All scripture references are from The Scriptures 2009 translation unless otherwise noted
'In the beginning Elohim created the heavens and the earth.'
“בְּרֵאשִׁ֖ית בָּרָ֣א אֱלֹהִ֑ים אֵ֥ת הַשָּׁמַ֖יִם וְאֵ֥ת הָאָֽרֶץ׃”
Genesis 1:1 (Westminster Leningrad Codex)
'but He did not look to Qayin and his offering. And Qayin was very wroth, and his face [H6440 panim] fell. And יהוה said to Qayin, “Why is he wroth towards you? And why is your face [H6440 panim] fallen?'
'So Shĕm and Yapheth took a garment, laid it on both their shoulders, and went backward and covered the nakedness of their father, but their faces [H6440 panim] were turned away, and they did not see their father’s nakedness.'
'And Lĕ’ah said, “Fortune comes!” So she called his name Gaḏ.'
“וַתֹּ֥אמֶר לֵאָ֖ה בגדבָּ֣אגָ֑דוַתִּקְרָ֥א אֶת־שְׁמ֖וֹ גָּֽד"
Berĕshith (Genesis) 30:11 (Westminster Leningrad Codex)
'Now I know that יהוה is greater than all the mighty ones, indeed in the matter in which they acted proudly, above them.'
“עַתָּ֣ה יָדַ֔עְתִּי כִּֽי־גָד֥וֹל יְהוָ֖ה מִכָּל־הָאֱלֹהִ֑ים כִּ֣י בַדָּבָ֔ר אֲשֶׁ֥ר זָד֖וּ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃”
Exodus 18:11 (Westminster Leningrad Codex)
'“You have no other mighty ones against My face.'
'And now why should we die? For this great fire is consuming us. If we hear the voice of יהוה our Elohim any more, then we shall die.'
'“Hear, O Yisra’ĕl: יהוה our Elohim, יהוה is one!'
“שְׁמַ֖ יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֵ֖ינוּ יְהוָ֥ה ׀ אֶחָֽ”
Deḇarim (Deuteronomy) 6:4 (Westminster Leningrad Codex)
'And Yehoshua said to all the people, “Thus said יהוה Elohim of Yisra’ĕl, ‘Long ago your fathers dwelt beyond the River – Teraḥ, the father of Aḇraham and the father of Naḥor. And they served other mighty ones [elohim].'
'Whatever Kemosh your mighty one gives you to possess, do you not possess it? And all that which יהוה our Elohim takes possession of before us, we possess.'
'Do you not possess what Chemosh your god gives you to possess? So whatever Yahweh our God has taken possession of before us, we will possess it. '
Judges 11:24 (LSB)
'Will you not possess what Chemosh your god gives you to possess? And all that the Lord our God has dispossessed before us, we will possess. '
Judges 11:24 (ESV)
'“But you are those who forsake יהוה, who forget My set-apart mountain, who prepare a table for Gad, and who fill a drink offering for Meni.'
“וְאַתֶּם֙ עֹזְבֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה הַשְּׁכֵחִ֖ים אֶת־הַ֣ר קָדְשִׁ֑י הַֽעֹרְכִ֤ים לַגַּד֙ שֻׁלְחָ֔ן וְהַֽמְמַלְאִ֖ים לַמְנִ֥י מִמְסָֽךְ"
Yeshayah (Isaiah) 65:11 (Westminster Leningrad Codex)
'Blessed be יהוה Elohim, Elohim of Yisra’ĕl, He alone is doing wonders!'
'Blessed be Yahweh God, the God of Israel, Who alone works wondrous deeds. '
Psalm 72:18 (LSB)
' Blessed be the Lord , the God of Israel, who alone does wondrous things. '
Psalm 72:18 (ESV)
‘בָּר֤וּךְ ׀ יְהוָ֣ה אֱ֭לֹהִים אֱלֹהֵ֣י יִשְׂרָאֵ֑ל עֹשֵׂ֖ה נִפְלָא֣וֹת לְבַדּֽוֹ׃’
Psalms 72:18 (Westminster Leningrad Codex)
'I, I said, “You are elohim, And all of you are sons of the Most High.'
Tehillim (Psalms) 82:6 (all of Psalm 82)
“1
a : the distinguishing name of a written, printed, or filmed production
b : a similar distinguishing name of a musical composition or a work of art
2 : a usually published work as distinguished from a particular copy
3 : a descriptive name : appellation
4
a : an appellation of dignity, honor, distinction, or preeminence attached to a person or family by virtue of rank, office, precedent, privilege, attainment, or lands
b : a person holding a title especially of nobility
5 : championship sense 1
6
a : a legally just cause of exclusive possession
b : the instrument (such as a deed) that is evidence of a right
c : all the elements constituting legal ownership
7
a : a descriptive or general heading (as of a chapter in a book)
b : the heading which names an act or statute
c : the heading of a legal action or proceeding
8 : a division of an instrument, book, or bill
especially : one larger than a section or article
9
a : something that justifies or substantiates a claim
b : an alleged or recognized right
10
a : written material introduced into a motion picture or television program to give credits, explain an action, or represent dialogue —usually used in plural
b obsolete : inscription”
title, Merriam-Webster
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/title
“a word that is used before someone's name, stating their social rank, qualifications, position in an organization, gender, etc.:”
title noun (PERSON), Cambridge Dictionary
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/title
“a word or phrase that shows a person’s rank or job:”
title noun (RANK), Cambridge Dictionary
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/title
“a word that is sometimes used in front of someone's name to show their position:”
title, Business English, Cambridge Dictionary
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/title
“the name of a particular job in an organization:”
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/title
“1.
a. An identifying name given to a book, play, film, musical composition, or other work.
b. A general or descriptive heading, as of a book chapter.
2.
a. A written work that is published or about to be published: the titles in the publisher's fall catalog.
b. A division of a legal code, generally consisting of multiple related statutes.
3.
a. often titles Written material to be read by viewers that is included in a film or television show, typically presenting credits, narration, or dialogue.
b. A written piece of translated dialogue superimposed at the bottom of the frame during a film; a subtitle.
4.
a. A formal appellation attached to the name of a person as a sign of office, rank, profession, or hereditary privilege.
b. A descriptive name; an epithet: the dubious title of the worst bowler in the league.
5. A right or claim, or the basis of a right or claim: "The weight of a fish is commonly its only title to fame" (Henry David Thoreau).
6. Law
a. A form of ownership free of valid claims by other parties.
b. The aggregate evidence that gives rise to a legal right of possession or control.
c. The instrument, such as a deed, that constitutes this evidence.
7. Sports & Games A championship: Which boxer won the heavyweight title?
8. Ecclesiastical
a. A source of income or area of work required of a candidate for ordination in the Church of England.
b. A Roman Catholic church in or near Rome having a cardinal for its nominal head.”
title, TheFreeDictionary.com
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/title
“1
a : a word or phrase that constitutes the distinctive designation of a person or thing
b : a word or symbol used in logic to designate an entity
2 : a descriptive often disparaging epithet
3
a : reputation
b : an illustrious record : fame
c : a person or thing with a reputation
4 : family, clan
5 : appearance as opposed to reality
6 : one referred to by a name
name, Merriam-Webster
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/name
“1.
a. A word or words by which an entity is designated and distinguished from others.
b. A word or group of words used to describe or evaluate, often disparagingly: Don't call me names.
2. Representation or repute, as opposed to reality: a democracy in name, a police state in fact.
3.
a. A reputation: has a bad name.
b. A distinguished reputation: made a name for himself as a drummer.
4. An illustrious or outstanding person: joined several famous names for a photograph.”
name, TheFreeDictionary.com
https://www.thefreedictionary.com/name
“A1 the word or words that a person, thing, or place is known by:
B2 the opinion or reputation that someone or something has:”
name, Cambridge Dictionary
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/name
“A noun in which number is not marked; that is, a noun which does not change form in the plural, such as, in English, fish and series.”
invariant noun, Wiktionary.org
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/invariant_noun
“A few English nouns do not change when inflected into the plural. These are known as "invariant nouns" (or "invariable nouns").”
Category: English invariant nouns, Wiktionary.org
https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_invariant_nouns
“An uninflected plural, zero plural, or invariant plural or base plural is a plural noun that is identical to its singular form and is therefore an irregular plural.”
Invariant plural
https://teflpedia.com/Invariant_plural
English:
aircraft
antelope
buffalo
deer
fish
moose
offspring
sheep
shrimp
spacecraft
species
Hebrew:
Strong’s Definition:
פָּנִים pânîym, paw-neem'; plural (but always as singular) of an unused noun פָּנֶה pâneh; from H6437); the face (as the part that turns); used in a great variety of applications (literally and figuratively); also (with prepositional prefix) as a preposition (before, etc.):— accept, a-(be-) fore(-time), against, anger, × as (long as), at, battle, because (of), beseech, countenance, edge, employ, endure, enquire, face, favour, fear of, for, forefront(-part), form(-er time, -ward), from, front, heaviness, × him(-self), honourable, impudent, in, it, look(-eth) (-s), × me, meet, × more than, mouth, of, off, (of) old (time), × on, open, out of, over against, the partial, person, please, presence, prospect, was purposed, by reason of, regard, right forth, serve, × shewbread, sight, state, straight, street, × thee, × them(-selves), through ( -out), till, time(-s) past, (un-) to(-ward), upon, upside ( down), with(-in, -stand), × ye, × you.
Brown-Driver-Briggs:
[פָּנֶה], plural פָּנִים2123 noun masculineProverbs 25:23 and (Ezekiel = Proverbs 21:21 = edge; on 2 Samuel 10:9 see below) feminine face, also faces (as turned toward one); — plural absolute פָּנִים Genesis 32:31 +; construct פְּנֵי 2 Samuel 14:32 +; suffix 1st person singular פָּנַי Genesis 43:3 +; 3rd person masculine singular פָּנָיו Genesis 4:5 +, פָּנֵ֑ימוֹ Psalm 11:7 (Köll.1.446); 2nd person masculine plural פְּנֵיכֶם Genesis 40:7 +, etc.; — usually with verb plural, Genesis 4:5, 6; Exodus 33:14 +; with verb singular Lamentations 4:16 (through influence of intervening י׳, Ges§ 146 a), Proverbs 15:14 (but read פִּ׳, as Qr, see פֶּה); —
I.
1. face, faces (Jeremiah 30:6; Ezekiel 27:35 +, compare Ezekiel 1:6; Ezekiel 10:14, 21 etc.):
a. literally, of man Genesis 43:31; 2 Samuel 19:5; 1 Kings 19:13; Leviticus 13:14; Daniel 8:18; Daniel 10:9, 15 +; עוֺר פ׳ Exodus 35:29, 30, 35; pale (from alarm) Isaiah 29:22; Jeremiah 30:6, flushed Isaiah 13:8; Ezekiel 21:3, compare Nahum 2:11; Joel 2:6; tearful Isaiah 25:8; Job 16:16; sad, רעים פ׳ Genesis 40:7, compare Nehemiah 2:2, 3, also רֹעַ פ׳ Ecclesiastes 7:8 i.e. sadness; יֵּיטִב פ׳ Proverbs 15:13 maketh glad the face; נָָֽפְלוּ פָנֶיךָ, Genesis 4:5, 6 why is the face fallen (in displeasure), compare 1 Samuel 1:18 (reading נָֽפְלָה, נָֽפְלוּ, or הפִּילָה); covered with shame Ezekiel 7:18, whence figurative of confusion, discomfiture Jeremiah 51:51; Psalm 69:8; Psalm 83:17, etc.
b. of י׳ Exodus 33:20, compare Exodus 33:23.
c. פָּנִים אֶל־פָּנִים face to face, of seeing (God) Genesis 32:31, compare Judges 6:22, knowing Deuteronomy 34:10, judging Ezekiel 20:35, speaking Exodus 33:11, and so בְּפ׳ פ׳ Deuteronomy 5:4; נִתְרֶאֶה פָנִים 2 Kings 14:8 see each other (in the) face = meet each other in battle, compare 2 Kings 14:11 2 Chronicles 25:17, 21.
d. of relations with ׃י׳ הֵרִים פ׳ Ezra 9:6, in worship (see also נשׂא); in spiritual sense Jeremiah 2:27; Jeremiah 32:33 (עֹרֶף אֵלַי פָּנָה פָנִים וְלֹא); ׳י לִדְרוֹשׁ פ'נָתַן 2 Chronicles 20:3; נָתַן אֶתפֿ׳ אֶלאֲֿדֹנָי Daniel 9:3; הַבָּנִים קְשֵׁי פָנִים Ezekiel 2:4.
e. of י׳ himself, מִכֶּם פָּנִיםִ יָסִיר לֹא 2 Chronicles 30:9; בְּעֹשֵׂי י'פְּנֵי רָ֑ע Psalm 34:17; פָּנֶיךָ גַּעֲרָת Psalm 80:17. — See further below 7.
