preoperative Male to Female Transgender Clients
Gender Cognition in Transgender Children
(Progesterone isn’t necessary for Tanner 5 breasts)
Diagnosis of prolactinoma in two male-to-female transsexual subjects following high-dose cross-sex hormone therapy
(Comments on Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual persons)
Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual people commentary from european perspective
(Risk of thromboembolism)
Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism
Incidence and mortality of venous thrombosis, a population-based study
Menopausal hormone therapy and venous thromboembolism
Prevalence of cardiovascular disease and cancer during cross-sex hormone therapy in a large cohort of trans persons, a case-control study
Thrombotic issues in transgender medicine, a review
Venous thrombo-embolism as a complication of cross-sex hormone treatment of male-to-female transsexual subjects a review
(Explaining why people are transgender)
A Sex Difference In The Human Brain and Its Relation to Transsexuality
A Sex Difference in The Hypothalamic Uncinate Nucleus: Relationship To Gender Identity
Androgen Receptor Repeat Length Polymorphism Associated with Male-to-Female Transsexualism
Cognitive Ability and Cerebral Lateralisation in Transsexuals
Effects of sex hormone treatment on white matter microstructure in individuals with gender dysphoria
Gender Identity Disorder in Twins: A Review of the Case Report Literature
Male-To-Female Transsexuals Have Female Neuron Numbers In A Limbic Nucleus
Male-To-Female Transsexuals Show Sex-Atypical Hypothalamus Activation When Smelling Odorous Steroids
Permanence of Brain Sex Differences and Structural Plasticity of the Adult Brain
Regional Gray Matter Variation in Male-To-Female Transsexualism
Sex Differences In The Human Olfactory System
Sexual differentiation of the brain and behavior
Sexual Differentiation of the Bed Nucleus of the Stria-Terminalis In Humans May Extend Into Adulthood
Sexual differentiation of the human brain in relation to gender identity and sexual orientation
The microstructure of white matter in male to female transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A DTI study
The transsexual brain – A review of findings on the neural basis of transsexualism
White matter microstructure in female to male transsexuals before cross-sex hormonal treatment. A diffusion tensor imaging study
(Differences between Pre and Post Menopausal women)
Interrelationships between weight loss, body fat distribution, and sex hormones in pre-post-menopausal obese women
(Micronization and Method of Delivery are Important)
Micronization, A method of improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs
The optimal choice of medication administration route regarding intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous injection
(Example Informed Consent form)
MTF informed consent
(Obesity and Sex hormones)
Obesity and androgens; facts and perspectives
(Hormone effects on fat distribution)
Sex differences in the regulation of body weight
(Comparison of Different HRT)
Predictive Markers for Mammoplasty and a Comparison of Side Effect Profiles in Transwomen Taking Various Hormonal Regimens
Risk of hormoneotherapy in transgender people, Literature review and data from the French Database of Pharmacovigilance
(How hormones can affect mood)
A Comparison of the Effect of Estrogen with or without Progesterone on Mood and Physical Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women
Hormones, mood, sexuality, and the menopausal transition
Hormone therapy and affect.
The Impact of Different Doses of Estrogen and Progestin on Mood and Sexual Behavior in Postmenopausal Women
The Role of Reproductive Hormones in Postpartum Depression
(Dosage Used, Including Guidelines) [Not finished pulling from above]
Hormone Therapy in Adults: Suggested Revisions to the 6th Version of the Standard of Care
Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual Persons [2009]
Endocrine Treatment of Transsexual People: A Review of Treatment Regimens Outcomes and Adverse Effects [2003]
Endocrine Care of Transpeople: Review of HRT for Transwomen
Northwest Aids Education and Training Center’s Care of the Transgender Patient
Guidelines for the Primary and Gender-Affirming Care of Transgender and Gender Nonbinary People
Practical Guideline for Transgender HRT by Boston University Medical Campus
Endocrinology and Metabolic Processes Regulation
Healthcare of the Transgender Patient
Progress on the road to better medical care for transgender patients
Risk of hormoneotherapy in transgender people, Literature review and data from the French Database of Pharmacovigilance
Cross-sex hormone therapy in trans persons is safe and effective 2014
Hormone therapy for transgender patients