Car Hire Münster

National Car Rental, Quality Through the Years The National Cars and truck Rental is one of the earliest and also the pioneer in the automobile rental company. In 56 years of organization, the National Auto Rental has actually pioneered among its most famous, the one way rental attribute, for those people that had actually wish to rent out a car in one community as well as leave it in one more, which makes it more convenient for the tenant. National Vehicle service was also the very first vehicle rental firm to computerize its reservation operations. With the intro of "Telemax" computers to their system, booking procedure ahs boosted moving to a much faster and more trouble complimentary leasing. And since the airline company market deregulation in 1976, triggering rise in airline company travel costs, nationwide car rental provided level prices for cars and truck renters, that chose renting automobiles instead of flying. National automobile services is likewise among the earliest firms to begin business account service back in the 70's. Via this program, National has concentrated on the corporate traveler more so than any type of various other firm. It was additionally the very first in the rental industry to begin a regular tenant program. It was additionally the initial to utilize paperless auto leasings and make use of computer systems to make transactions faster; they called this the "Emerald green Club" and the "Paperless Express Rental Arrangement". The "Emerald green Aisle" program allows clients to select the cars that they desire, with paperless simplicity, bypassing the rental counter, and getting them on their means much faster as well as more efficiently. The "Choice Rental Refine" in addition allowed customers to choose the specific vehicle that they want, and "QuickRent" that provides non Emerald Club members to skip the rental counter when they complete the offer online. National automobile rental is now associated with many different business, all to enhance the consumers renting experience. These business consist of, Air Canada, Air Miles, Air France, Alaska Airlines, Alitalia, America West airline companies, American Airlines, ATA airlines, Delta Airlines, Continental Airlines, Frontier Airlines, Hawaiian Airlines, Iberia airline companies, Midwest airlines, Lanchile, United Airlines as well as Northwest airline companies all having frequent leaflet and also miles/kilometer programs that can be related to cars and truck rentals also, a few of these airline companies even think about national cars and truck rental miles, for air miles. Other associates consist of Coast Hotels and Resorts, which provide reduced rates for national clients that remain in their Hotels, Hilton Family of Hotels, which let you ear 250 HHonors develop their Hilton Formality Things and miles, for every single rental fee from nationwide cars and truck service, as well as American Express that lets you gain factors when you've registered for their program for nationwide auto rental. Besides all the price cuts a features that you will certainly acquire with their associates, National Automobile rentals provide a vast array of lorries for you to choose from, the classes of automobiles that you might potentially lease type national autos are countless, the kinds of automobiles that you'll be able to rent are classified as subcompact, portable, intermediate, full-size, costs, deluxe, sports utility, Mini van and exchangeable. National Cars and truck rentals likewise have special deals for their clients, one of which is the "Last minute specials to go" which provides different specials every week at different locations. The various other unique, the "Excellent internet prices - Book ahead unique' gives price cuts fro those that reserve their cars early in the web. The weekend break value Prices-- Schedule ahead special deals reduced weekend prices. National auto also uses internet just price cuts likewise a book ahead unique, which puts on mini vans as well as SUVs.