2.
a. = presence, person, of י׳ Exodus 33:14, 15, בְּפָנָיו Deuteronomy 4:37, פָּנָיו מַלְאַךְ Isaiah 63:9; הַפָּנִים לֶחֶם, see לֶחֶם; of י׳'s angry presence Lamentations 4:16; Psalm 21:10; of Absalom 2 Samuel 17:11; in weakened sense, nearly = suffix (compare נפשׁ 4a), Proverbs 7:15.
†b. with ראה technically, see one's face, i.e. appear before one, in one's presence: before a man Genesis 32:21 (+3 other uses of פ׳), (God, with יראה pointed as Niph., see II 2); especially as privilege, = have access to, man of rank Genesis 43:3, 5; Genesis 44:23, 26, king Exodus 10:28 (twice in verse) compare Exodus 10:29 (all J), 2 Samuel 14:24 (twice in verse); 2 Samuel 14:28, 32; compare 2 Samuel 3:13 (twice in verse); הַמֶּלֶךְ פְנֵי רֹאֵי 2 Kings 25:19 = Jeremiah 52:25; Esther 1:14; implying favour of person seen, man Genesis 33:10 (J), God Genesis 33:10, compare Job 33:26 (Hiph.), and, with חזה, Psalm 11:7; Psalm 17:15.
3. face of seraphim Isaiah 6:2, cherubim Exodus 25:20 (twice in verse) = Exodus 37:9 (twice in verse), Ezekiel 1:8, 11; 2 Chronicles 3:13 +.
4. face of animals, הַצּאֹן פְּנֵי Genesis 30:40; אַרְיֵה וּפ׳ פ׳ נֶשֶׁר שׁוֺר ופ׳ Ezekiel 1:10 (in description of cherubim), compare Ezekiel 10:14; אַרְיֵה פ׳ also 1 Chronicles 12:8 (figurative), כְֿפִיר פ׳ Ezekiel 41:19; פ'פִּתְחֵי Job 41:6 of crocodile.
5. face (= surface) of ground (הָאֲדָמָה) Genesis 2:6; Genesis 4:14; Genesis 7:4; Psalm 104:30 +, so הָאָרֶץ פ׳ Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3; Genesis 8:9; Genesis 11:4, 8, 9; Genesis 19:28; Isaiah 24:1, תֵבֵל פ׳ Isaiah 14:21; Isaiah 27:6; of a field Proverbs 24:31; תְהוֺם פ׳ Genesis 1:2 (twice in verse); Job 38:30, הַמַּיִם פ׳ Genesis 7:18; רְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמַיִם פ׳ Genesis 1:20; כִֿסֵּה פ׳ Job 26:9 i.e. of God's throne (but Bu reads כֶּסֶה fullmoon); הַלּוֺט פ׳ Job 25:7 see [לוּט; לְבוּשׁוֺ פ׳ Job 41:5 the expanse of his [the crocodile's] coat; front (especially Ezek.), of house Ezekiel 41:14; Ezekiel 47:1, הַקֹּדֶשׁ פ׳ Ezekiel 41:21; of gate Ezekiel 40:6, 20, 22; Ezekiel 42:15; Ezekiel 43:4; of chamber Ezekiel 40:44 (twice in verse); Ezekiel 40:45, 46; of pot (סִיר) Jeremiah 1:13; הַמִּלְחָמָה פ׳ 2 Samuel 10:9 battle-front = 1 Chronicles 19:10 (verb agrees with הַמּ׳ in Gender, Ges§ 146a); = van of locust-army Joel 2:20 (opposed to סֹפוֺ); front, i.e. edge, of sword Ezekiel 21:21, of axe Ecclesiastes 10:10; = condition, state of a thing, as denoted by its appearance; of flock Proverbs 27:23; הַדָּבָר פ׳ 2 Samuel 14:20 the appearance (situation, attitude) of the affair.
6. as adverb of location וּמֵאָחוֺר מִפָּנִים 2 Samuel 10:9 before and behind = וְֿ׳ פ׳ 1 Chronicles 19:10, also Ezekiel 2:10; 2 Chronicles 13:14; פְּנֵי toward Songs 7:5, also in front (to the East?) of 2 Chronicles 20:16 (see לִפְנֵי d below); לְפָנִים forward Jeremiah 7:24 (opposed to לְאחוֺר); מִלִּפְנִים 1 Kings 6:29 see פְּנִימָה; adverb temporal לְפָנִים formerly Deuteronomy 2:12, 20; Joshua 11:10; Judges 1:10, 11, 13 + 12 times; מִלְּפָנִים Isaiah 41:26 from beforetime (|| מֵראֹשׁ).
7. for other phrases see: אוֺר verb Hiph. 5; אוֺר n. 10; בּוֺשׁ Hiph.; בקשׁ Pi. 3; בּשֶׁת 1; [הַכָּרָה]; הָדַר; 2; זָעַם Niph.; זָעַף 1; הָבַשׁ 1a; I. חָרָה I. חָוַר; חָזַק Pi. 5; II. חלה; IV. חמר; חָפָה; טָחַן; יָעַד Hoph.; יְשׁוּעָה3; כּוּן Hiph. 3; כִּפֶּר 1; כָּסָה Pi. 1, 2; מָאוֺר; מְגַמָּה I. מוּל; מַשּׂא; [נָבַט] Hiph. 3; נֶגֶד 1, 2 c; נֹכַח; נָכַר Hiph.; נָפַל 3b, and Hiph. 5; נָשָׂא 1b (3); נָתַן 2b; סָבַב Hiph. 1 a; סָתַר Hiph. 2; I. עֵבֶר 2; עַז, עָזַז Hiph.; עָמַד Hiph. 6 a; II. עֻמָּה; [צָרַב]; [קָדַם] Pi.; שִׂים; שׁוּב Hiph.; שִׁית; II.שָׁנָה Pi.; תֹּפֶת.
II. פְּנֵי with prepositions: —
1. אֶל־פְּנֵי :
a. to the presence of, Exodus 23:17 pregnantly אֶל־פְּנֵי ֗֗֗ יֵרָאֶה shall appear (coming) to the presence of (= before) י׳ (|| Exodus 34:23הָא'אֶת־פְּנֵי); with יָצָא = to confront 2 Chronicles 19:2.
b. to the front of, after a verb of motion, Leviticus 6:7 הַמִּזְבֵּחַ אל־פְּנֵי ֗֗֗ אֹתָהּ הַקְרֵב, Leviticus 9:5; Leviticus 16:2; Numbers 17:8; Numbers 20:10.
c. towards or on the front of (אֶל = עַל), Ezekiel 41:4, 12, 15, 25; Ezekiel 42:2, 3, 7, 10, 13; Ezekiel 45:7; Ezekiel 48:21.
d. on to the surface of, Leviticus 14:53 הַשָּׂדֶה אֶל־פְּנֵי ֗֗֗ וְשִׁלַּח, Ezekiel 16:5.
†2. אֶת־פְּנֵי close by (II. אֵת) the face or front of: hence
a. the presence of, 1 Samuel 2:11 עֵלִי אֶתפֿ׳ 1 Kings 12:6 who stood שְׁלֹמֹה אֶתפֿ׳ (compare לִפְנֵי 1 Kings 10:8), Esther 1:10; Proverbs 17:24; pregnantly (nisi וַיַּנִּחֵם leg., Syriac Version Targum We Dr and others) 1 Samuel 22:4. Specifically י'אֶת־פְּנֵי Genesis 19:13 (1 Samuel 2:17), 1 Samuel 2:27; 1 Samuel 2:18; and with נִרְאָה of the appearance of all males at the three annual חַגִּים, Exodus 34:23 הָאָדֹן יֵרָאֶה כָּלזְֿכוּרְךָ אֶתפֿ׳, Exodus 34:24; Deuteronomy 16:16 (compare Dr), Deuteronomy 31:11; 1 Samuel 1:22 (|| י׳ אלפֿ׳ Exodus 23:17); so פָּנַי alone Exodus 23:15 = Exodus 34:20 (לֹא יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָם), Isaiah 1:22, פָנֶיךָ Psalm 42:3 (according to many, GesThes DiExodus 23:15 CheIsaiah 1:12, critical note, the verb in all these passages was originally Qal, afterwards pointed as Niph. to avoid the expression see the face of י׳); אֶת־פָּנֶיךָ in thy presence Psalm 16:10; Psalm 21:7; Psalm 140:14.
b. in front of, Genesis 33:18. הָעִיר וַיִּחַן אֶתפֿ׳, Leviticus 4:6 פָרֹכֶת הַקֹּדֶשׁ אֶתפֿ׳ לִפְנֵי י׳ Leviticus 4:17. — פְּנֵי מֵאֵת from before, see II. אֵת 4a.
3. בִּפְנֵי :.
† (a) in the face of, mostly in particular phrases, with hostile import: thus, with יָרַק to spit Numbers 12:14; Deuteronomy 25:9; התיצב to make a stand Deuteronomy 7:24; Deuteronomy 11:25, and עמד Joshua 10:8, לֹא יַעֲמֹד אִישׁ בְּפָנֶיךָ Joshua 21:42; Joshua 23:9; עָנָה to answer (give evidence) against, Hosea 5:5 וענה גאון ישׂראל בפניו, Hosea 7:10; Job 16:8; וְנָקֹטוּ בִּפְנֵיהֶם = feel loathing against their own selves, Ezekiel 6:9, so Ezekiel 20:43; Ezekiel 36:31.
† (b) in front of, Ezekiel 42:12.
4. לִפְנֵי, properly at the face or front of, the most general word for in the presence of, before: as Genesis 18:22 עֹמֵד לִפְנֵי אַבְרָהָם, Exodus 4:21; Exodus 11:10; 2 Samuel 2:14; Proverbs 17:18 + often; after a verb of motion, Genesis 47:2 וַיַּצִּיגֵם לפני פ׳ and set them before Pharaoh, Genesis 27:20 כִּי הִקְרָה י׳ לפני literally made (it) to meet before me (compare Genesis 24:12), Exodus 29:10; Proverbs 18:16 etc. In particular,
a. With the implication of
(a) under the eye or oversight of, Deuteronomy 25:2; 1 Samuel 3:1.
(b) under the eye and regard of, Genesis 17:18 לוּ יִשְׁמָעֵאל יִחְיֶה לְפָנֶיךָ, Hosea 6:2; Isaiah 53:2; Psalm 61:8; compare Jeremiah 30:20; Jeremiah 31:36; Isaiah 66:22; Psalm 102:29: also 1 Samuel 2:28; 2 Samuel 19:14.
(c) figurative for in (or into) the full (mental) view of, Genesis 6:13 קֵץ כָּלבָּֿשָׂר בָּא לְפָנַי is come in before me, Lamentations 1:22 תָּבאֹ כָלרָֿעָתָם לְפָנֶיךָ, Jonah 1:2 עָֽלְתָה לְפָנַי (compare אֶל Genesis 18:21; Exodus 2:23), Isaiah 65:6 כְּתוּבָה לְפָנָ֑י, Jeremiah 2:22 נִכְתָּךְ לְפָנָי (compare נֶגְדִּי Isaiah 47:12).
(d) openly before, 1 Samuel 12:2 הִתְהַלֵךְ לִפְנֵי, and with collateral idea of deserving (and receiving) regard 1 Samuel 2:35, especially לפני י׳ Genesis 17:1 and elsewhere.
(e) in presence of the moon or sun, Psalm 72:5; Psalm 72:17, i.e. as long as they endure.
(f) free before, at the disposal of,Genesis 13:9 הֲלֹא כָלהָֿאָרֶץ לְפָנֶיךָ (compare Genesis 20:15; Genesis 34:10; Genesis 47:6; Jeremiah 40:4; 2 Chronicles 14:6), 2 Chron 24:51; Songs 8:12.
