Study Guide for 3.2: Cell Chemistry of Life:

• Use Ms. Pratt’s blog as well to go over videos and notes
• Use pages 76-81 in your book

Water:  All chemical reactions take place in water and living things consist mainly of water; up to 60-70%.  Living things use water to transport materials through cells.

• Tonicity:          Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic

Moving Cellular Materials

• Cells have a selectively permeable membrane.  That is they allow some things in and some things out.

Passive Transport: Movement of materials without the use of energy.  Three types:

• Diffusion: Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Ex: Balloons, Perfume, Rice and iodine experiment.

• Osmosis: Special type of diffusion of water into and out of a cell membrane.  Ex: Eggsperimenting with Osmosis Lab, carrots in salt water, strawberries with sugar on top, gargling with salt water to kill microbes causing a sore throat.

• Facilitated Diffusion:  Type of diffusion that uses carrier proteins (helpers) embedded in the cell membrane to move larger molecules through the cell membrane.  Ex:  Glucose

Active Transport:  Movement of materials with the use of energy.  For larger, heavier materials that need to be moved into/out of cells.  Ex: Copper, iron, calcium

Endocytosis and Exocytosis:  Transport that uses the cell membrane to surround a substance to bring it into or out of the cell.

                                                        Exocytosis

Photosynthesis and Respiration Study Guide

Photosynthesis

• Why? To convert sunlight energy to chemical energy
• Whom?

             1. All green plants (Plant Kingdom),

             2. photosynthetic bacteria,

             3. plant-like protists (algae)

• Where? Leaves(organs), specifically chloroplasts
• When? During daylight/sunlight (even on a cloudy day)
• What? Chloroplasts [are making food/glucose]; “Mean green photosynthesizing machines”

Define Photosynthesis. “The Putting Together With Light”

• Producers/autotrophs - organisms that can make their own food.
• We get so much from the process of photosynthesis:  food, clothing medicines, wood, oxygen, paper, pencils, flowers, and so much more!

Respiration/Aerobic Respiration

• Why? To produce ATP
• Whom? All aerobes (organisms that use oxygen); producers and consumers

         1. Plants

             2. Animals

             3. Some bacteria

             4. Protists

         5. Some fungi

• Where?  Begins in the Cytoplasm and moves into the Mitochondria
• When? Constantly
• What? Food/glucose is being broken down to release energy

Define respiration. The metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which ATP energy is released and carbon dioxide and water is produced.

Fermentation/Anaerobic Respiration

• Why? To produce ATP
• Whom? All anaerobes (organisms that do not use oxygen)

             1. Yeast/fungi

             2. Some bacteria

• Where? Cytoplasm
• When? Constantly
• What? Food/glucose [is being fermented]

Define fermentation. Fermentation is a process by which food is broken down

without oxygen, in living organisms, to produce ATP.

• What industries use fermentation?                

             1. Baking (CO2)

             2. Brewing (Alcohol and CO2)

             3. Dairy (Lactic Acid)

• What are the reactants ? One sugar (C6H12O6) (and a ATP investment).
• What are the products of fermentation? ATP and [CO2, alcohol] OR [ lactic acid]

Consumers/heterotrophs - organisms that must obtain food sources from other organisms.

• Herbivores - eat only plants
• Carnivores - eat only meat
• Omnivores - eat both plants and meat
• Scavengers - organisms that eat dead organisms
• Decomposers/Detritivores - Break down organisms, “nature’s recyclers”

• Arrows point towards the organism obtaining energy or eating!

Metabolism - The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to maintain life.

Enzymes - Help speed up chemical processes by breaking substances apart or putting substances together.  Think about the Pineapple Lab!

• Use my blog, review worksheets and other assignments
• Use the textbook, pgs. 83-87