Jay Ohrberg

Jay Ohrberg is a car collector and car builder specializing in cars for film and television. His company Jay Ohrberg Star Cars has an extensive collection of original cars and replicas, many of them are offered for hire. Among the vehicles Jay has made are: Jay's car collection includes many film and television cars, including most of the cars that have been designed from his company. Most important of them are: Other customized cars in Jay's collection include a helicopter car and a 100-foot limousine called the American Dream, recognized by Guinness World Records as the world's longest car.[2] Jay was first recognized as a car collector after buying an automobile every week for 57 weeks straight.[citation needed]

George Barris (auto customizer)

George Barris (born George Salapatas; November 20, 1925 – November 5, 2015) was an American designer and builder of many famous Hollywood custom cars, most notably the Munster Koach and 1966 Batmobile.[1] George and his brother Sam (1924–1967) were born in Chicago in the 1920s. Barris was three years old when their father, a Greek immigrant from Chios, sent the brothers to live with an uncle and his wife in Roseville, California, following the death of their mother. By age 7, Barris was making models of cars employing balsa wood and modifying their design and appearance with careful attention to details so his entries won contests sponsored by hobby shops.[2] The brothers worked at the Greek restaurant owned by their family, and were given a 1925 Buick for their help. Although it was not in good shape, they swiftly restored it to running condition, and began to experiment with changing its appearance. This became the first Barris Brothers custom car. They sold it at a profit to buy another project vehicle. Before George had graduated from high school, demand for their work was growing, and they had created a club for owners of custom vehicles, called the Kustoms Car Club. This was the first use of the spelling "kustom", which would become associated with Barris. Barris attended San Juan High School and "rushed to sweep floors at a local auto body shop as soon as school let out".[2] Barris resisted his family's desire for him to work at its Greek restaurant in a Sacramento suburb.[2] He moved to Los Angeles after turning 18 years old to "become part of the emerging teen car culture" and opened the "Barris Custom Shop" on Imperial Highway in Bell, California.[2] Sam entered the Navy during World War II. Sam joined George in Los Angeles after being discharged. The two built their "kustom" designs for private buyers, and George also built and raced his own cars briefly. These activities brought them to the attention of the movie industry, and they were soon asked to create cars both for personal use by the studio executives and stars and as props for films, their first being used in 1958's High School Confidential. They also made the acquaintance of Robert E. Petersen, founder of Hot Rod and Motor Trend magazines and, much later, of the Petersen Auto Museum. His car shows further publicized the Barris style, as did the car customizing how-to articles George wrote and Petersen published. In 1951, Sam had customized a new Mercury coupe for himself, and a customer who saw it ordered a similar car. This vehicle, known as the Hirohata Merc for its owner, was shown at the 1952 General Motors Motorama auto show and was so popular it overshadowed the best work of Detroit's top designers. It also established the early 1950s Mercury as a popular basis for custom car design. In addition, Sam built Ala Kart, a 1929 Ford Model A roadster pickup. After taking two AMBR (America's Most Beautiful Roadster) wins in a row, the car made numerous film and television appearances, usually in the background of diner scenes.[3] Sam decided to leave the business in the 1950s, but George had married and he credited his wife Shirley with major assistance in promoting the company, which eventually became Barris Kustom Industries. It began to license its designs to model car manufacturers such as Aurora, Revell, MPC, and AMT, which spread the Barris name into every hobby, department, and discount store in the United States and also into the minds of millions of eager model builders. In the early 1960s, Barris, along with other well-known customizers (Gene Winfield, Dean Jeffries and the Alexander Brothers) reworked production cars for Ford's "Custom Car Caravan" and "Lincoln/Mercury's Caravan of Stars". The traveling exhibits were designed to appeal to younger car buyers, both current and future.[4] Barris also used the body of Pulsator (designed by Nye Frank) on his snowmobile dragster show car Ice Kutter.[5] Barris is the subject of the title story in writer Tom Wolfe's first collection of essays The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby. According to Barris, some of his first film work consisted of making soft aluminum fenders for a Ford police car that crashes into the rear of a Mercedes Benz convertible driven by Cary Grant's character in North by Northwest. The idea was to give the collision a comedic quality while also preventing serious damage to the expensive Mercedes. He also built and supplied cars for the 1958 film High School Confidential and loaned some of his customs for the "future" scenes in the 1960 film adaptation of H. G. Wells' The Time Machine. Other Barris-built film cars included a modified Dodge Charger for Thunder Alley, a Plymouth Barracuda for Fireball 500, the futuristic Supervan for a film of the same name, a gadget-filled Mercury station wagon for The Silencers, and a sinister rework of a Lincoln Continental Mark III for The Car.