(g) in the sight (estimation) of, Genesis 7:1 thee have I seen to be just before me, Genesis 10:9 a mighty hunter before י׳, Deuteronomy 24:4 י׳ תּוֺעֵבָה ל׳, Deuteronomy 24:13 י׳ צְדָקָה ל׳, 1 Samuel 20:1b, אָרוּר י׳ ל׳ Joshua 6:26; 1 Samuel 26:19, י׳ לְרָצוֺן ל׳ acceptable before י׳, Leviticus 1:3 +, Psalm 19:15; 2 Kings 5:1 a great man לִפְנֵי אֲדֹנָיו, Proverbs 14:12; Psalm 143:2; וַיִּיטַב ל׳ (late synonym of earlier בְּעֵנֵי) Nehemiah 2:5, 6; Esther 5:14; טוֺב ל׳ Ecclesiastes 2:26; Ecclesiastes 7:26; compare also נָתַן לְרַחֲמִים לִפְנֵי, see רַחֲמִים.
(h) לִפְנֵי י׳, specifically of acts done with a solemn sense of י׳'s presence, often, but not always, at a sanctuary: Genesis 27:7 that I may eat and bless thee before י׳, before I die, Exodus 18:12 to eat bread before God, Deuteronomy 1:45 ye wept before י׳, Deuteronomy 6:25; Deuteronomy 12:7 (to eat, so Deuteronomy 12:18; Deuteronomy 14:23, 26; Deuteronomy 15:20), Deuteronomy 15:12 (rejoice, so Deuteronomy 15:18; Deuteronomy 27:7; Isaiah 9:2), Joshua 18:6; Joshua 24:1; Judges 11:11; Judges 20:23, 26; Judges 21:2; 1 Samuel 7:6; 1 Samuel 10:19; 1 Samuel 11:15; 1 Samuel 12:7; 1 Samuel 15:33; 1 Samuel 23:18; 2 Samuel 5:3; 2 Samuel 7:18; 2 Samuel 21:9; and constantly in P, as Exodus 16:9, 33, 34; Leviticus 1:5, 11; Leviticus 3:1, 7 etc.; of residents in Jerusalem Isaiah 23:18. So in י׳ הָלַךְ ל׳ 1 Kings 2:4 and elsewhere.
b. In other phrases: —
(a) עָמַד לִפְנֵי to stand before, i.e. wait upon, be in attendance on, Deuteronomy 1:38 and elsewhere (see עָמַד 1e). Simil. הָיָה לִפְנֵי 1 Samuel 19:7 (compare 1 Samuel 29:8), 2 Kings 5:2; עָבַד ל׳ 2 Samuel 16:19. (
(b) הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה לִפְנֵי to bow down before Genesis 23:12; Deuteronomy 26:10; 2 Kings 18:22 and elsewhere (see below שָׁחָה; also נָפַל 3b): so with הִתְפַּלֵּל to pray 1 Samuel 1:12 +; compare הלך פָני 1 Kings 12:30; 1 Chronicles 21:30.
(c) to be smitten (נִגַּף) before a foe; see נָגַף Niph. [contrast מִפְּנֵי נוּם: below 6a]. So with נָפַל 1 Samuel 14:13; נָתַן (in helplessness or flight), especially in Deuteronomy, as Deuteronomy 1:8, 21; Deuteronomy 7:2 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 7:23; Joshua 10:12; Joshua 11:6 + (DrDT lxxxii): compare Judges 4:15; 2 Samuel 5:20; Isaiah 45:1; Jeremiah 1:17.
(d) עָמַד לִפְנֵי to stand (make a stand) before (not quite so strong as בִּפְנֵי ע׳, above 3), Exodus 9:11; Judges 2:14; 2 Kings 10:4; Jeremiah 49:19; Psalm 76:8; Psalm 147:17; Nahum 1:6; so with הִתְיַצֵּב Deuteronomy 9:2; Joshua 1:5; Job 41:2, קוּם Joshua 7:12, 13.
(e) in hostile sense (rare), יָצָא לִפְנֵי go forth to face 1 Chronicles 14:8; 2 Chronicles 14:9.
(f) לִפְנֵי (נָתַן) שִׂים, of food, to set or place before, Genesis 18:8; Genesis 24:33 +.
(g) נָתַן לִפְנֵי to set before, i.e. propound for acceptance or choice, usually of laws (especially Deuteronomy, Jeremiah), Deuteronomy 4:8; Deuteronomy 11:26, 32; Deuteronomy 30:1, 15, 19; 1 Kings 9:6 (D2), Jeremiah 9:12; Jeremiah 21:8; Jeremiah 26:4; Jeremiah 44:10; Daniel 9:10, compare Ezekiel 23:24 (place at disposal of): so with שִׂים Exodus 19:7; Exodus 21:1.
c. With reference to position:
(a) in front of, before, especially with verbs of motion (with which נֶגֶד is hardly used), Genesis 32:21 בַּמִּנְחָה הַהֹלֶכֶת לְפָנָ֔י that goeth before me, Genesis 33:14 the cattle אֲשֶׁר לְפָנַי, Exodus 17:5; Exodus 23:20 etc.; in the description of a march or procession, Exodus 13:21, 22; Numbers 10:33; Isaiah 52:12; Isaiah 58:8 +; 2 Samuel 3:31 and wail before Abner (before his bier); of flocks before a shepherd Genesis 32:18; of captives or booty driven before a conqueror 1 Samuel 30:20 (read וַיִּנְהֲגוּ לְפָנָיו We Dr), Isaiah 8:4; Isaiah 40:10 = Isaiah 62:11 וּפְעֻלָּתוֺ לְפָנָיו his recompence (i.e. his newly-recovered people, regarded as his prize of war) before him, Amos 9:4; Lamentations 1:5, 6
(b) of a leader, etc. = at the head of, Deuteronomy 10:11; Judges 9:39; 1 Samuel 8:20; Micah 1:13 and elsewhere; compare בא ויצא לפני (העם) Numbers 27:17; 1 Samuel 18:13, 16; 2 Chronicles 1:10; Ecclesiastes 4:16 before whom (at whose head) he was.
(c) denoting superiority, before, above, Genesis 48:20 וַיָּשֶׂם אתאֿפרים לפני מנשׁה, Job 34:19.
d. Of places (not very common): Exodus 14:2 before Pi-hahiroth..., before Baal-zephon, Numbers 33:7b, Genesis 23:17 מַמְרֵא אשׁר ל׳ (usually על פני מ׳ : see 7a d), 1 Chronicles 19:7; Nehemiah 8:1, 3; before the temple, veil, altar, etc., Exodus 16:34 + הָעֵדֻת ל׳, Exodus 30:6 + הַפָּרֹכֶת ל׳, Exodus 40:5, 6; Numbers 3:38; Numbers 7:10 and elsewhere (all P), 1 Kings 6:21; 1 Kings 7:49 +.
e. Of time, before: Amos 1:1: הָרָֽעַשׁ לפני before the earthquake, Genesis 29:26; Genesis 30:30 לְפָנַי before me (i.e. before I came to thee), Exodus 10:14 לפניו לא היה כן before it there was not the like, Numbers 13:22; 1 Kings 16:25, 30 מִכֹּל אֲשֶׁר לְפָנָיו, Isaiah 43:10; Isaiah 48:7; Proverbs 8:25; Job 15:7 etc. Sq. infinitive, Genesis 13:10 לִפְנֵי שַׁחֵת י׳ before י׳'s destroying, etc., Genesis 27:7 לִפְנֵי מוֺתִי, Genesis 36:31; 1 Samuel 9:15 +. Once, in late Hebrew, לִפְנֵי מִזֶּה before this Nehemiah 13:4.
f. In the manner of, like (rare and dubious), 1 Samuel 1:16 אַלתִּֿתֵּן אֶתאֲֿמָֽתְךָ לִפְנֵי בַתבִּֿלִיַּעַל like a worthless woman, Job 3:24 like my food, Job 4:19 they are crushed like the moth (compare Lat pro).
5. מִלִּפְנֵי 73 from before: —
a. from the presence of (properly, from a position before a person or object: to be distinguished from מִפְּנֵי; see 6):
(a) Genesis 41:46 ויצא יוסף מִלִּפְנֵי פ׳ from before Pharaoh, Genesis 47:10; 2 Kings 5:27; 2 Kings 6:32 +; י׳ מל׳ Genesis 4:6 Cain went forth from before י׳, Jonah 1:3, 10; specifically of the sanctuary, Leviticus 9:24 ותצא אשׁ מלפני י׳ (so Leviticus 10:2), קֶצֶף Numbers 17:11 (compare 2 Chronicles 19:2), with לָקַח etc. Leviticus 16:12; Numbers 17:24; Numbers 20:9, 1 Samuel 21:7 the shew-bread that was removed from before י׳; from before a place 1 Kings 8:54; Ezra 10:6; 2 Chronicles 1:13,
(b) of taking, etc., from before a person, Genesis 23:4 to bury my dead from before me, Genesis 23:8; Exodus 36:3; Deuteronomy 17:18 וכתב לו מִשְׁנֵה התורה הזאת מל׳ הכהנים from (the copy) before the priests, Deuteronomy 28:31 גָּזוּכ מלפניך.
(c) with בקשׁ Esther 4:8 [compare מִןקֳדָם Daniel 2:18]; and to express the idea of proceeding from a person, Esther 1:19 [compare Daniel 2:15], Ecclesiastes 10:5; 1 Chronicles 29:12 הָעשֶׁר והכבוד מלפניך (compare Acts 3:19); Psalm 17:2 מלפניך. יֵצֵא משׁפטי.
(d) of cutting off, etc., from before י׳ (compare לִפְנֵי a b, c), Leviticus 22:3; 1 Kings 8:25 לֹאיִֿכָּרֵת לְךָ אִישׁ, מִלְּפָנִי Jeremiah 31:36; Jeremiah 33:18; Isaiah 48:19: Psalm 51:13 אַלתַּֿשְׁלִיכֵנִי מִלְּפָנְיךָ (compare 8a); Jeremiah 16:17 לֹא נִסְתְּרוּ מִלְּפָנַי, Jeremiah 18:23; Nehemiah 3:37.
(e) of expelling from before an invader, Exodus 23:28; Deuteronomy 9:4; Deuteronomy 11:23; Deuteronomy 31:3 + (but much less common than מִפְּנֵי).
†b. (Chiefly late) to express the source or cause, with the force of the לְ weakened, in cases where the earlier language would have used מִפְּנֵי : with verbs of fearing, 1 Samuel 18:12; Ecclesiastes 3:14; Ecclesiastes 8:12, 13; 1 Chronicles 16:30 חִילִי מִלְּפָנָיו [|| Psalm 96:9 מפניו], Psalm 114:7 (twice in verse); Esther 7:6; 2 Chronicles 32:7 (+ מפני); failing, etc., Isaiah 57:16; Psalm 97:5; being humbled, 1 Kings 21:29 (+ מפני), 2 Chronicles 32:12, 23; 34:27 [|| 2 Kings 22:19 מפני], 2Ki 36:12; crying for help 1 Samuel 8:18 [compare מפני Exodus 3:7], singing 1 Chronicles 16:33 [|| Psalm 96:13 לפני], fleeing 1 Chronicles 19:18 [|| 2 Samuel 10:18 מִפְּנֵי].
†c. of time, once, = לִפְנֵי Ecclesiastes 1:10. — With the later usages of מל׳, compare מִן קֳדָם in Biblical Aramaic and Targum (DrSm lxx-lxxi, lxxiii); see also Köii. 320.
