Acids, Bases, and Salts
Chem B Unit 4
Acids
Were first studied by Arrhenius, who listed their characteristics:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________
Finally: Said that ACIDS will generally have _______________________ as the first element listed:
_______________________, _______________________, _______________________
Naming Acids
Two Types of Acids:
_______________________ Acids (H + ONE other chemical)
Always start with _______________________
Always ends with _______________________
HCl = ______________________________________________
HI = ______________________________________________
Acid Type #2
_______________________-Acids
Contain _______________________ and a ______________________________________________
Don’t use _______________________
Ending depends on the ending of the Polyatomic Ion:
HNO3 = Chemical name: _______________________
Acid Name: ______________________________________________
HNO2 = Chemical name: _______________________
Acid Name: ______________________________________________
Bases
Arrhenius also told the world about the characteristics of Bases:
1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________
Also said that bases will “_______________________” with an OH:
_______________________, _______________________, _______________________
Salts
Ionic Compounds that DO NOT contain _______________________ or _______________________ ions.
B/C _______________________ contain H+, and _______________________ contain OH-
Salts are _______________________ at _______________________ _______________________
Solids form _______________________ (regular, repeating patterns)
ALL conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water.
Better Definitions
_______________________ and _______________________ improved upon Arrhenius’ definitions
Some chemicals act like acids, but don’t _______________________ _______________________.
Some chemicals act like bases, but don’t _______________________ _______________________.
The new definitions:
Acid = _______________________ _______________________
Base = _______________________ _______________________
What’s the difference?
_______________________is a _______________________…
_______________________ = _______________________ _______________________
So they say the SAME THING
BUT… Bronsted added this:
You cannot have an _______________________ OR a _______________________ without
_______________________ _______________________
Why not?
HCl = _______________________
No affect on pH
NaOH = _______________________
No affect on pH
HCl (aq) = _______________________; affects pH: _______________________
NaOH (aq) = _______________________; affects pH: _______________________
So…
Water causes Acids to _______________________… making _______________________
And it causes bases to _______________________… making _______________________
Without water, there are _______________________… so there are NO _______________________ OR
_______________________ WITHOUT _______________________.
Ionization
By putting _______________________ (_______________________) in water, you always make two things:
_______________________and _______________________
BUT, because _______________________ is _______________________, _______________________will be
_______________________ to the _______________________… and you end up with:
_______________________and _______________________
SO:
_________________+ _______________ --> ________________+ __________________
Dissociation
When adding any _______________________ (_______________________) to _______________________, you similarly get two things:
_______________________and _______________________
The _______________________ ends of _______________________ (the _______________________’s) aren’t
_______________________ enough to attract the _______________________so the _______________________
stays _______________________:
_____________ + ______________ --> ______________+ ______________+ ____________
And, if water breaks apart…
_______________________ can “_______________________” in itself, per the equation:
_______________________ --> _______________________+ _______________________
So, _______________________contains equal amounts of _______________________ _______________________
(_______________________)and _______________________ _______________________ (_______________________)at
any time.
The pH Scale
A measure of the _______________________ or _______________________ of a solution
_______________________ < _______________________
_______________________ > _______________________
Perfectly _______________________ substance: pH = _______________________
pH is a _______________________ of the _______________________of _________________________
_____________________in solution.
The opposite…
The _______________________ scale measures the _______________________ of _______________________ ions in solution.
The _______________________ are _______________________, but _______________________