[6] In the 1960s, the Barris firm became heavily involved in vehicle design for television production. At the beginning of the decade, Barris, who loved extravagant design, had purchased the Lincoln Futura, a concept car of the mid-1950s which had been built by Ghia of Italy. It remained in his collection for several years, until he was rather unexpectedly asked by ABC Television to create a signature vehicle for their Batman television series. Time was very short, as filming would begin in a few weeks, leaving insufficient time for a new design from scratch. Instead, Barris decided the Futura was a perfect base on which to create the Batmobile. Barris hired custom builder Gene Cushenberry to modify the car, which was ready in three weeks. The show was a hit, and the car gained notoriety for Barris. He retained ownership of the Batmobile until an auction on January 19, 2013, when Barris sold it for $4,620,000.[7] This same car went on sale on JamesEdition in July 2016 and includes a batcycle as well.[8] Other television cars built by Barris Kustom Industries include the Munster Koach and casket turned dragster (the "Drag-U-La") for The Munsters, an Oldsmobile Toronado turned into a roadster used in the first season of Mannix, a 1921 Oldsmobile touring car turned into a truck for The Beverly Hillbillies, the fictional "1928 Porter" for the NBC comedy My Mother the Car, Updated KITTs for later seasons of Knight Rider[9] and replicas of 1914 Stutz Bearcats for Bearcats!.[10][11] George Barris was responsible for the frame of the original Batmobile and other famous customized automobiles he created for various celebrities. Barris created a customized gold Rolls Royce for actress Zsa Zsa Gabor. The golden Rolls-Royce displayed the detailed work of Barris and included hand-etched window glass by Robb Rich showing butterflies, roses, and hummingbirds.[12] Barris built many novelty vehicles for other celebrities; these include golf carts for Bob Hope, Bing Crosby, Ann-Margret, Glen Campbell, and Elton John; and 25 modified Mini Mokes for a record company contest involving the Beach Boys. He would also modify cars for Hollywood stars and others. Some examples include a Cadillac limousine for Elvis Presley, custom Pontiac station wagons for John Wayne, a Cadillac Eldorado turned into a station wagon for Dean Martin.[9] and a pair of "his & hers" 1966 Ford Mustang convertibles for Sonny and Cher. With the cooperation of American Motors, in 1969 he modified an AMX coupe into the AMX-400 show car which was later used in a 1972 episode of Banacek.[13][14] In the 1990s NASA contacted Barris to discuss an original Moonscope vehicle he designed back in 1966 and became a successful plastic car model for collectors. Its 6-wheel spider suspension and large wedged tires caught the attention of engineers preparing for the Martian rovers and eventual human Mars vehicles. Edward Lozzi, former White House Press Advance Office staffer and spokesperson for George Barris, who would later become a media consultant to Apollo Astronaut Buzz Aldrin, negotiated the request with NASA and stated, " NASA contacted my office and requested the original designs of the Moonscope from Barris. They revealed they were interested in studying the Barris designs for the Martian vehicles. Barris gave them permission and NASA sent people to meet with him". Between 2002 and 2006, Barris also designed two custom Cadillac hearses for episodes of the cable television series Monster Garage. Barris' company often builds replicas of non-Barris designed vehicles from other TV series, including The Monkees Monkeemobile, Starsky & Hutch (Ford Torino, Power Rangers (Turbo Vehicles)[15] and Knight Rider KITT. Barris also designed and built the "Wagon Queen Family Truckster", based on a 1979 Ford Country Squire station wagon, for the 1983 film National Lampoon's Vacation. In 2005 The New York Times had Barris customize a Toyota Prius, one of the most popular cars in the U.S. yet according to the Times, one of the most unattractive. The budget was $10,000, and a further condition was not to chop the body or interfere with the hybrid mechanics in any way.[16] In April 2010, the special George Barris design edition of the 2010 Chevrolet Camaro Spirit was introduced to the public for the first time at a VIP media event at Community Chevrolet, one of the largest Chevrolet dealerships in the United States.[17] On November 29, 2012, Barris Kustom and George Barris announced the sale of the Number 1 Batmobile at the Barrett-Jackson car show and auction held in Scottsdale, Arizona. The world-famous vehicle went on the auction block, on January 19, 2013.[18][19] The final sale price, after a very intense bidding war, was $4.6 million to car collector Rick Champagne from Arizona.