6. מִפְּנֵי from the face or presence of, from before, Exodus 14:19 מִפְּנֵיהֶם וַיִּסַּע עמוד הענן removecl from before them, Isaiah 30:11; Hosea 11:2; so
a. (often with suggestion of causation (see מִן 2d, e, f), because of, for fear of [so AV RV Judges 9:21; 1 Samuel 21:11; 1 Samuel 23:26; Jeremiah 35:11 (twice in verse); Jeremiah 37:11; Jeremiah 41:9; Jeremiah 50:16]) after verbs of hiding Genesis 3:8; Genesis 4:14; Isaiah 2:10 (compare Isaiah 2:19; Isaiah 2:21); and especially of escaping, Judges 9:21 (Thes 'bene Vulgate ob metum A.'), 1 Samuel 18:11; 1 Samuel 19:10; 1 Samuel 23:26, or fleeing, Exodus 4:3; Exodus 14:25; 1 Samuel 17:24 + often (see בָּרַךְ and נוּס), and expelling, destroying, etc. Exodus 23:30 מִפָּנֶיךָ אֲגָרְשֶׁנּוּ I will expel them from before thee, Exodus 34:11, 24 מִפָּנֶיךָ גּוֺיִםאוֺרִישׁ (see הוֺרִישׁ), Leviticus 18:24; Deuteronomy 8:20; Amos 2:9; Psalm 89:24 + often (as though clearing the way for Israel, for Israel's sake: compare Isaiah 63:12 מִפְּנֵיהם מַיִס בּוֺקֵעַ, Joshua 2:10; Joshua 4:23). Pregn. Isaiah 17:9 כַּעֲזוּבַת ֗֗֗ אשׁר עזבו מפני בני ישׂר׳ which they forsook (fleeing) from before, etc.
b. implying causation more distinctly. Psalm 9:4 יאבדו מפניך perish from before thee or at the presence, Deuteronomy 7:20: very often with verbs of fearing, as גור, יגר, חיל, ירא, ערץ, פחד, קוץ Exodus 9:30; Numbers 22:3 (twice in verse); Deuteronomy 1:17; Jeremiah 5:22 etc. (mostly when the object inspiring fear is a person: when it is a thing, מִן alone is preferred; but see Deuteronomy 5:5; Deuteronomy 9:19); of being alarmed or dismayed Genesis 45:3; Joshua 2:9; Jeremiah 1:17; Job 23:15, etc.; of humbling oneself Exodus 10:3; Judges 11:33 +; with other words, to indicate the external ground of an action or effect, as מִפָּנָיו הַס be silent at (i.e. because of) his presence Zephaniah 1:7; Habakkuk 2:20; Judges 5:5 the mountains flowed מפני י׳ at the presence of י׳, Isaiah 63:19; Jeremiah 4:26; Nahum 1:5; Psalm 68:3 as wax melteth מפני אשׁ; Deuteronomy 20:19; Isaiah 19:1; Isaiah 26:17 כן היינו מפניך so were we through thy presence (more than לפניך, — implying that their state was due to י׳); קום מפני to rise up at the presence of Genesis 31:35; Leviticus 19:32. (N.B. In a, b, frequently rendered before in AV RV, and so confused with לפני; but the מִן retains always its full force in the Hebrew)
c. of the cause, whether nearer or more remote:
(a) Genesis 6:13 מִפְּנֵיהֶם חָמָס הָאָרֶץ מָֽלְאָה because of them (i.e. occasioned by them), Genesis 27:4 I loathe my life because of the daughters of Heth, Genesis 36:7 the land could not support them because of their cattle, Genesis 41:31; Genesis 47:13; Exodus 3:7 their cry by reason of their taskmasters, Exodus 8:20 הֶעָרֹב מִפְּנֵי הָאָרֶץ תִּשָּׁחֵת, Exodus 9:11; Joshua 2:11; Joshua 23:3; Judges 2:18; Judges 6:6; 1 Kings 5:17; 1 Kings 8:11 + often; Isaiah 10:27 (RVm), Jeremiah 15:17; Psalm 38:4; Psalm 38:6, etc.; Jeremiah 4:4 + מַעַלְלֵיכֶם רֹעַ מִפְּנֵי by reason of the evil of your doings, Jeremiah 7:12; Jeremiah 9:6; Jeremiah 13:17; Jeremiah 14:16; Jeremiah 23:9 + often
(b) stating the reason for which a thing is not done (Latin prae), 1 Kings 8:11; Job 37:19.
† (c) with אֲשֶׁר as a conjunction, twice, because that, Exodus 19:18; Jeremiah 44:23. — Numbers 33:8 see הַחִירֹת פִּי.
7. עַל־פְּנֵ׳ (compare Phoenician פְּנֵ עַל, פְּנ עלתֵ, Lzb352) has different meanings according to the different senses of the noun and the preposition: —
a. From the sense of face or front:
(a) in front of (more definite and distinct than לפני): Psalm 18:43 as dust before the wind (compare לפני Psalm 35:5; Psalm 83:14 +), Genesis 32:22 the present passed on עלפֿניו in front of him, Exodus 33:19 אעביר כלטֿוּבי עלפֿניך,2 Samuel 15:18, 23 (read עלפֿניו : see Dr), Job 4:15; = in the sight of, Leviticus 10:3 ועלפֿני כל העם אֶכָּבֵד, Jeremiah 6:7 עַל־פָּנַי תָּמִיד חֳלִי וּמַכָּה, Jeremiah 13:26 (compare Nahum 3:5), Psalm 9:20 יִשָּֽׁפְטוּ גוים עלפֿניך before thee: defiantly, Job 1:11 אםלֿא עלֿ פניך יְבָֽרְכֶךָּ will renounce thee to thy face, Job 6:28 ועלפֿניכם אם אֲכַוֵּב, Job 21:31; to die in the presence of any one (= in his lifetime) † Genesis 11:28; Numbers 3:4.
(b) before, to the exclusion of another, i.e. in preference to, Deuteronomy 21:16, and perhaps(Ew§ 217 l) Exodus 20:3 (Deuteronomy 5:7) לא יהיה לך אלהים אחרים עלפֿני (Thes and others as c).
(c) in addition to, Job 16:14 עַל־פְּנֵי־פֶרֶץ פֶּרֶץ יִפְרְצֵנִי.
(d) of localities, in front of, mostly (but not always: see GFMJu., p. 351) = east of, 1 Kings 6:3 the porch in front of, etc., 1 Kings 6:3; 1 Kings 7:6; 1 Kings 8:8; 2 Chronicles 3:17; Ezekiel 42:8; Genesis 16:12 עלפֿני כלאֿחיו ישׁכן (compare Genesis 25:18b), perhaps (Di and others) with collateral idea of defiance; מַמְרֵא עַלפֿ׳ Genesis 23:19 (Genesis 50:13), Exodus 16:14; often in אשׁר עלפֿני ֗֗֗ Genesis 25:9 (Genesis 49:30), מצרים Genesis 49:18a (Joshua 13:3; 1 Samuel 15:7), Numbers 21:11; Numbers 33:7a, ירחו Deuteronomy 32:49 (Deuteronomy 34:1), Joshua 13:3, 25; Joshua 15:8 (Joshua 18:16), Joshua 17:7; Joshua 18:14; Joshua 19:11; Judges 16:3; 1 Samuel 24:3 (probably), 1 Samuel 26:1, 3; 2 Samuel 2:24; 1 Kings 11:7 (the Mt. of Olives, east of Jews.; so 2 Kings 23:13; Zechariah 14:4), Zech 17:3; Zech 17:5. — Genesis 1:20 let fowl fly עלפֿני רקיע השׁמים in front of the firmament of heaven, namely as looked up to from below, i.e. between the firmament and the earth.
(e) with verbs implying direction, over towards, Genesis 18:16 וישׁקף עלפֿני סדם, Genesis 19:28; Numbers 21:20 (Numbers 23:28) נשׁקפה עלפֿני הישׁימן overlooking; to sprinkle against the front of Leviticus 16:14; in a hostile sense (rare), Nahum 2:2 עָלָה מֵפִיץ עַלמָּֿנַיִךְ, Psalm 21:13; Ezekiel 32:10.
b. From the sense of surface, Genesis 1:2 עלפֿני תהום upon the face of the deep, Exodus 16:14 המדבר עלפֿ׳ : often in the phrases עלפֿני (כל) הארץ Genesis 1:29; Genesis 7:3 +, and (more frequently) עלפֿני האדמה on the face of the ground Genesis 6:1; Genesis 7:23 etc.; על פני השׂדה Leviticus 17:5; Numbers 19:16; 1 Samuel 14:25 +; after verbs of motion, 1 Samuel 11:4 lest we be scattered over the face of all the earth, 1 Samuel 11:8; 1 Samuel 11:9; Exodus 32:20; Leviticus 14:7 (Leviticus 14:53 אל), Isaiah 18:2; Isaiah 19:8; Amos 5:8; Ezekiel 32:4; Job 5:10 +.
8. מֵעַל־פְּנֵי
a. from before the face of, Genesis 23:3 Abraham rose up מֵתוֹ פְּנֵי מֵעַל from before his dead, i.e. from mourning before or beside it; † (פניו) מֵעַל פני from before my (his) face, often in Kings & Jeremiah of the rejection of Israel or the temple, as with שִׁלַּת 1 Kings 9:7 (|| 2 Chronicles 7:20 השׁליך), Jeremiah 15:1, השׁליד 2 Kings 13:23; 2 Kings 24:20 (Jeremiah 52:3), Jeremiah 7:15, נטשׁ Jeremiah 23:39, הסיר 2 Kings 17:18, 23; 2 Kings 23:27; 2 Kings 24:3; Jeremiah 32:31.
b. from of the surface of, often in the phrase הָאֲדָמָה פְּנֵי מֵעַל, with verbs of cutting off, removing, expelling, etc., † Genesis 4:14; Genesis 6:7; Genesis 7:4; Genesis 8:8; Exodus 32:12; Deuteronomy 6:15; 1 Samuel 20:15; 1 Kings 9:7; 1 Kings 13:34; Amos 9:8; Jeremiah 28:16; Zephaniah 1:2, 3.
Gesenius’ Hebrew Lexicon:
פָּנֶה not used in sing. (though another form of it, פְּנִי, פְּנוּ appears in the pr.n. פְּנִיאֵל, פְּנוּאֵל), pl. פָּנִים constr. פְּנֵי m. (but f. Ezekiel 21:21).
(1) the face (prop. the part turned towards any one, see Ezekiel 21:3, from the root פָּנָה, compare Arab. وَجْةُ face, from وجه V. to turn oneself in any direction; for the use of the pl. compare Gr. τὰ πρόσωπα in Homer), Genesis 38:15, 50:1 Exodus 3:6, and frequently. Constr. with a pl. verb and adj. Job 38:30; Daniel 1:10 in the fem. Ezekiel 21:21 more rarely sing. Lamentations 4:16; Proverbs 15:14. Also used for the pl., as אַרְבָּעָה פָּנִים Ezekiel 1:6, 10:21 41:18 לֶחֶם הַפָּנִים bread of the face (see לֶחֶם ), and שֻׁלְחַן הַפָּנִים the table on which these loaves were set, Numbers 4:7.
Specially these phrases are to be noticed
(a) פָּנִים אֶל פָּנִים Genesis 32:31; Deuteronomy 34:10, and פָּנִים בְּפָנִים Deuteronomy 5:4, used of the face.
(b) to say and do any thing עַל פְּנֵי פ׳ to any one’s face, i.e. freely, frankly, and even often impudently and insolently, in contempt of him, ihm zum Troß und Hohn (compare the French dire dans la barbe, as in Latin, laudare in os, Ter.), Job 1:11, עַל פָּנֶיךָ יְבָֽרְכֶךָ “he will curse thee to thy face;” Job 21:31; Isaiah 65:3, “who provoke me עַל פָּנַי to my face,” i.e. in contempt and scorn of me. In the same sense there is said אֶל פָּנִים Job 2:5, 13:15 Deuteronomy 7:10. אֶל פָּנָיו יְשַׁלֶּם לוֹ “(God) will recompense to him to his face” (to an enemy), i.e. firmly and without delay. (Vulg. statim. In the other member לֹא יְאַחֵר.) Here belongs the expression עָנָה בְּפָנָיו to answer in his face, i.e to refute him firmly, freely, openly; Job 16:8, כַּחְשִׁי בְּפָנַי יַעֲנֶה “my leanness answers in my face,” i.e. testifies strongly against me; Hosea 5:5, 7:10.
(c) שׂוּם פָּנִים אֶל to direct one’s face or looks towards any one, Ezekiel 6:2 followed by עַל 1 Kings 2:15. But
(d) שׂוּם פָּנָיו followed by an acc. to turn one’s face in any direction, i.e. to direct one’s course thither, to go, Genesis 31:21 followed by a gerund, to intend, to propose to oneself to do any thing; but, however, used specially of going, Jeremiah 42:15, 17 Jeremiah 42:17, 44:12 2 Kings 12:18; Daniel 11:17. The same is נָתַן פָּנָיו לְ 2 Chronicles 20:3; Daniel 9:3; 2 Chronicles 32:2, וּפָנָיו לַמִּלְחָמָה “and (set) his face upon war.” In the New Test. see Luke 9:53. (In Syriac in the same sense ܙܰܦܰܘ̈ܗܝ ܣܳܡ to set one’s face, ܣܡܳ ܚܝܳܪܶܗ to set one’s sight; Pers. روى آوردن rui awerden; see my observations on Luke loc. cit., in Rosenmüller, Repert. i. p. 135.)-In two other phrases פָּנִים is used of an angry countenance (compare Psalms 21:10, 34:17 80:17 of a sad countenance, 1 Samuel 1:18; Job 9:27).
