Earth into property
32. Historians of capitalism: Karl Marx, Fernand Braudel, Karl Polanyi, Giovanni Arrighton, Immanuel Wallerstein, David Harvey, and Niall Ferguson
38. London Crystal Palace Exposition 1851, Philadephia Continental Exposition 1876, Paris Exposition Universelle 1889
45. Columbia exposition, Chicago 1893 . Ragtime music: Antonin Dvorak and Scott Joplin
57. Pokagon addressed the audience at Chicago Day: the successes on display "had been at the sacrifice of 'our' homes and once happy race." "And so we stand as upon a seashore, chained hand and foot, while the incoming tide of the great ocean of civilization rises slowly but surely to overwelm us."
63. Martin Luther. 1517. individuals communicate directly with god.
74. Henry VIII. 1534. 'Act of Supremacy' to become head of the Church of England
Elizabeth I. Hudsons Bay Company.
76. Elizabeth I. 1600. First Charter of the East Indian Trading Company
1602. Dutch East Indian Company.
78. England. Sugar was the largest import between 1750 and 1820, ten times the amount of the French. Then came tea, coffee, alchohol, opium -- increasing global market reach and intensity
81. Fur trade. beaver pelt to make felt hats. Engaged aboriginal trade.
83. New York City / Haarlem/ Breukelen / founded by Dutch fur trade via Five Nations Iroquois / wampum / Longhouse Confederacy
John Gordon 'An Empire of Wealth' : Erie Canal, atlantic cable, transcontinental railway, Brooklyn Bridge, Panama Canal, Hoover Dam, Apollo project
84. Innovators by establishing trade with the East: John Jacob Astor, fur merchant, died the wealthiest in America, via Lewis and Clark via the firm Bayton, Wharton, and Morgan. Astor established trade with the east not experienced since Marco Polo, paving the way for future familial empires headed by John D. Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon, JP Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbelt.
85. Furs from Five Nations territory to Fort Orange to New Amsterdam to Amsterdam to other European centers founded the global city of New York.
Dutch established fuedal-like land rent arrangements called patroons. New France had seigneuries and Spanish America used haciendas.
86. Beginning of the mid-1980s the New York Stock Exchange went from a creditor to a debtor nation continuing into ongoing acceleration
Dutch, English, and Mohawk empires converged to reconstitute New Netherlands as New York in 1664.
87. Longhouse League established by Great Law / Kayanerenhkowa or in Mohawk as Great Peace. Consisting of Six Nations : Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, Oneida, and Cayuga, and new / last? arrival of Tuscorora in 1721.
88. The Dutch colony transformed into New York in 1664 under King Charles II.
89. Charles II gave colonial privaleges to his brother, James, Duke of York and Albany
90. Charles established the Greenwich Observitory in 1675 for star charting for navigational purposes at a prime meridian as the basis of the world's system of Standard Time, the basis of Greenwich Mean Time
"...the most important of the legal and political innovations during the initial years of the Restoration in England were those connected to the chartering and operation of royal corporations." "A primary prerequisite for those individals seeking grants to participate in the overseas expansion of English royal authority was thier willingness to group together with other favourites of the king as corporate owners and directors. It fell on these corporate directors to raise and invest seed capital for imperial ventures and to provide the guidance for joint-stock companies. The outcome of this approach to empire building was to intensify further the marriage between business and government. It produced a simultaneous emphasis on both privatization and monopoly on the most extended frontiers of globalized trade and military conflict."
91. 1660. Charles II chartered the Company of Royal Adventurers Trading to Africa. Majority of the trade was African slaves. "When this venture proved financialy shaky, Charles granted it a monopoly in 1672 against other English enterprises in obtaining slaves in West Africa along with an absolute monopoly in supplying slaves to the English sugar islands. As a result, the Royal African Company, knnown colloquially as the Guinea Company, earned large returns for its shareholders. The profitability of this monopoly, which was broken up in 1698, infused sufficient wealth into the English shipping industry that it soon acquired the dubious distinction of being the most active agency in the transatlantic slave trade."
1661, English East India Company, full name of which was, the Governor and Company of Merchants of London Trading in the East Indies, was given a new charter by Charles II, extending sovereignty to invest the corporation with power to enforce criminal and civil jurisdiction over all inhabitant in key parts of India, including the authority to wage war or negotiate peace treaties with non-Christian princes and people.
1662. Governor John Winthrop of Connecticut granted charter from Charles, adding new territory, elevating the status of local government to that of Massachusetts.
1663. Dr. John Clark obtained a similar charter, consolidating Rhode Island.
1665. Charles grants a royal charter to establish the Carolinas.
John Locke proposed a constitution never inacted for the Carolinas as secretary to the Earl of Shaftsbury, one proprietor of the Carolinas. Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government' inspired Thomas Jefferson's draft of the Declaration of Independence.
1682. Chartered Pennsylvania to William Pen, his father Pen senior, led the naval expedition that seized Jamaica from Spanish control in 1655 as part of Oliver Cromwell's "Western Design". Pennsylvania became a Quaker refuge.
92. 1670-1869-70. Charles established Governor and Company of Adventurers Trading in Hudson Bay or Hudson's Bay Company (HBC).
96. Roger Williams, founder of Rhode Island, critic of the European claims into alien territory without the consent of the Indigenous. Author of an early dictionary and grammar of the Algonkian-language dialects of Masachusett and Narragansett Indians.
Vitora and Las Casas, human rights activists, went to court to give Indegnous people rights
97. 1648. Treaty of Westphalia. Strengthened indepedence of the Netherlands. "a seminal instrument of national governments formed the primary pillar of world order."