[20] Over a decade after the release of Back to the Future Part III, one of the DeLorean time machine stunt cars used in the film was sent to Barris for restoration purposes to be put on display at the Petersen Auto Museum in Los Angeles. The car was returned to Universal Studios in 2003.[21] Barris later purchased a stock DeLorean and converted it into a replica of the Back to the Future DeLorean, which he used to promote himself and his company. While Barris never officially stated that he had anything to do with the Back to the Future films, he did like to indulge in stating that he had built a Back to the Future DeLorean, but never disclosed that it was a replica car. In 2007, Universal Studios officials sent Barris a cease and desist order demanding that he never again make misrepresentations regarding any involvement with the Back to the Future films. They called upon Barris to remove images of the flying DeLorean from his company's website and restrict his display of replicas of the gull-wing car used by Michael J. Fox in the popular 1985 movie and its sequels. Back to the Future writer/producer Bob Gale went on record stating that "George Barris had absolutely nothing to do with the design or construction of the DeLorean time travel vehicle.” The DeLorean was designed on paper by Ron Cobb and Andrew Probert, and it was built under the supervision of special effects supervisor Kevin Pike and construction coordinator Michael Scheffe."[22] Barris was married to Shirley Nahas from 1958 until her death in 2001. They had two children. He died on November 5, 2015, in his sleep at his home in Encino, Los Angeles, California, fifteen days away from his 90th birthday.[23]

List of The Munsters episodes

The following is an episode list for the CBS sitcom The Munsters. The series began broadcast on September 24, 1964, and ended on May 12, 1966. Munster, Go Home! was a feature-length theatrical film released on June 15, 1966. A made-for-television film, entitled The Munsters' Revenge, aired 15 years later on February 27, 1981.[1] Marilyn's boyfriend, Tom Daily, invites the Munster clan to a masquerade. Eddie (Butch Patrick) remains at home with Mrs. Morton as his sitter. Marilyn (Beverley Owen) goes as Priscilla, Lily (Yvonne De Carlo) is Little Bo Peep, Grandpa (Al Lewis) is Napoleon and Herman (Fred Gwynne) is King Arthur in a suit of shining armor. Concerned over Marilyn's difficulty in keeping boyfriends, Grandpa cooks up a love potion and slips it into her oatmeal. But when Marilyn refuses to eat breakfast, the potion ends up in the wrong mouths. This was the first of the broadcast episodes to be filmed, although it was the second one aired[3] Suffering from insomnia caused by high electrical bills, Herman begins going on midnight walks. When other walkers see him, they are scared telling the police that a monster is free at the park along with a dangerous thief. This causes Police Commissioner Ludlow to send Police Chief W.R. Harris to find the culprit under threat of being reassigned to the "most desolate, deserted, law-forsaken part of town." Meanwhile, Grandpa invents an "enlarging machine" in order to help Eddie grow. Herman and Grandpa eavesdrop on Lily and Marilyn and get the impression that Lily is pregnant. But the playmate whom she is expecting for Eddie is just Dr. Dudley's son, Elmer. The city's gas department wants to run a pipeline 25 feet (7.6 m) under the Munster's house, running straight into Grandpa's laboratory. Herman wants to attend a reunion of his Army buddies, but he cannot fit into his uniform. Since Lily does not want him to go, they make a deal that if Herman can lose enough weight to fit into the uniform, she will allow him to attend. Unfortunately, Herman starts his diet just as Thanksgiving is approaching — and a hunger-stricken Herman can be potentially dangerous. After Herman decides he must start to put some money aside for Eddie's college education, he takes a job as a professional wrestler called the Masked Marvel, after he demonstrates his superhuman strength for Eddie's friend, the son of a pro wrestling manager. Herman's twin brother, Charlie (Fred Gwynne, in a dual role), a fast-talking con artist, comes to town and ends up staying at the Munster home against Herman's wishes and tries to bilk Lily out of the money that was left to her by selling her a worthless invention that separates uranium from sea water. Feeling lonely, Grandpa contacts a matrimonial agency that promises to find him a mate. The agency sends over an attractive elderly woman who proves not to be quite as harmless as she looks. Herman falls asleep in the back of his car, leaving the keys in the ignition. The car is stolen by a couple of bank robbers who are unaware that Herman is lying in the back seat. In an attempt to cure Marilyn of insomnia, Grandpa accidentally gives her a Sleeping Beauty potion — and she now cannot wake up until she is kissed by a prince. The Munsters have been chosen by Event magazine as the average American family. Insulted by being labeled average, Grandpa disappears, jeopardizing the photo opportunity and the prize money that accompanies it. Guest star: Harvey Korman as Lennie Bates Grandpa feels neglected and decides to move out. Herman and Lily believe it to be a mere ploy to get attention and expect that