(e) שׂוּם פָּנִים בְּ to look on any one with an angry countenance, Levit. 20:5 with the addition of the words לְרָעָה וְלֹא לְטוֹבָה Jeremiah 21:10 compare לְרָעָה Jeremiah 44:11 (opp. to שׂוּם עַיִן עַלּ under the word עַיִן No. 1, letter e).
(f) נָתַן פָּנִים בְּ to pour out one’s anger against any one, Leviticus 20:3, Leviticus 20:6, 26:17 Ezekiel 14:8.-Other phrases, as חִלָּה פָנִים, הֵשִׁיב פָּנִים see under those words.
(2) person, personal presence, presence, Gr. πρόσωπον. Exodus 33:14, פָּנַי יֵלֵכוּ “my person shall go,” i.e. I myself, I in person (ich in Herfon) will go. 2 Samuel 17:11; Lamentations 4:16. As to the phrase נָשָׂא פָנִים and הִכִּיר פָּנִים see under those words.-Sometimes without any emphasis פָּנַי my person is I. Ps. 42:12 43:5 compare טָחַן פְּנֵי עֲנִיִּים to oppress the persons of the afflicted; i.e. the afflicted, Isaiah 3:15.-Figuratively applied to inanimate things it is
(3) the face, the surface of a thing, e.g. of the earth, Genesis 2:6; Isaiah 14:21 of a field, Isaiah 28:25 of the water, Job 38:30, etc. Less clear is the passage, Job 41:5, מִי גִלָּה פְּנֵי לְבוּשׁוֹ “who shall uncover the face of his garment” (the crocodile’s), i.e. his garment itself, that is, his surface or upper part which covers the rest (compare עַל No. 1, a). So also פְּנֵי לוֹט of a veil itself as a covering, Isai. 25:7.-Comp. אֶלּ פְּנֵי No. 2, עַל פְּנֵי Nos. 1, 2. Hence it is
(a) the external appearance, state, condition, of a thing. Proverbs 27:23, “look well to the condition of thy flock,” bekümmere dich darum, wie deine Heerde ausfieht.
(b) way and manner, as in the Rabbinic. Compare وَجْهُ face, manner. See below לִפְנֵי No. 3.
(4) the forepart, front of a thing (Arab. وَجْهُ id.). Jeremiah 1:13, וּפָנָיו מִפְּנֵי צָפוֹנָה “and the front thereof (of the pot) looked towards the north;” used of the front of an army (Gr. πρόσωπον), Joel 2:20. Adv. פָּנִים in front (opp. to אָחוֹר) Ezekiel 2:10 לְפָנִים forwards (vorwärts), Jeremiah 7:24 used of time, before, of old; Deuteronomy 2:10, 12 Joshua 11:10, 14:15 מִלְּפָנִים anciently, Isai. 41:26 מִפָּנִים in front, 2 Samuel 10:9. Compare לִפְנֵי No. 2.-The front part of a sword is its edge. Ezekiel 21:21, אָנָה פָּנַיִךְ מֻעָדוֹת “whither is thy edge (that of a sword) directed?” Ecclesiastes 10:10.-Also פָּנִים is used for the wall of a house opposite the door, Hom. τὰ ἐνώπια, whence with ה parag. פְּנִימָה which see.
With prepositions it often becomes in nature a particle:
(A) אֶל פְּנֵי
(1) (a) into the presence of any one, 2 Chronicles 19:2 before, Leviticus 9:5; Numbers 17:8, after a verb of motion.
(b) in the presence of, Exodus 23:17.
(2) upon the surface of a thing, e.g. אֶל פְּנֵי הַשָּׂדֶה Leviticus 14:53; Ezekiel 16:5.-See another meaning of this, above, No. 1, letter b.
(B) אֶת פְּנֵי pr. by the face, i.e. in the presence of any one, before any one, e.g. אֶת־פְּנֵי הַפֶּלֶךְ Esther 1:10 אֶת פֶּנֵי יְיָ before God, Genesis 19:13 sometimes for, at the holy tabernacle, in the phrase, נִרְאָה אֶת־פְּנֵי יְיָ [to appear before Jehovah], to appear in the sanctuary, Exodus 34:23, 24 Exodus 34:24; Deuteronomy 31:11; 1 Samuel 1:22 (for which there is also used נ׳ אֶל פְּנֵי יְיָ Exodus 23:17 and poet. נ׳ פְּנֵי יְיָ Isaiah 1:12; Psalms 42:3 in which latter phrase פְּנֵי should be taken for an acc. of place); before, e.g. אֶת פְּנֵי הָעִיר before the city, Genesis 33:18, אֶת־פְּנֵי הַפָּרֹכֶת before the vail, Leviticus 4:6. After verbs of motion, into the presence of any one, 1 Samuel 22:4.-מֵאֵת פְּנֵי from before (the presence of) any one, Genesis 27:30 from before, from the front, 2 Kings 16:14.
(C) בִּפְנֵי i.q. לִפְנֵי before, in front of, but chiefly in the writers of later age, Ezekiel 42:12 mostly in the phrase עָמַד בִּפְנֵי to stand before any one, to resist him, Deuteron. 7:24 11:25 Joshua 10:8, 21:44 23:9 Esther 9:2.-The proper force of a substantive is to be retained in the words, Ezekiel 6:9, נָקֹטּוּ בִּפְנֵיהֶם they manifest loathing in their countenances; compare Ezekiel 20:43, 36:31.
(D) לִפְנֵי with suff. לְפָנַי, לְפָנֶיךָ, לְפָנָיו, לִפְנֵיכֶם, לִפְנֵיהֶם
(1) in the presence of any one, under his eyes, he being present and looking on; before any one. Numbers 8:22, “the Levites went in to minister … לִפִנֵי אַהֲרוֹן וְלִפְנֵי בָנָיו before Aaron and his sons;” i.e. under their oversight; 2 Kings 4:38; Zechariah 3:8. לִפְנֵי שֶׁמֶשׁ in the presence of the sun, i.e. so long as the sun (which poets compare to the eye, see עַפְעַפַּיִם, שָׁזַף ) shall shine on and illuminate the earth, Psalms 72:17 comp. לִפְנֵי יָרֵחַ verse Psalms 72:5(but Job 8:16 לִפְנֵי שֶׁמֶשׁ is while the sun is shining). Often figuratively, i.q. בְּעֵינֵי in the eyes of any one; i.q. in his judgment. חֶסֶד וְרַחֲמִים לִפְנֵי favour and tender love with any one, Daniel 1:9; 1 Kings 8:50; Psalms 106:46 יָטַב לִפְנֵי i.q. יָטַב בְּעֵינֵי see יָטַב. גָּדוֹל לִפְנֵי אֲדֹנָיו having great influence with his lord, 2 Kings 5:1 comp. Proverbs 4:3, 14:12 specially is the phrase to be noticed לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה
(a) prop. in the presence of Jehovah, under his eyes, Genesis 27:7 before the holy tabernacle, Exodus 34:34; Leviticus 9:5, 23:40 Judges 21:2 in the temple and its porches, Isaiah 23:18.
(b) figuratively, in the judgment of Jehovah (comp. עִם No. 2, c); e.g. אָרוּר לִפְנֵי יְיָ Joshua 6:26 but commonly in a good sense with the approbation of Jehovah (since we only put those things which please us before our eyes; comp. רָאָה בְ); hence רָצוֹן לִפְנֵי יְיָ favour with Jehovah, Exodus 28:38 הִתְהַלֵּךְ לִפְנֵי יְיָ to lead a life approved of Jehovah (see הִתְהַלֵּךְ ). Genesis 10:9, “a mighty hunter לִפְנֵי יְהֹוָה such as was pleasing to the Lord” [?]. Ps. 19:15, “let the meditation of my heart לְפָנֶיךָ be pleasing to thee.” The things in which Jehovah is pleased are decreed by him. Hence, Genesis 6:13, “an end of the whole earth בָּא לְפָנַי is decreed by me.” Farther, its use is to be noticed in these expressions
(aa) עָמַד לִפְנֵי הַמֶּלֶךְ to stand before the king, waiting his commands; i.e. to minister to him (see עָמַד ); compare עָבַד לִפְנֵי 2 Samuel 16:19.
(bb) to worship before a deity (see הִשְׁתַּחֲוָה ). 1 Kings 12:30, “to worship one (of the calves).”
(cc) to be put to flight before an enemy (see נָגַף Niph.); hence used after verbs of dispersing, disturbing, Judges 4:15; 1 Samuel 14:13, 20:1 2 Samuel 5:20; Jeremiah 1:17, 49:37 (comp. below מִפְּנֵי).
(dd) נָתַן לִפְנֵי פְ׳ to put before another, e.g. food, 2 Kings 4:43 hence to propose to any one for choice, Deuteronomy 11:26 to impose a law to be observed, Deuteronomy 4:8; 1 Kings 9:6 Jerem. 26:4 44:10 Ezekiel 23:24 also to give into any one’s power (i.q. בְּיַד פּ׳), Joshua 10:12; Deuteronomy 2:33, 36 Judges 11:9; 1 Kings 8:46; Isaiah 41:2. So also without a verb of giving, Genesis 24:51, “behold, let Rebecca לְפָנֶיךָ be given to thee;” Genesis 34:10, “the land is before you,” let it be free for you and your flocks; 2 Chronicles 14:6.
(2) before, in front of (compare פָּנִים No. 4).
(a) used of place; לִפְנֵי אֹהֶל מִוֹעֵד before the tabernacle of the congregation, 1 Chronicles 6:17 hence eastward, Genesis 23:17, 25:18 Deuteronomy 32:49 also before, as taking the lead; chiefly used of a general or leader, who goes at the head of his army (see לִפְנֵי הָעָם יָצָא וּבָא under the word בּוֹא No. 1, let. ); used of a king it is before, at the head of his people (Ecclesiastes 4:16, “there was no end to all the people לְכֹל אֲשֶׁר לִפְנֵיהֶם to all over (before) whom he was”); also used of captives or booty which the conqueror, like a shepherd driving his sheep (Genesis 32:18), drives before him (Isaiah 8:4; Amos 9:4; Lamentations 1:5, ).
(b) used of time, e.g. לִפְנֵי הָרַעַשׁ before the earthquake, Amos 1:1; Genesis 13:10, 29:26 Proverbs 8:25; Zechariah 8:10. Genesis 30:30, לְפָנַי “before me,” i.e. before I had come to thee; Jerem. 28:8. לִפְנֵי מִוֶּה before now, Nehemiah 13:4. Followed by an inf. before that, Genesis 13:10; Deuteronomy 33:1; 1 Samuel 9:15.
(c) used of worth, superiority (like the Lat. ante, prœ). Job 34:19, “he does not regard the rich לִפְנֵי דָל before (more than) the poor.” After verbs of motion.
(d) to one’s front, with the idea of meeting; as קָרָה לִפְנֵי פ׳ to meet any one, Genesis 24:12 and more frequently with a hostile sense, against (ἀντί); prop. into the face, front part; as קוּם לִפְנֵי to rise against any one, Numbers 16:2 יָצָא לִפְנֵי to go out against, 1 Chronicles 14:8; 2 Chronicles 14:9 also לִפְנֵי עָמַד (see עָמַד ); קוּם לִפְנֵי Joshua 7:12, 13 Joshua 7:13הִתְיַצֵּכ לִפְנֵי to stand against any one, to resist.
(3) in the manner of, like (compare פָּנִים No. 3, letter b); Job 4:19, “they fall לִפְנֵי עָשׁ as before the moth;” Vulg. sicut a tinea; LXX. σητὸς τρόπον; compare Latin ad faciem, Plaut. Cist. i. 1, 73. So נָתַן לִפְנֵי to regard as for any one (compare נָתַן כְּ), 1 Samuel 1:16. From לִפְנֵי has arisen the adj. לִפְּנַי anterior, which see.
Note. Of doubtful authority are the significations
(α) for (compare נֶגֶד, and Germ. vor and für), in the phrase עָרַב לִפְנֵי to be surety for any one, Proverbs 17:18 (for the surety used to give his pledge before his friend).
(β) on account of (as מִלְּפְנֵי מִפְּנֵי), in סָפַד לִפְנֵי to lament on account of any one, 2 Samuel 3:31 (for mourners used in funerals to go foremost; see Geier, De Luctu Hebræorum, cap. v. § 15-19).