99. Ending Slavery. Wilberforce, Abraham Lincoln, Toussaint L'Overature a former slave from the French Carribbean sugar colony of San Domingo freed 500,000. At the end of the 18th century generated 2/3rds of Frances colonial wealth.
101. 1763. Conflict in British North America after King George "asserted in a Royal Proclomation the Crown's exclusive constitutional power to obtain the consent of the Indigenous peoples to transform thier titles in their ancestral lands into other forms of non-Aboriginal title and jursdictions." This was seen as protecting the enemies fought in the French and Indian War.
102. The Paxon Boys in turn slaughter a few dozen pacifist inhabitants of a Moravian Indian mission on the Susquehanna River. This reflected past sentiment of Nathaniel Bacon in 1676 who felt it was the responsibility of the colonies to treat Indians as Virginas enemies and exterminate as quickly and completely as possible.
103. The Royal Proclomation was seen by Whigs as a Tory tyranny trying to undo the constitutional limitation on his powers as instituted in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. It ended the 7 Years War to unite to fight in the American Revolution.
104. The Declaration of Independence, largely written by Jefferson, "defined as criminal any resistance on the part of Indegenous peoples to the revolutionary polity's expansionary course" as they are called in the Declaration of Independence "merciless Indian savages" which had no right to "inalienable rights" of "life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness"
104. Indian Country of Canada in the form of the Indian Confederacy's military alliance with the British imperial government fought in the War of 1812. This confirmed good will of the Royal Proclomation.
108. US 1979. domestic financial debt was 21 percent of GDP. By 2006 it rose to 5x GDP.
Interventions. Savings and loan of 1989 and 1992, rescue of Mexican peso in 1995, and the bailouts of 2008-2009. "The public was told that the bailouts were to correct problems in financial instruments derived from sub-prime mortgages. Attention was thus diverted from the speculative breakdown of various schemes for deriving profit from the privatized terror economy of the post 9/11 world."
President's Working Group on Financial Markets
109. "The fall of WTC 7, reported by the BBC fully twenty minutes before it actually occured, shows all the attributes of a controlled demolition."
110. September 10, 2001 Rumsfield could not explain $2.3 trillion missing on the books of US government military spending.
112. Julius Caesar adopted Egyptian time. 1582 Pope Gregory XIII gave the calendeer more precision.
David Landes 'Revolution in Time" notes the mechanical clock as enabling European power.
114. Big Ben 1862 descendant from King's Clock at the Palace of Westminster installed 1371. Other clock monuments: Aragon 1356, Salisbury 1386, Rouen 1389, Lyon 1481, Strasbourg 1547.
1893. The Nautical Almanac Office turned down a proposal from Canada to unify three different systems for keeping track of single days. The civic day began at midnight while the nautical days began at noon. 1925 the US changed this.
115. Sir Sanford Fleming was the leading advocate for universal time. 1884. Delegates from twenty-five countries attended the International Prime Meridian Conference in Washington, DC. Majority agreed that the Greenwich Observitory, acknowledged as 0 longitude should become the site of the "prime meridian". The original observatory designed by Christopher Wren to assist in astronomy, navigation, and cartography.
121. Olympics was revived in 1896. International Olympic Committee. 1912 used photographic electric timers to clock tenths of seconds. 1924 same tech revised to divide a second into 100 parts.
James Gleick 'Faster': electricity advanced "the acceleration of just about everything". Digitization of money in the 1980s-90s with deregulation to make transactions without government intervention.
124. David Landes describes Ford Motor Company. formalized machine-made, standardized, interchangeable parts.
126. Luce. Time Magazine founded at age 23 in 1923. "Luce built on the techniques developed by ealier generations of press barons, including the most influential propogadist of the Spanish American War, William Randolf Hearst. Indeed, Luce helped extend the commercial, cultural, and political influence along the same trajectory of commercial pioneered earlier by John Jacob Astor in the fur trade and Henry Ford in the car trade. Astor, Ford, and Luce in turn, stood on the shoulders of others whose earlier actions helped widen the field and accelerate the pace of human interaction across time and space. Prominent among the most aggressive protagonists in the creation and consolidation of Eurocentric networks of global communications were Columbus, Magellan, Drake, the missionaries of the Jesuit Order, and the maker of the Dutch and British East India companies. These and many other frontiersmen of imperial expansion helped set in motion cycles of religiously and commercially driven globalization that prepared the ground for the emergence of the United States as the world's most influential agency of capitalist expansion, as the foremost inventor of weapons and consumer items, culture and ideas."
127. Roosevelt's New Deal. Securities Exchange Act of 1934. 1935 Social SecurityAct of 1935
129. National Security Act of 1947. Immanuel Kant identified "a universal civic society" as "the highest problem Nature assigns to the human race"
136. January 1961. Eisenhower's fairwell speech. coined and warned against the military-industrial-complex established in WW2 and continued as the Cold War
137. US propaganda. First World War when Wilson appointed George Creel in 1917 to head the US Committee on Public Education. CIA's central focus is to manipulate the news. CIA - US Information Agency and a front organization known as Congress for Cultural Freedom. One coordination arm was code-named Project Mockingbird.
144. The legacy of McNamara
148. First patent for mechanical invention issued in Florence in 1421. 1886 Berne Convention. 1893 the US had 2x the patent applications as the rest of the world. 1967 the Berne Treaty was transfered to the World Intellectual Property Organization, a new agency of the United Nations. Worldwide patents in 1985 were 885,000 to 1,600,000 in 2005.
150. Value of shares on the NYSE rose 700% from 1990 to 2006.
(To be continued...)