Population Density - The average number of people in a given area

Urbanisation - The increase in proportion of people living in towns and cities

Urban - A region surrounding a city

Rural areas - Areas with low population density and large amounts of undeveloped land

Clustered - type of settlement occur around a central point such as a church, park or important building

Hamlet - A small rural settlement, with a group of buildings that might include a hall

Linear, clustered and dispersed settlements are terms associated with - spatial distributions

Social - urbanisation consequence that is specifically about people

Urbanisation is the process by which.... an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities

Standard of living is -  A measure of economic wellbeing

Quality of life is - A persons happiness, wellbeing and satisfaction

Developing countries are - Poor and middle income countries of the world

Concentrated settlement - houses and buildings are laid out close together

Urban and Rural - the two types of settlement

Population distribution - is where people live in an area.

Linear settlement - pattern of homes/buildings that follow lines taken by roads

Liveability - The sum of the factors that rank community's quality of life

Rural to urban migration - The movement of people from the countryside to the city

An immigrant - is a person who arrives from another country

Push factor - when people are forced to leave their homes

Emigration - is when someone leaves a country

Environmental - Flooding, drought, or earthquakes can cause environmental migration

A push - Moving to escape persecution or war

A person's homeland is - the place in which they were born or grew up

A multicultural society - is one where many cultures live together

Citizen - a person who lives in a country and has protected rights

Customs - are actions that are traditional within a particular culture

A melting pot (miejsce wielokulturowe) - A place (such as a city or country) where different types of people live together

Naturalization (nadanie obywatelstwa) - when someone who was born in a different country becomes a new citizen

A refugee - Someone who has left another country in order to escape being harmed

A visa - is the official stamp on a passport that allows someone to enter a country

Population Distribution - refers to where people live

Dispersed patterns are generally found in Rural areas.

Population Density is higher in - Urban areas

Before 1800 most settlement was - Near Water

Advancements in technology - started the process of urbanization

Basic & Non-Basic - Within Urban areas there are two types of employment industries

Rural-Urban Fringe (peryferie miasta) - the area that marks the transition from urban to rural

Urban Sprawl (niekontrolowany rozwój miast) - The outward expansion of urban centres to nearby bordering areas

Residential - Land used for housing

Arable land - is an area with fertile soil in a moderate climate, with a consistent water supply

The greater the economic growth in a country, the faster settlements grow.

Land reclamation - The creation of new land in coastal areas

Migration - a constant element of human life,means changing place of residence temporarily or permanently.

Immigration - inflow of population into a territory

Emigration - outflow of population from a territory

Re-emigration - emigrants coming back to their country of origin

Emigration states:

Positive:

• Lower unemployment - More workers can mean greater productivity and economic growth.

• Higher standard of living of migrant families - Better wages, access to education and healthcare can significantly improve the quality of life

• Shuttle transportation to and from immigration states - allows migrants easier access to work

Negative:

• Brain drain - Loss of talented individuals as they move abroad for better opportunities.

• Ageing population - More elderly people and fewer young people in a country.

• Families breaking up due to long periods of absence - can lead to emotional and social challenges for families

Immigration states:

Positive:

• Inflow of both educated and non-educated workforce - Different levels of skilled workers enter a country, filling various job roles and boosting the economy.

• Extra national income - Migrant workers contribute to the country's economy, increasing overall income.

• Plane and bus road to and from emigration states - Improved transport links make it easier for migrants to travel between countries.

Negative:

• Higher cost of benefits and social services for unemployed and homeless immigrants - Increased expenses for the state.

• Difficulties in integrating newcomers into the society - Challenges in helping immigrants fit into the community.

• Tensions between old and new residents, including religious radicalisation - Conflicts and social unrest may arise.

Nation - is a group of people who share a history, culture, territory and economy.

Ethnic group - is a group of people who share a common culture, language and religion but is often denied being called a nation for political reasons.

Religion - is a system of beliefs and related rites and rules which describe the relations between the sacrum (divine sphere) and an individual human and society (terrestrial sphere).

There are seen as universal as they have spread over vast territories and various social groups: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism.:

• Christianity - is a monotheistic religion which originated in the 1st century of the Common Era. Its major text is the Bible, which includes the Old and New Testaments.
• Islam - is a monotheistic religion which originated in the 6th century CE. Its main text is the Quran. Among the rules Muslims need to follow is to take part in the pilgrimage to Mecca. (1.9 billion)
• Hinduism - is a polytheistic religion based on the many incarnations of Brahma. Its holy text are the Vedas.
• Buddhism - the oldest religion in the world, was started by Buddha, at the turn of the 5th century BCE. Buddhism is not based on the belief in a god or gods. They aspire to become Buddhas by reaching a state of enlightenment (nirvana).
• Judaism - originated about the 20th century BCE, is a monotheistic religion. Its holy book is called the Hebrew Bible and the Jews see themselves as the chosen people.

Culture - several material and non-material elements specific to human societies. They include religions, languages, arts, customs, habits and many others. Based on these, it’s possible to delimit nine cultural circles or civilisations.

A polytheistic religion is one based on believing in many Gods, for example Hinduism.

Caste is a form of social grouping, where people are divided into distinct classes based on their family heritage and occupation.

Enlightenment (nirvana) is a state which needs to be achieved to escape the cycle of suffering and rebirth.

Settlement - is a form of living where we settle in one place for our almost whole life. Two major types of settlement: villages, towns and cities.

Village - is a settlement, while a rural area is a space where villages coexist with the surrounding fields or forests.

Urbanisation

Causes:

Push: 

• Growing rural population - More people living in the countryside.
• Poor natural conditions for agriculture - Bad soil and weather for farming.

Pull:

• Seeking a better life in cities - People move to cities for a better lifestyle.
• Trade opportunities in cities - More jobs and business opportunities in urban areas.
• Availability of education, health care and culture centres in cities - Access to better schools, hospitals, and cultural activities.

Effects:

Push:

• Ethnic, religious and cultural conflicts - Tensions among different groups.
• Environmental pollution - More waste and pollution in cities.
• Higher costs of living - It’s more expensive to live in urban areas.

Pull:

• Economic activity opportunities -  More chances to earn money and start businesses.
• Clusters of institutions (education, culture) - Many schools, museums, and cultural centers.
• Green areas and recreation places - Parks and leisure spots for relaxation.