(E) מִלִּפְנֵי (from before).
(1) from the presence of any one, used of those who were before any thing, and who go away from that place, e.g. to go out מִלִּפְנֵי יְיָ Leviticus 9:24 מִלִּפְנֵי פַרְעֹה Genesis 41:46. Hence after verbs of fleeing (compare מִן No. 3, letter a), and of putting to flight, 1 Chronicles 19:18; 2 Chronicles 20:7 of fearing and of putting in fear, 1 Samuel 18:12; Psalms 97:5, 114:7 Ecclesiastes 8:13; Esther 7:6 and also those of asking aid (an idea connected with that of fleeing), 1 Samuel 8:18 of humbling oneself, 1 Kings 21:29; 2 Chronicles 33:12, 36:12.
(2) Used figuratively of the cause, on account of, i.q. מִפְּנֵי, מִן e.g. to rejoice on account of, 1 Chronicles 16:33.
(F) מִפְּנֵי.
(1) from the face, presence, front, of a pers. or thing, vor (etwas) weg; Exodus 14:19, “and the column went away מִפְּנֵהֶם from before them (vor ihnen weg), and stood behind them.” Hence it is frequently used after verbs of going away, Hosea 11:2 of fleeing (compare מִן No. 3, letter a, from which it differs in that מִפְּנֵי is mostly put before persons, מִן before things, see חָתַת Niphal), Genesis 7:7, 16:8 Isaiah 20:6 compare Psalms 61:4 of asking aid, Isaiah 19:20, 26:17 of fearing (see יָרֵא, חָתַת Niphal); of reverencing, humbling oneself, 2 Kings 22:19; Leviticus 19:32 of hiding oneself, Job 23:17, and other verbs which resemble these in meaning. So the sense of fleeing and fearing is involved in the following, Judges 9:21, “he dwelt there after he had fled מִפְּנֵי אֲבִימֶלֶךְ אָחִיו from the presence of Abimelech his brother.” Well rendered in the Vulg. ob metum A. fratris sui, 1 Chronicles 12:1 (on which passage, see עָצַר in Kal). Isaiah 17:9, “desolate houses (see עֲזוּבָה ) אֲשֶׁר … עָֽזְבוּ מִפְּנֵי בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל which those deserted (who fled) from the Israelites,” i.e. the aborigines of Palestine (see note on this passage in Germ. Trans., ed. 2).
(2) Used of the author and efficient cause from which anything proceeds, i.q. מִן No. 2, letter c. Genesis 6:13, “the earth is full of violence מִפְּנֵיהֶם (which proceeds) from them.” (LXX. well render it ἀπʼ αὐτῶν.) Exodus 8:20; Judges 6:6; Jeremiah 15:17; Ezekiel 14:15. Used of a more remote cause, on account of. Isaiah 10:27, “the yoke shall be broken מִפְּנֵי שָׁמֶ֑ן on account of the fatness (of the bull)”[?]. Deuteronomy 28:20; Hosea 10:15; Jeremiah 9:6. Where the reason is given on account of which anything is not done, Lat. prœ, Job 37:19; 1 Kings 8:11. Followed by אֲשֶׁר it becomes a conj. because that, because, Exodus 19:18; Jeremiah 44:23.
I wonder that Winer (page 779) should also have added the following significations, before, in the presence of, citing Levit. 19:32 (where קוּם מִפְּנֵי to rise up to any one, is used as a mark of modesty and reverence to old age (see above, No. 1); and even towards (as though it were אֶל פְּנֵי), Jeremiah 1:13 (as to which passage see under the word פָּנִים No. 4 ).
(G) עַל פְּנֵי has various significations, according to the different senses of the noun and of the particle.
(1) From the signification of face and front (No. 1, 4), it is
(a) to the face, before the face of any one, in the presence of, i.q. לִפְנֵי No. 1 (see עַל No. 3, ), Genesis 32:22; Leviticus 10:3; Psalms 9:20; 2 Kings 13:14 having any one present and looking on, Numbers 3:4.- Job 6:28, עַל פְּנֵיכֶם אִם אֲכַזֵּב “before your eyes (it will be) (i.e. it will be manifest), whether I lie?” מֵעַלּ פְּנֵי=מִלִּפְנֵי Genesis 23:3.
(b) in front of a thing, before, 2 Chronicles 3:17. Psalms 18:43, “as dust before the wind,” driven by the wind. Here also belong the following: 1 Kings 6:3, “the length of it (the vestibule) עַל פְּנֵי רֹחַב הַבַּיִת before the breadth of the temple” (vor der Breite des Tempels hin). 2 Chronicles 3:8 and Genesis 1:20, “and let fowl fly … עַל פְּנֵי רְקִיעַ הַשָּׁמַיִם in front of (or before) the firmament of heaven.” Also, eastward, Genesis 16:12, 23:19 25:18 Joshua 18:14; 1 Kings 17:3, 1 Kings 17:5; Zechariah 14:4 before, used of time, Genesis 11:28 of worth (prœ), Deuteronomy 21:16.
(c) to or towards the face or front of anything (compare עַל No. 4); hence towards, Genesis 18:16, 19:28 and against, Psalms 21:13; Nahum 2:2.
(2) From the signification of surface, עַל פְּנֵי is
(a) on the surface, e.g. of the earth, Genesis 1:29, 6:1 the waters, Genesis 1:2 of a valley, Ezekiel 37:2 whence מֵעַל פְּנֵי used of those who are removed from the surface, 1 Samuel 20:15; Amos 9:8.
(b) upon, along upon the surface, e.g. of the earth, Amos 5:8 of a field, Leviticus 14:7; Ezekiel 32:4.
(c) out upon, or over the surface (über die Oberfläche hin), Genesis 11:8; Leviticus 16:14, 15 Leviticus 16:15; Isaiah 18:2.-Used figuratively
(d) in the sense of superadding, like עַל (No. 1, letter b, a), above, besides, ἐπί. Exodus 20:3, “thou shalt have no other gods עַל פָּנַי upon me,” i.e. besides me. Well given by the LXX. πλὴν ἐμοῦ. Chald. בַּר מִנִּי. Job 16:14.
https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h6440/kjv/wlc/0-1/
https://www.studylight.org/lexicons/eng/hebrew/6440.html
Outline of Biblical Usage:
Strong’s Definition:
אֱלֹהִים ʼĕlôhîym, el-o-heem'; plural of H433; gods in the ordinary sense; but specifically used (in the plural thus, especially with the article) of the supreme God; occasionally applied by way of deference to magistrates; and sometimes as a superlative:—angels, × exceeding, God (gods) (-dess, -ly), × (very) great, judges, × mighty.
Brown-Driver-Briggs:
אֱלֹהִים 2570 noun masculine plural (feminine 1 Kings 11:33; on number of occurrences of אֵל, אֱלוֺהַּ, אֱלֹהִים compare also Nesl.c.).
1. plural in number.
†a. rulers, judges, either as divine representatives at sacred places or as reflecting divine majesty and power: האלהים Exodus 21:6 (Onk Syriac Version, but τὸ κριτήριον τοῦ Θεοῦ Greek Version of the LXX) Exodus 22:7; Exodus 22:8; אלהים Exodus 22:8; Exodus 22:27 (Targum Ra AE Ew RVm; but gods, Greek Version of the LXX Josephus Philo AV; God, Di RV; all Covt. code of E) compare 1 Samuel 2:25 see Dr; Judges 5:8 (Ew, but gods Greek Version of the LXX; God Syriac Version BarHeb.; יהוה Vulgate Be) Psalm 82:1; Psalm 82:6 (De Ew Pe; but angels Bl Hup) Psalm 138:1 (Syriac Version Targum Rab Ki De; but angels Greek Version of the LXX Calv; God, Ew; gods, Hup Pe Che).
†b. divine ones, superhuman beings including God and angels Psalm 8:6 (De Che Br; but angels Greek Version of the LXX Syriac Version Targum Ew; God, RV and most moderns) Genesis 1:27 (if with Philo Targum Jerome De Che we interpret נעשה as God's consultation with angels; compare Job 38:7).
c. angels Psalm 97:7 (Greek Version of the LXX Syriac Version Calvin; but gods, Hup De Pe Che); compare בני (ה)אלהים = (the) sons of God, or sons of gods = angels Job 1:6; Job 2:1; Job 38:7; Genesis 6:2, 4 (J; so Greek Version of the LXX Books of Enoch & Jubilees Philo Jude Jude 1:6 2 Peter 2:4 JosAnt. i. 3. 1, most ancient fathers and modern critics; against usage are sons of princes, mighty men, Onk and Rab.; sons of God, the pious, Theod Chrys Jerome Augustine Luther Calvin Hengst; LXX of Lucian (Lag.) read οἱ υιὁὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ), compare בני אלים.
d. gods האלהים Exodus 18:11; Exodus 22:19 (E) 1 Samuel 4:8; 2 Chronicles 2:4; Psalm 86:8; אלהי האלהים the God of gods, supreme God Deuteronomy 10:17; Psalm 136:2; אלהים Exodus 32:1, 23 (JE) Judges 9:13; אלהים אחרים other gods Exodus 20:3; Exodus 23:13; Joshua 24:2, 16 (E) Deuteronomy 31:18, 20 (JE) Deuteronomy 5:7 + (17 times in D, not P) Judges 2:12, 17, 19; Judges 10:13; 1 Samuel 8:8; 1 Samuel 26:19; 1 Kings 9:6, 9 (= 2 Chronicles 7:19, 22) 2 Chronicles 11:4, 10; 2 Chronicles 14:9; 2 Kings 5:17; 2 Kings 17:35, 37, 38; 2 Kings 22:17 (= 2 Chronicles 34:25) 2 Chronicles 28:25; Jeremiah 1:16 + (18 times Jeremiah) Hosea 3:1; אלהי (ה)נכר foreign gods Genesis 35:2, 4; Joshua 24:20, 23 (E) Deuteronomy 31:16 (JE) Judges 10:16; 1 Samuel 7:3; 2 Chronicles 33:15; Jeremiah 5:19; נחור א׳ Genesis 31:53 (E); מצרים א׳ Exodus 12:12 (P) Jeremiah 43:12, 13; האמרי א׳ Joshua 24:15 (E) Judges 6:10; ארם א׳ etc. Judges 10:6; אלהים מעשה ידי Deuteronomy 4:28; הגוים א׳ gods of the nations 2 Kings 18:33; 2 Kings 19:12; Deuteronomy 29:17; 2 Chronicles 32:17, 19; Isaiah 36:18; Isaiah 37:12; העמים א׳ Deuteronomy 6:14; Deuteronomy 13:8; Judges 2:12; Psalm 96:5; 1 Chronicles 5:25; 1 Chronicles 16:26; 2 Chronicles 32:13, 14; כסף א׳ Exodus 20:23 (E); זהב א׳ Exodus 20:23 (E) Exodus 32:31 (JE); מַסֵּכָה א׳ Exodus 34:17 (J) Leviticus 19:4 (H).
2. Plural intensive.
a. god or goddess, always with suffix 1 Samuel 5:7 (Dagon), Judges 11:24 (Chemosh), 1 Kings 18:24 (Baal), Judges 9:27; Daniel 1:2 (twice in verse); or construct לעשתרת מואב צדנים לכמוש א׳ א׳ to Ashtoreth goddess of the Zidonians, Chemosh god of Moab, etc. 1 Kings 11:33; הארץ א׳ god of the land 2 Kings 17:26 (twice in verse); 2 Kings 17:27, and so the Syrians suppose that Yahweh is a mountain-god and not a god of valleys 1 Kings 20:28.
b. godlike one Exodus 4:16 (J; Moses in relation to Aaron), Exodus 7:1 (P; in relation to Pharaoh), 1 Samuel 28:13 (the shade of Samuel), Psalm 45:7 (the Messianic king, O God, Greek Version of the LXX Syriac Version Jerome, most scholars ancient and modern, but thy throne is God's = God's throne AE Ki Thea Ew Hup, compare 1 Chronicles 28:5).
c. works of God, or things specially belonging to him (see H410 אֵל 5) הר אלהים Psalm 68:16; Ezekiel 28:14, 16; אש אלהים Job 1:16; גן (ה)אלהים Ezekiel 28:13; Ezekiel 31:8, 9.
d. God (see 3 & 4).