he will soon come slinking back. Guest star: Robert Strauss as the Manager Herman goes to Marilyn's college to straighten out a tuition matter. In searching for the dean's office, he wanders into the gym and is mistaken for a basketball star who is supposed to tryout that day. When Herman fools around with a ham radio in Grandpa's dungeon, he mistakenly believes that he has actually contacted martians. Eddie wants to quit school because all the kids there call him Shorty. Grandpa tries to brew a potion to make Eddie grow six inches (152 mm) overnight. Eddie needs an impressive pet to take to the school pet fair. When Igor the bat gets insulted by one of Herman's wisecracks and flies away, Grandpa changes himself into a bat to impersonate Igor. In order to accompany Marilyn to her school dance, Herman decides to take up dancing lessons. A rock group called The Standells pays the Munsters an exorbitant fee to use their house for the weekend. But the Munsters are unable to adjust to the cleanliness of their hotel, and they return home — to find a wild party. At the party the Standells perform a cover of The Beatles's "I Want to Hold Your Hand," Herman improvises a beatnik poem, and Lily sings the English folksong "He's Gone Away" while playing the harp. (Yvonne DeCarlo did her own singing in this episode.) A pair of con artists want to stage a phony accident as an insurance scam. When they stumble upon Herman, they realize they have found the perfect patsy. Leo Durocher, third base coach of the Los Angeles Dodgers, needs a power hitter for his team. When he gets conked on the head by one of Herman's line drives from eight blocks away, he believes he has his man. Herman arranges to meet Marilyn at the natural history museum. But he accidentally gets himself locked inside an Egyptian sarcophagus, where a sleeping pill he had taken earlier kicks in. Feeling useless, Lily searches for a job. She lands a position as a fashion model, causing Herman to become jealous and transform himself into a swinging playboy. Eddie volunteers Herman as a performer for his school's talent night. Since Herman has no discernible talent, Grandpa conjures up a pair of magic ballet shoes that will make him a gifted dancer, but Eddie already has him billed as a magic act. Egged on by Lily, Herman demands a raise from his boss Mr. Gateman. He is promptly fired. Fearing Lily's reaction, he pretends still to be going to work, when he is actually trying out new jobs. Herman saves the life of a young boy, Galen, by bending the bars his head is stuck between. They become close friends, but Galen's parents think Uncle Herman is a figment of the boy's imagination. A Russian fishing trawler picks up a scuba-diving Herman in its haul of fish and mistakes him for the missing link. When Eddie is called "Lead Foot" by the other kids on his track team, Herman offers to become his coach. Herman and Lily want to buy each other elaborate gifts for their 100th anniversary. Without either telling the other, they both take night jobs as ship welders to earn extra money. Eddie borrows a tape recorder belonging to the disc-jockey father of one of his friends. Herman records a song that the disc jockey plays on his radio show the next day, becoming an unexpected hit. While searching for a fuse box in the dungeon, Herman and Grandpa discover a secret chamber and a clue to the pirate treasure hidden on the Munsters' property. Upon finding the treasure, they end up fighting over its ownership, and Lily has to intervene. Trying to teach Eddie about the folly of gambling, Herman bets the money in Eddie's piggy bank on a long shot. When the horse comes in a winner, it ruins Herman's lesson and entangles him in organized crime. A lightning bolt from one of Grandpa's experiments strikes Herman in the head, disfiguring him so severely that he ends up resembling a normal person. The "disfigured" Herman is actually Fred Gwynne minus the monster makeup. This episode was remade for The Munsters Today, starring John Schuck as Herman. Eddie, an avid fan of ghoulish TV host Zombo (Louis Nye), becomes the winner of the 'Why I Like Zombo Contest' and gets to be on The Zombo Show. Herman becomes jealous of Eddie's new hero and wants to appear equally outlandish. Grandpa's magic transforms Eddie from a rotten trumpet player into a classical music virtuoso. But when Eddie needs to duplicate the performance for Herman's boss, Grandpa cannot remember the exact formula of the potion. Marilyn wants to sculpt a clay bust in Herman's likeness. When she tells her art professor that the sculpture represents a living person, he plans to make a bundle from his discovery of a missing link. Dr. Victor Frankenstein, IV (John Abbott), from Germany visits Mockingbird Heights and brings with him Johann (Fred Gwynne, in a dual role), Herman's look-alike cousin, who is far less civilized than Herman. To cure Herman of his hiccups, Grandpa puts him into a trance. When a couple of fraternity pledges are sent to spend a night in the Munster house, they mistake him for a dummy and bring him to a sorority house. Guest star Ken Osmond had appeared as "Eddie Haskell" in Leave It to Beaver, whose creators/producers Joseph Connelly and Robert "Bob" Mosher also produced The Munsters.