_______________________.
Perfectly _______________________ _______________________ still have a pOH of _______________________
But NOW:
_______________________ > _______________________
_______________________ < _______________________
A Visual
ACID Neutral BASE
pH Scale _______________________ _______________________ ______________________
pOH Scale_______________________ _______________________ _______________________
HCl Water NaOH
Another Way to Look At It:
To help remember: _______________________ + _______________________ = _______________________
For one sample, this is a _______________________, and is _______________________ _______________________
More _______________________/____________________ and ___________________ later…
Calculating pH
_____________________ is, literally, the “_____________________” of _______________________
_______________________ refers to both
The _______________________ of the _______________________ ion, and
The _______________________of the _______________________ ion
So, _______________________:
_______________________ = -_______________________ [_______________________]
_______________________ around an element refer to the _______________________ of that
_______________________/ _______________________:
[____________________] = ____________________ of _______________________
And…
Since _______________________ and _______________________are so similar, here is the formula for
_______________________, too:
_______________________ = _______________________ [_______________________]
pH Changes
Remember, _______________________ measures how _______________________ something is…
_______________________ are “_______________________” by the _______________________ion
So, _______________________amounts of _______________________ can change the _______________________ of
a substance
A ________________ _____________________ of____________--> a ____________ ______________
Practice Calculating pH
0.6 M _______________________ = _______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________ in water, according to the formula:
_________________ + _________________ --> _________________+ _________________
Now _______________________ the _______________________…
And the ____________________ of _____________________ = the M of _____________________
SO: __________ [_____________]= ____________ [_______________]=_______________ [_________________]
pH = _______________________ And pOH = _______________________
Calculating pOH
0.6 _______________________= _______________________ _______________________
_______________________ _______________________ in water, according to the formula:
______________ + _____________ --> _____________+ _____________+ _____________
Now _______________________ the _______________________…
And the M of _______________________ = the M of _______________________
SO: ____________ [____________] = ____________ [____________] = __________ [___________]
_______________________ = _______________________
And _______________________= _______________________
Why 7? And why 14?
When water ionizes (________________ --> ________________+ ________________)it does so at a
CONSTANT RATE: _______________________
_______________________ = _______________________ Constant for _______________________
And that equals:
Any amt. of _______________________= _______________________ [_______________________] and
_______________________ [_______________________]
This relates…how?
If [_______________________] and [_______________________] HAVE to be equal… and they BOTH equal
_______________________, then _______________________’s _______________________ AND
_______________________ have to equal 7…
And if you multiply the two:
_______________________x _______________________you get: _______________________
And the “_______________________ + _______________________ = 1_______________________” comes from THIS
Strong Acids and Bases
So far, the _______________________ you’ve seen is ONLY for _______________________
_______________________and _______________________:
2.6 __________ + ____________ --> 2.6 ___________+ 2.6 __________
0.074 _________ + _________ --> 0.074__________+ 0.074_________+ _________
These are considered “_______________________” b/c they _______________________ break apart
into the _______________________that make them up
Strong or Weak
How can you tell a _______________________ _______________________from a _______________________
_______________________?
Memorize the _______________________ _______________________ _______________________:
Strong Acids: _____________, _____________, _____________, _____________, ________
And the Strong Bases:
Strong Bases: _______________________-Metal Hydroxides
(_______________________,_______________________,_______________________)
Weak Acids/Bases
These _______________________ don’t want to create _______________________, and some will
_______________________/_______________________ as the _______________________ _______________________:
_____________________ + H2O --> 1 _____________________+ 1 _____________________
So the ______________ of _____________ > the ______________ of _________________
This ratio [_______________________]:[_______________________]is CONSTANT for
_______________________ _______________________
_______________ = _______________ Constant for an ________________
_______________ = _______________ Constant for an ________________
Ka, Kb and Acid Strength
Strong _______________________ and _______________________ have _______________________
_______________________ that are very close to _______________________, or _______________________
That means lots of _______________________ (_______________________ ), and very little (or
_______________________) of the original compound leftover.
Weaker _____________ and _______________can have a large range of Ka or Kb’s.
The smaller the amt. of _______________________ or _______________________, the
_______________________ the _______________________
Lewis
_______________________ (of “_______________________” fame) thought he had a better way of
describing an acid or base than either _______________________ or _______________________ .
Since all of Chemistry focuses on the _______________________, why do acids and bases focus on the
_______________________?
_______________________ didn’t _______________________, either.
So he changed the definition
New, BEST Definition
Acids: _______________________ _______________________ _______________________
NOW: _______________________ _______________________
Bases: _______________________ _______________________ _______________________
NOW: _______________________ _______________________
This changed to allow for _______________________ _______________________ to be included as
_______________________ and _______________________.
Details
Key Point: What is the difference between _______________________ and a _______________________?
A _______________________ _______________________ and an _______________________ _______________________? How about for the _______________________?