3. הָאֱלֹהִים the (TRUE) God, הוא האלהים י׳ Yahweh is (the) God Deuteronomy 4:35, 39; Deuteronomy 7:9; 1 Kings 8:60; 1 Kings 18:39 (twice in verse); 2 Chronicles 33:13; הוא האלהים Isaiah 45:18; האלהים י׳ Joshua 22:34 (P ?) 1 Kings 18:21, 24; 2 Chronicles 32:16; אתה הוא האלהים 2 Samuel 7:28; 1 Kings 18:37; 2 Kings 19:15; 1 Chronicles 17:26; Isaiah 37:16; Nehemiah 9:7; האלהים as subject or object is used in E + 33 times, Chronicles + 38 times, Ecclesiastes + 31 times, Jonah + 5 times, elsewhere Genesis 5:22, 24; Genesis 6:9, 11 (sources of P) Genesis 17:18 (P) Joshua 22:34 (P ?) Genesis 44:16 (J) Deuteronomy 4:35, 39; Deuteronomy 7:9; Judges 6:36, 39; Judges 7:14; Judges 10:14; Judges 16:28; Judges 21:2; 1 Samuel 10:3, 7; 1 Samuel 14:36; 2 Samuel 2:27; 2 Samuel 6:7; 2 Samuel 7:28; 2 Samuel 12:16; 1 Kings 8:60; 1 Kings 18:21, 24 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 18:37, 39 (twice in verse); 1 Kings 19:15 (Ephr) Job 2:10; Jeremiah 11:12; Isaiah 37:16; Isaiah 45:18; Psalm 108:14 [Psalm 108:13] [?]; Daniel 1:9, 17; הקדוש הא׳ י׳ 1 Samuel 6:20; הגדול הא׳ י׳ Nehemiah 8:6; אשר בירושלם הא׳ Ezra 1:3; אדני האלהים Daniel 9:3; in many phrases, as איש האלהים the man of God, acting under divine authority and influence: =
(a) angel Judges 13:6, 8,
(b) prophet (the term coming into use in the Northern kingdom in the age of Elijah 1 Samuel 9:9-10, compare אִישׁ הָרוּחַ Hosea 9:7): of Moses Deuteronomy 33:1; Joshua 14:6 (E) 1 Chronicles 23:14; 2 Chronicles 30:16; Ezra 3:2; Psalm 90:1; of Samuel 1 Samuel 9:6-10; of David 2 Chronicles 8:14; Nehemiah 12:24, 36; Shemaiah 1 Kings 12:22 (= 2 Chronicles 11:2); Elijah, Elisha, and others of their time 1 Kings 13:1-31; 1 Kings 17:18-24; 1 Kings 20:28; 2 Kings 1:9-13; 2 Kings 4:7-42; 2 Kings 5:8-20; 2 Kings 6:6-15; 2 Kings 7:2-9; 2 Kings 8:2-11; 2 Kings 13:19; 2 Kings 23:16-17 (Ephr) 2 Chronicles 25:7, 9; unnamed prophet 1 Samuel 2:27; Hanan Jeremiah 35:4; a later title of prophet was עֶבֶד האלהים the servant of God, used of Moses 1 Chronicles 6:34; 2 Chronicles 24:9; Nehemiah 10:30; Daniel 9:11. בית האלהים the house of God, Judges 18:31, especially late, Chronicles (52 times) Ecclesiastes 4:17 [Ecclesiastes 5:1]; Daniel 1:2; בית י׳ הא׳ 1 Chronicles 22:1; ארון (ברית) האלהים the ark (of the covenant) of God Judges 20:27; 1 Samuel 4:1-5:12; 1 Samuel 14; 2 Samuel 6:1-7:29; 15(23 times); 1 Chronicles 13; 1 Chronicles 15; 1 Chronicles 16; 2 Chronicles 1:4 (13 times); מטה האלהים the rod of God Exodus 4:20; Exodus 17:9 (E); הר האלהים the mount of God (Horeb) Exodus 3:1; Exodus 4:27; Exodus 18:5; Exodus 24:13 (E) 1 Kings 19:8 (Ephr); מלאך האלהים the (theophanic) angel of God Genesis 31:11; Exodus 14:19 (E) Judges 6:20; Judges 13:6, 9; 2 Samuel 14:17, 20; 2 Samuel 19:28; in other combinations Exodus 18:16; Numbers 23:27 (E) Judges 20:2; 1 Samuel 4:8; 1 Samuel 5:11; 1 Samuel 10:5; 2 Samuel 16:23; 1 Kings 12:22; 1 Chronicles 21:7 + (14 times) Psalm 87:3; Ecclesiastes 9:1.
4. אֱלֹהִים = God אֱלֹהִים אֱמֶת י׳ = Yahweh is God in truth Jeremiah 10:10.
a. אלהים (as subject object direct or indirect) is used by P (50 times in story of creation and deluge, elsewhere + 28 times), by E (91 times), J chiefly in poetic sources Genesis 3:1, 3, 5 (twice in verse); Genesis 9:27; Genesis 39:9; Deuteronomy 32:17, 39, by D (11 times) Judges (21 times) Samuel (50 times) Kings (29 times) Chronicles (45 times); in Psalm 42-86 (180 times often by editorial change for an original H3068 יהוה), elsewhere Psalm 3:3; Psalm 5:11; Psalm 7:11; Psalm 7:12; Psalm 9:18; Psalm 10:4; Psalm 10:13; Psalm 14:1; Psalm 14:2; Psalm 14:5; Psalm 25:22; Psalm 36:2; Psalm 36:8; Psalm 77:14; Psalm 100:3; Psalm 108:2; Psalm 108:6; Psalm 108:8; Psalm 108:12 (twice in verse); Psalm 149:9; Job 5:8; Job 20:29; Job 28:23; Job 32:2; Job 34:9 (& in Prologue + 6 times) Proverbs 2:5; Proverbs 3:4; Proverbs 25:2; Ecclesiastes (7 times) Hosea (5 times); Amos 4:11 (כמהפכת אלתים את סדם as God overthrew Sodom = Jeremiah 50:40 = Isaiah 13:19) Zechariah 8:23; Zechariah 12:8; Micah 3:7 (but אליהם Greek Version of the LXX Syriac Version) Isaiah 35:4; Isa2 (9 times); Jeremiah 10:10; Ezekiel (13 times); Malachi (5 times); Jonah (4 times); the phrase לאלהים היה ל׳ Genesis 28:21 (ER) Genesis 17:7, 8; Exodus 6:7; Exodus 29:45; Leviticus 11:45; Leviticus 22:33; Leviticus 25:38; Leviticus 26:12, 45; Numbers 15:41 (P); Deuteronomy 26:17; Deuteronomy 29:13; 2 Samuel 7:24 (= 1 Chronicles 17:22); Zechariah 8:8; Jeremiah (6 times); Ezekiel (6 times); אלהים צדיק righteous God Psalm 7:10; קדשים א׳ holy God Joshua 24:19 (E); חיים א׳ living God Deuteronomy 5:23; 1 Samuel 17:26, 36; Jeremiah 10:10; Jeremiah 23:36; חי א׳ 2 Kings 19:4, 16 (= Isaiah 37:4, 17). For the phrases יהוה א׳, צבאות א׳ י׳, צבאות א׳, י׳ אל א׳, יה א׳, צבאות א׳ י׳, אלתי י׳, צבאות, אדני א׳ see יהוה, יה, צבאות & אדני.
b. construct אֱלֹהֵי
(α) with persons אֱלֹהֵי אַבְרָהָם = God of Abraham, a phrase of J, Genesis 26:24; Genesis 28:13; Genesis 31:53, elsewhere Psalm 47:10; 1 Kings 18:36; 1 Chronicles 29:18; 2 Chronicles 30:6; אדני אברהם א׳ Genesis 24:12, 27, 42, 48 (J); אלהי אב father's God (various suffix & names), a phrase of E, Genesis 31:5, 29, 42; Genesis 46:3; Genesis 50:17; Exodus 3:6, 13, 15, 16; Exodus 15:2; Exodus 18:4; Joshua 18:3, elsewhere Genesis 32:10; Genesis 43:23 (J) Exodus 4:5 (J ?) Deuteronomy (8 times); Judges 2:12; 2 Kings 21:22; Chronicles (31 times); Daniel 11:37; אֱלֹהֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל Israel's God, phrase of E, Genesis 33:20; Exodus 5:1; Exodus 24:10; Exodus 32:27; Joshua 8:30; Joshua 14:14; Joshua 22:16; Joshua 24:2, 23, elsewhere Exodus 34:23; Joshua 7:13, 19, 20 (JE) Numbers 16:9; Joshua 9:18, 19; Joshua 22:24; Joshua 10:40, 42; Joshua 13:14, 33 (R see Di Joshua 7:13) Judges 4:6; Judges 5:3, 5; Judges 6:8; Judges 11:21, 23; Judges 21:3; 1 Samuel 1:17 + (20 times) Kings (26 times) Chronicles (45 times); Psalm 41:14 [Psalm 41:13]; Psalm 106:48 (doxology) Psalm 59:6; Psalm 69:7; Isaiah 17:6; Isaiah 21:10, 17; Isaiah 29:23; Isaiah3, Isaiah 24:15; Isaiah 37:16, 21; Isaiah2, Isaiah 41:17 + (6 times); Jeremiah 35:17 + (48 times); Ezekiel 8:4 + (7 times); Zephaniah 2:9; Malachi 2:16; Ruth 2:12; מערכות ישראל א׳ God of the battle array of Israel 1 Samuel 17:45; א׳ יַעֲקֹב 2 Samuel 23:1 (poetry) Psalm 20:2; Psalm 46:8; Psalm 46:12; Psalm 75:10; Psalm 76:7; Psalm 81:2; Psalm 81:5; Psalm 84:9; Psalm 94:7; Isaiah 2:3 (= Micah 4:2); העבריים א׳ God of the Hebrews Exodus 3:18; Exodus 5:3; Exodus 7:16; Exodus 9:1, 13 (JE); it is used with other proper names, Nahor Genesis 31:53 (E), Shem Genesis 9:26 (J), David 2 Kings 20:5; 2 Chronicles 21:12; 34:3; Isaiah 38:5, Hezekiah 2 Chronicles 32:17, Elijah 2 Kings 2:14; ארני המלך א׳ the God of my lord the king 1 Kings 1:36.
(β) with nouns of attributes or relationships, קֶרֶם א׳ ancient God Deuteronomy 33:27; עולם א׳ everlasting God Isaiah 40:28; אֱמֶת א׳ true God 2 Chronicles 15:3; אָמֵן א׳ Isaiah 65:16 (see אָמֵן); משפט א׳ Isaiah 30:18; Malachi 2:17; מרום א׳ Micah 6:6; כָל בָשָׂר א׳ God of all flesh Jeremiah 32:27; compare א׳ הרוחות לכל בשר Numbers 16:22; Numbers 27:16 (P); השמים א׳ God of heaven Genesis 24:7 (JR) 2 Chronicles 36:23; Ezra 1:2; Nehemiah 1:4, 5; Nehemiah 2:4, 20; compare כל הארץ א׳ Isaiah 54:5; השמים וא׳ א׳ י׳ הארץ Genesis 24:3 (JR); מִקָּרֹב א׳ a God at hand opposed to מֵרָחֹק א׳ Jeremiah 23:23, ישועתי א׳, יִשְׁעִי א׳ God of my salvation Psalm 18:47 (= 2 Samuel 22:47) Psalm 24:5; Psalm 25:5; Psalm 27:9; Psalm 65:6; Psalm 79:9; Psalm 85:5; Isaiah 17:10; Micah 7:7; Habakkuk 3:18; 1 Chronicles 16:35; ישועתי א׳ Psalm 88:2; תשועתי א׳ Psalm 51:16; צִדְקִי א׳ God of righteousness Psalm 4:2; חַסְדִּי א׳ Psalm 59:11; Psalm 59:18; צוּרִי א׳ God who is my rock 2 Samuel 22:3 (compare Psalm 18:3); מָעוּזִּי֯ א׳ God who is my stronghold Psalm 43:2; תְהִלָּתִי א׳ God who is my praise Psalm 109:1.
c. with suffix in P (22 times including phrase ויראת מאלהיך) Leviticus 19:14, 32; Leviticus 25:17, 36, 43 (H) Exodus 8:21; Joshua 24:27 (E) Deuteronomy 32:37 (poetry) Joshua 9:23 (JE) Deuteronomy 10:21; Deuteronomy 31:17; Judges 10:10; Judges 16:23, 24; 1 Samuel 10:19; 2 Samuel 10:12; 2 Samuel 22:32 + (4 times poetry) 1 Kings 12:28; 1 Kings 20:23; 2 Kings 19:10; Chronicles (83 times); Psalms (62 times); Proverbs 2:17; Proverbs 30:9; Ruth 1:15, 16 (twice in verse); Isaiah 1:10; Isaiah 7:13; Isaiah 8:19, 21; Isaiah2 (29 times); Jeremiah 5:4, 5; Jeremiah 23:36; Jeremiah 51:5; Ezekiel 34:31; Daniel (5 times); Hosea (12 times); Amos 2:8; Amos 4:12; Joel 1:13 (twice in verse); Joel 1:16; Joel 2:17; Micah 6:8; Micah 7:7; Jonah 1:5, 6; Zephaniah 3:2; Nahum 1:14; Zechariah 9:7; Zechariah 12:5; אלהים with suffix is also used with יהוה several hundred times (see H3068 יהוה).