Charlottesville car attack

Coordinates: 38°01′46.17″N 78°28′46.29″W / 38.0294917°N 78.4795250°W / 38.0294917; -78.4795250 On August 12, 2017, James Alex Fields Jr. deliberately drove his car into a crowd of people who had been peacefully[12][13] protesting the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia, killing one and injuring 19.[14] The 20-year-old Fields had driven from Ohio to attend the rally.[15] Fields previously espoused neo-Nazi and white supremacist beliefs.[8][9] He was convicted in a state court of hit and run, the first-degree murder of 32-year-old Heather Heyer, and eight counts of malicious wounding, and sentenced to life in prison with an additional 419 years in July 2019.[16] He also pled guilty to 29 of 30 federal hate crime charges to avoid the death penalty, which also resulted in another life sentence handed down in June 2019. A memorial service and vigils were organized. The Mayor of Charlottesville, the Virginia Secretary of Public Safety, the Attorney General and the FBI director called the attack an act of domestic terrorism. The Unite the Right rally was a white supremacist rally that occurred in Charlottesville, Virginia from August 11 to 12, 2017.[17][18] Jason Kessler, the organizer of the rally, had been protesting for months the proposed removal of a statue of Robert E. Lee in Emancipation Park in Charlottesville.[17] Individuals and groups of different beliefs and tactics demonstrated against the rally. Many counter-protesters were ready to turn out despite the threat of violence. Protesters and some militant counter-protesters were attacking each other.[19] On August 12, 2017, a maroon Honda Odyssey and a white Toyota Camry sedan behind it were driving down the Fourth Street Southeast crossing (after a sawhorse barricade blocking southward traffic left behind by an evacuating officer was moved)[20] of the Downtown Mall toward Water Street and were stopped by a large group of counter-protesters who decided to walk up Fourth Street Southeast in the direction of Market Street. A school resource officer stationed at the intersection of 4th Street NE and Market Street was reassigned after she radioed for assistance when "violent skirmishes" broke out causing her to feel unsafe. However, the officer was not replaced and the intersection was left without a police presence. According to the report, "unknown persons" moved a sawhorse barricade set up to block traffic from moving down 4th Street.[21][14][22] A gray 2010 Dodge Challenger drove down Fourth Street Southeast mall crossing and idled for a short time behind the white Toyota at the Downtown Mall.[6][21][14] It then backed up and traveled more than a block before rapidly accelerating forward.[14] At around 1:45 p.m. on August 12, 2017, the 2010 Dodge Challenger impacted a crowd of counter-protesters while driving at a high speed.[1][3][6][21][23] The speed was estimated between 23–28 miles per hour (37–45 km/h) by a police crash reconstructionist.[24] It audibly rammed pedestrians and struck the white sedan.[6] The impact accelerated the sedan to 17.1 miles per hour (27.5 km/h).[25] The impact reportedly "[shoved] tons of metal into the crowd" and sent people "flying through the air" and over another car near the intersection with Water Street East.[6][26] The struck vehicle also hit the maroon minivan ahead, "sending that vehicle into more pedestrians".[6] A few seconds after the initial impact, some in the crowd began hitting the car with objects including a baseball bat,[27] and Fields drove in reverse—hitting more people—with his car's front bumper "scraping the road."[6][21] Pedestrians who had avoided the attack chased Fields along Fourth Street.[6] Fields backed up at a high speed for several blocks, and then turned left and sped off down Market Street.[21][28] A Virginia State Police Bell 407 helicopter, that crashed about three hours later, was following the car and relaying its route to ground units.[21][14] A deputy stopped and arrested Fields on Monticello Avenue, about 1 mile (1.6 km) from the attack.[21][29] The deputy waited for backup to arrive, and detective Steven Young came from the police department. According to Young, Fields kept apologizing and asked if anyone was injured. When Young told him that a person had died, Fields appeared shocked and started to cry.[21][14][30] Young said that the Dodge had holes in the rear window[29][31] and heavy front-end damage; Young said that the car was "splattered" with blood and flesh. A pair of blue sunglasses was stuck in the spoiler on the car's trunk.[21] Heather Heyer, a 32-year-old woman, was fatally injured in the attack, and died at the University of Virginia Medical Center.[28][32] Initially, nineteen injuries were reported, as twenty patients were taken at the University of Virginia Medical Center.[14][28] In the evening, five people were in critical condition and fourteen others were being treated for lesser injuries.[26] Nine people had been discharged and ten remained hospitalized in good condition the next day.[33][34] Testimony at the preliminary hearing in December 2017 revealed that a total of 35 people were injured.[14] The organizer of the Unite the Right rally, Jason Kessler, held a news conference near the Charlottesville City Hall the day after the car attack. A crowd of around a hundred counter-protesters shouted him down, screaming "murderer."