The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), the Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act (GINA), and Section 503 of the Rehabilitation Act (Section 503) all have provisions prohibiting medical evaluations or inquiries under the circumstances such as prior to an offer of employment.
The ADA prohibits pre-offer medical examinations or medical inquiries. However, it allows employers to make an employment offer contingent upon answering certain medical questions or successfully passing a medical exam IF all new employees in the same type of job are required to take the medical exam or answer the medical questions.
Most of the below jobs have a medical exam as a precondition of employment, however, they are generally not private sector jobs, but rather government positions where medical exams are required as part of agency (or city or state) regulations.
IRS (some positions) https://www.jobs.irs.gov/resources/job-descriptions/irs-criminal-investigation-special-agent
https://www.treasury.gov/tigta/iereports/2016reports/2016ier007fr.pdf
FBI http://www.fbijobs.gov/sites/default/files/Special_Agent_Candidate_Information_Packet.pdf
Coast Guard
https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/46/10.306
Railroad engineers
“Medical Standards for Railroad Workers”, Final Report, January 2005
Commercial truck drivers
United States military
Law enforcement
(LEO; using California regulations as an example: http://lib.post.ca.gov/Publications/Hearing.pdf, or Austin, TX: http://www.austintexas.gov/page/common-disqualifier)
Firefighters (some jurisdictions; see case where City of Indianapolis was sued for rejecting Samuel Leverett Jr from a firefighting position because of his hearing loss: https://www.in.gov/inprs/redactions/Leverett%20Order%20(US%20dist%20Ct)%20Redacted.pdf)
Transportation security officers (TSA)
“Medical and Psychological Guidelines for Transportation Security Officers”, 1/22/2016
Airplane pilots
Doctors (varies depending on medical school)
See: http://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/2016/10/sect1-1610.html
“One common barrier that DHoH and other candidates with disabilities face is the medical school technical standards (TS). The TS specify minimum abilities not necessarily related to acquisition of medical knowledge, including sensory and motor capabilities, thought by some to be necessary to function as a physician [4]. “
Customs and Border Protection Officers
https://www.cbp.gov/careers/car/cbpo-med
National Park Service
Commissioned Park Rangers
Criminal Investigators
Correctional Officers
u.S> Fish and Wildlife Service Special Agent
https://www.fws.gov/le/pdf/medical-standards-special-agent.pdf
NASA aviation flight personnel
https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/620882main_Av_med_cert_std_OCHMO_110902_2MED.pdf
U.S. Department of Prisons - correctional employees
https://www.bop.gov/policy/progstat/3906.24.pdf
Lifeguards
Guidelines
Minimum hearing standards should be in place for individuals performing lifeguarding duties.
Options
The minimum hearing threshold of lifeguards should be no more than an average of a 25-decibel loss
in both ears over a range of frequencies (500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 Hz)." https://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.usla.org/resource/resmgr/lifeguard_library/lifeguard_standards_final_re.pdf