Gesenius’ Hebrew Lexicon:
PI. אֱלֹהִים (with pref. contr. [] [] []) used in Hebrew
(A) in a plural sense (1) of gods or deities in general, whether true or false. [] [] "the gods of the Egyptians," Exod. 12:12. [] [] "strange gods," Gen. 35:2, 4; Deu. 29:18. [] [] "new gods," Deu. 32:17. Sometimes, from the more common popular usage, Jehovah and idols are comprehended under this common name; Ps. 86:8, "there is none like unto thee among the gods, O Jehovah!" Ex. 18:11; 22:19. Elsewhere the idea of divinity is altogether denied to idols, and is attributed to Jehovah alone. Isa. 44:6, "besides me there is no god;" Isa. 45:5, 14, 21; 46:9. Idols are even called [] 2 Ch. 13:9.
(2) once applied to kings p, i.q. [] [] Ps. 82 :1, especially verse 6.
Note. Not a few interpreters, both ancient and modern, have regarded [] as also denoting angels (see Psa. 8:6, the LXX. and Ch. ; Psa. 82:1; 97:7 ; 138:1), and judges (Ex. 21:6; 22:7,8); this opinion is discussed and refuted at length in Thes. page 95. [But Hebrews, chaps. 1:6 and 2:7, 9 shew plainly that this word sometimes means angels, and the authority of the N.T. decides the matter.]
(B) in a singular sense, of one god (compare as to the pi. majestatis or excellentiae, Lehrg. page 663, 664), Heb. Gram. 106, 2, b. Constr. with a verb (Gen. 1:1,3 seq.) and adjective in the singular, as [] [] 2 Ki. 19:4,16; [] [] Ps. 7:10; 57:3; 78:56 ; but with a plural verb only in certain phrases. Perhaps retained from polytheism [an idea which is not to be entertained for a moment], in which [] may be taken in a plural sense and understood of higher powers. [This is not the way in which the Scripture speaks of God.] Gen. 20:13, [] [] [] as if, "gods made me wander;" Gen. 35:7; Ex. 22:8; 32:4,8; 2 Sa. 7:23; 1 Ki. 19:2; Ps. 58:12. Compare my Comment, de Pent. Sam. page 58. It is used also –
(1) of any divinity. Deu. 32:39, "there is no god beside me;" Ps. 14:1. Thus, when the divine nature is opposed to the human. Eze. 28:2; Ps. 8:6, "thou madest him a little lower than God" [than the angels, see Heb. 2:7]. Very often –
(2) of an idol, a god of the Gentiles. Ex. 32:1, "make us a god," i. e. an idol; 1 Sa. 5:7, "Dagon, our god;" 2 Ki. 1:2, 3, 6, 16. Even used of a goddess, 1 Ki. 11:5.
(3) the god of any one is the god whom any one worships, whom he has as his domestic god, [], tutelar. Jon. 1:5, "every one called upon his god;" Ruth 1:16; Gen. 17:7, 8; 28:21. Thus, the God of the Israelites is Jehovah, who is thus very often called [] [] Ex. 5:1; Psa. 41:14; [] [] Psa. 20:2; 46:8; and conjoinedly [] [] Ps. 18:29; [] [] in Deuteronomy more than two hundred times.
(4) more rarely followed by a genitive of that over which the god presides, or that which he created, just as Mars is called the god of war [No such comparison ought to be made of the true God with phrases relating to idols.], ex. gr. [] [] [] Gen. 24:3; [] [] "God of the heavenly hosts," Amos 3:13; or the attribute of God as [] [] "God of truth," Isa. 65:16.
(5) [] is used for a divine, godlike appearance or form [?] ([] []), 1 Sa. 28:13; where the sorceress says to Saul, "I see a godlike form arising from the earth."
(6) with the art. [] is GOD, [] [], the one and true God; Arab. [] in the well-known phrase[] Deu. 4:35, [] [] [] [] "for Jehovah is the (true) God;" 1 Ki. 18:21, if Jehovah is (God), follow him, if Baal is (God), follow him." Verse 37; Deu. 7:9. Whence [] is used very often of Jehovah, Gen. 5:22; 6:9, 11; 17:18; 20:6, 7, etc. But equivalent to this is [] without the article (Josh. 22:34), which is used very often both in prose and in poetry, with hardly any distinction, for [], either so that both names are employed together, or the use of the one or the other depends on the nature of the phrases and the usage of the language, and the inclination of the particular writers. Thus we constantly find [] [], and on the other hand, [] [] [] []; in other expressions this use is altogether promiscuous, as [] [] and [] [] Dan. 9:11; [] [] and [] [] Gen. 1:2; 41:38; Ex. 31:3. As to the usage of different writers, see the remarks in Thes. page 97, 98.
Things are said in Scripture to be of God; whatever is most excellent or distinguished in its own kind was regarded by the ancients as specially proceeding from God, or sent, or created by him, or what bears a divine or august appearance .([] []), as "mount of God," Psa. 68:16; "river of God," Psa. 65:10; [] [] "terror suddenly sent by God," a panic terror, Gen. 35:5. 2 Ki. 1:12, [] [] is used of lightning, etc. ; compare [] page xlv. B. Similar is the principle of the phrase [] ofGod; Gr. [] [], added to adjectives. Jon. 3:3, [] [] [] pr. "a city divinely great." Acts 7:20, [] [] []. Compare the Arab. [] pr. from God, divinely, exceedingly. Har. Cons. iv. page 38, ed. de Sacy.
As to the phrases, [] [] [] [] see under [] [] and the other words from which they spring.
Note. Some regard [] to be also used in a singular sense (for as to the plural see A, 2), of one King, for [] and they especially refer to Ps. 45:7, where they render [] [] [] [] "thy throne, O God (i.e. O divine King), shall stand for ever;" but this should no doubt [?] be construed by ellipsis, [] [] [] “thy throne shall be a divine throne" (i. e. guarded and made prosperous by God), according to the accustomed canon of the language, Lehrg. 233:6. [This passage speaks of Christ as God, there is no ellipsis to be supplied, see Heb. 1:8.]
Jastrow’s Dictionary of the Targums:
אֱלוֹהַּ m. (b. h.; v. אֵל) God. Pl. majest. אֱלֹהִים, cmp. אֵל.—האלהים by God! Sabb. 145ᵃ; a. fr. [ד is freq. substituted for ה as אלדים, אלדי, ידוד esp. in Targ. Y. ed. Sab.] אלקים, ch. אלקא, adopted in order to avoid uttering the divine name. B. Kam. 106ᵃ; cmp. אלעיקי, איפופי &c.—Pl. אֱלוֹהוֹת 1) deities, powers. Y. Ber. IX, beg. 12ᵈ. Lev. R. s. 4. —2) biblical verses containing the word El, Elohim &c. Y. R. Hash. IV, 59ᶜ.
https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h430/kjv/wlc/0-1/
https://www.studylight.org/lexicons/eng/hebrew/430.html
“1
God : the supreme or ultimate reality: such as
a
: the Being perfect in power, wisdom, and goodness who is worshipped (as in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism) as creator and ruler of the universe
b
Christian Science : the incorporeal divine Principle ruling over all as eternal Spirit : infinite Mind
2
or less commonly God : a being or object that is worshipped as having more than natural attributes and powers
specifically : one controlling a particular aspect or part of reality
3 : a person or thing of supreme value
4 : a powerful ruler”
god
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/god
“a spirit or being believed to control some part of the universe or life and often worshiped for doing so, or something that represents this spirit or being:
(in some religions) the being who made the universe and is believed to have an effect on all things:”
god
https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/god
Strong’s Definition:
Brown-Driver-Briggs:
Gesenius’ Hebrew Lexicon:
Jastrow’s Dictionary of the Targums:
Thayer’s Greek Lexicon:
Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament:
https://www.blueletterbible.org/lexicon/h5647/kjv/wlc/0-1/
https://www.studylight.org/lexicons/eng/hebrew/5647.html
“The most common of the originally appellative names of God is Elohim, plural in form though commonly construed with a singular verb or adjective. This is, most probably, to be explained as the plural of majesty or excellence, expressing high dignity or greatness: comp. the similar use of plurals of "ba'al" (master) and "adon" (lord).”
Jewish Encyclopedia, vol 9, 1905
NAMES OF GOD, pg 160
“Elohim, which occurs 2,570 times in the Bible, is found with two meanings: in the plural it is used as a designation for heathen gods in general; in the singular, as a name for God. The derivation of Elohim is uncertain, but it is possibly from a root indicating the idea "to revere." The plural form of the name is indicative of the quality of divinity; it is approximately equivalent to the concept of "Godhood" or "that which is divine." Hence Elohim is always used with singular verbs and almost invariably with adjectives in the singular. It occurs with the article, in the form ha'elohim, in the sense of "the true God"; there are likewise various descriptive combinations, such as 'elohe ma'arechoth yisra'el, "God of the battle array of Israel," 'elohe haruhoth lechol basar, "God of the spirits of all flesh," and 'elohe yish'i, "God of my salvation." It occurs in combination with no other divine names except Adonai. A by-form, Eloah, is used in poetry.”
The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia,
GOD, NAMES OF, pg 6
“Elohim is the Heb. plural (Elohim’, אֱלׂהִים), of which the sing. form, אֱלו֗הַּ, Elo’ ah, is also employed to designate in general any deity, but likewise the true God. … But it is especially spoken of one true God, i. e, Jehovah, and in this sense it is always construed as a sing., especially when it has the article prefixed (הָאֱלׂהִים).”
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, vol 3, 1882
Elohim, pg 169
“Elohim is the abstract expression for absolute Deity apart from the special notions of unity, holiness, substance, etc. It is more a philosophical than devotional term, and corresponds with our term Deity, in the same way as state or government is abstractly expressive of a king or monarch.”
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, vol 3, 1882
God, pg 901
“God, from the same Saxon root as good, thus beautifully expressing the divine benignity as the leading attribute of the most general term for the Deity, … The only other Hebrew word generally employed in naming the Supreme Being is Jehovah, יְהׂוָה, which some (so Havernick, Historische-critische Einleitung ins alte Testament, Berlin, 1839) propose to point יַהְוֶה, Jahveh, meaning “the Existing One,’ holding that Elohim is used merely to indicate the abundance and super-richness contained in the Divine Being. With such, therefore, Jehovah is not of the same origin as the heathen Jove, but of a strictly peculiar and Hebrew origin. … Elohim is the abstract expression for absolute Deity apart from the special notions of unity, holiness, substance, etc. It is more a philosophical than devotional term, and corresponds with our term Deity, in the same way as state or government is abstractly expressive of a king or monarch.”
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, vol 3, 1882
God, pg 901
“2. Connotation of the term God.—The word θεος, God, taken to signify ‘‘an object of religious veneration,” was formerly applied to the pretended deities of the heathen, and accordingly θεος and Deus were employed by the promulgators of the Gospel when calling on the heathen to transfer their worship from their idols to Jehovah. But the word ‘God’ has come to signify in Christian use the Maker and Ruler of the world, and is absolutely and exclusively applied to him. ‘There is ‘‘one God” in the Christian sense, and there can be but one. ‘‘It is not meant merely that we believe this as a fact, but that it is moreover implied in the very meaning we attach to the word. And this is a distinction which should always be carefully attended to.”
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, vol 3, 1882
God, pg 904
“Though One, he is אֱלׂהִים, Elohim, Gods, persons adorable.”
Cyclopedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, vol 3, 1882
God, pg 905