[26] In February 2018, three were found guilty of assaulting Kessler at the news conference and a case against a person charged with spitting on Kessler was continued until February 2019 at the request of the prosecution.[35] James Alex Fields Jr. (born April 26, 1997[28]) was the driver of the car. Fields grew up with his mother Samantha Bloom, a paraplegic, in Florence, Kentucky.[6][26][38] After living in southwest Florence for ten years, they moved to Monclova Township, Lucas County, Ohio for her job in late 2016.[6][10][38][39][40] Fields's mother told the Toledo Blade that he had "recently moved out on his own."[40] Until his arrest in Charlottesville, Fields worked for about two years as a security guard in Ohio; he earned US$10.50 per hour and his income was $650 every two weeks.[41][38] According to acquaintances, Fields "filled his time" playing video games and working at a local grocery store.[7] According to Fields's high school history teacher, Derek Weimer, Fields was prescribed an antipsychotic as anger management medication after he had been diagnosed with schizophrenia.[38][9] Fields told a judge that he was receiving treatment for bipolar disorder, anxiety, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).[42] Fields's father was killed in a car crash on December 5, 1996, five months before he was born.[7][10] Bloom's parents died in a murder-suicide when she was 16 on August 21, 1984 when Bloom's father, 42 year-old self-employed contractor Marvin, killed his 37-year-old ex-wife Judy and himself.[10][26] Fields threatened his mother with violence on multiple occasions. In November 2010, she locked herself in a bathroom, afraid of her son. Fields's mother reported to the police that he had threatened to beat her, took her phone, struck her head, and put his hands over her mouth after she told him to stop playing video games.[10][38] In February 2011, Fields's mother reported to the police at 5:20 a.m. that he had not come home; she said that he was wearing a T-shirt and shorts. Two hours later, she reported to the police that Fields "was home and acting lethargic;" he threatened to run away "if police came to the condo."[10] In October 2011, Fields threatened her with a 12-inch (30 cm) knife; she called the police the next day to say that her son had been "very threatening" toward her and that she was scared and did not feel in control of the situation because she was in a wheelchair. In November 2011, Fields spat in his mother's face and threatened her, and a woman requested that the police help Fields's mother get him to a hospital for assessment; the log for the call reads, "Mom is scared he is going to become violent here."[10][38] Fields was subsequently arrested and held in juvenile detention.[38] When he was a senior in high school, Fields applied to join the Army, and Derek Weimer, Fields's history teacher and a former Ohio National Guard officer, helped him because Weimer believed that the military "would expose Fields to people of different races and backgrounds and help him dispel his white supremacist views." Fields was turned down, which Weimer called a "big blow."[9] Fields entered the Army on August 18, 2015 and was released from active duty "due to a failure to meet training standards" on December 11, the same year.[9][39] Army spokeswoman Lt. Col. Jennifer Johnson said that Fields "was never awarded a military occupational skill nor was he assigned to a unit outside of basic training."[7] Weimer lost contact with Fields after he had graduated, and was "surprised" when he heard that Fields had managed to enlist in the Army.[9] Fields graduated from Randall K. Cooper High School in 2015.[10] Fields purchased his first car, the 2010 Dodge Challenger used in the attack, from a car dealership in Florence, Kentucky in June 2015.[7][28][39] The car was last registered in Ohio, and Fields updated its title in Maumee, Ohio in July 2015. The Cincinnati Enquirer reported that, according to local court records, he was cited for expired or unlawful license plates by the Maumee police in May 2017.[28] An ex-schoolmate of Fields said that Fields would draw swastikas and talk about "loving Hitler" as early as middle school.[10] Fields's high school history teacher said that Fields was "deeply into Adolf Hitler and white supremacy."[6][8] The teacher, Derek Weimer, reportedly taught Fields in three classes at Randall K. Cooper High School and "had regular interaction with him after classes and during free time."[6][8] He told The Cincinnati Enquirer, "I'm sure if you would ask James he would say I was his favorite or one of his favorite teachers." Weimer said that Fields was "a very bright kid but very misguided and disillusioned."[8] Weimer said, "Once you talked to James for a while, you would start to see that sympathy towards Nazism, that idolization of Hitler, that belief in white supremacy. It would start to creep out."[11] Weimer said that he had done his best to steer Fields away from those interests and had thought that he had succeeded in doing so.[6] He said that he felt like he failed as a teacher because of the attack, but that "this is definitely a teachable moment and something we need to be vigilant about, because this stuff is tearing up our country."[26][6][8] Weimer said that another teacher had filed a report during Fields's freshman year because he had written something that was "very much along the party lines of the neo-Nazi movement."[8][9] He said that it "would have been standard procedure" to notify Fields's mother and that the school administrators "were very good about keeping parents in the loop."[8] According to Weimer, Fields "left school for a while" and became quieter about politics when he came back, until his senior year, when the candidates for the 2016 presidential election were declared. Weimer said that Fields supported Donald Trump because of what he perceived were Trump's racial views. According to Weimer, Fields supported Trump's Mexico border proposal. Weimer said that Fields "admired" the Confederate States of America for their military, though they "never spoke about slavery."[9] Weimer said that "the constant presence of the Confederate flag was an ongoing issue" and that an African-American cheerleader was "very uncomfortable having to ride in a parade being carried by a pickup truck with a large Confederate flag sticker".[8] Fields reportedly made students feel "unnerved" and "unsafe," and one woman told The New York Times, "On many occasions there were times he would scream obscenities, whether it be about Hitler or racial slurs."[7] Fields's roommate on a class trip to Europe in 2015 told the Associated Press that Fields went on the trip only to visit Germany, and referred to it as the Fatherland. He could not handle being in a room with Fields after Fields spoke about French people "being lower than us and inferior to us."[43] Fields voted in the March 15, 2016 Ohio Republican primary.[7] A lot of boys get interested in the Germans and Nazis because they're interested in World War II. But James took it to another level. He researched everything and had an intellectual argument for all his points, which is something you just don't see that often.Fields's mother said that he had a pet cat, and that she was taking care of it during the rally. She did not know that her son was attending a white supremacist rally; instead, she thought that he was attending a Donald Trump-related rally.[6] She told him "to be careful, and if they're going to rally to make sure he's doing it peacefully".[28] She said that she "would be surprised if her son's views were so far right that he would attend a white supremacist rally" and that he had an African-American friend.[6][8] She told the Toledo Blade that she had not spoken with her son about his political views.[6] Fields's Facebook page included memes and symbols associated with the far-right.[7] At the Unite the Right rally, the morning of the attack, Fields was seen wielding a Vanguard America shield. Vanguard America, a neo-Nazi organization, stated that it was not associated with Fields.[6][29] Fields was initially charged with one count of second-degree murder, three counts of malicious wounding, and one count of hit and run.[6] Fields appeared in court on August 14, via video from jail, and was denied bail.[10] Fields said that he could not afford a lawyer; a private attorney was appointed by the judge, as a public defender could not be appointed due to a conflict of interest.[11][38] By August 17 he was represented by Denise Y. Lunsford,[44] replacing Charles L. Weber.[45] The next hearing for Fields was set for August 25.[10] On August 12, the Justice Department (DOJ) announced a joint civil rights investigation into the incident conducted by the Justice Department's Civil Rights Division, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia.[6][46] NPR's Carrie Johnson reported that investigators wanted to know whether Fields had crossed state lines with the intent to commit violence.[6] A Department of Justice official said that they would "investigate whether others may have been involved in planning the attack."[33] Lisa Monaco, Homeland Security Advisor to President Barack Obama, raised the question of whether the attack would be investigated as domestic terrorism.[47] Attorney General Jeff Sessions said on Good Morning America on August 14 that the attack met the definition of domestic terrorism.[38][47] Attorney General Jeff Sessions said that civil rights division FBI agents and FBI terrorism investigators were working on the case.[10] FBI Director Christopher A. Wray said that the attack met the definition of domestic terrorism.[11] You can be sure we will charge and advance the investigation towards the most serious charges that can be brought because this is unequivocally an unacceptable, evil attack.On August 19, Fields was charged with two additional counts of malicious wounding, and three counts of aggravated malicious wounding.[48] Charlottesville Police Lieutenant Steve Upman said in a release, "The victims related to these charges suffered serious injuries and in some cases permanent physical disabilities." The investigation remained under the Charlottesville police, the FBI and the DOJ.[48] It was also reported on August 19 that the FBI had been attempting to identify individuals who were near Fields a few minutes before the attack, and that the city police had stated multiple times that Fourth Street Southeast had not been "supposed to be open at that time" and that they were "still investigating how the street was opened and why vehicles were directed toward it."[49] At the preliminary hearing in December 2017, State District Court Judge Robert H. Downer Jr. certified all ten charges to a grand jury. The certified charges were one count of first-degree murder, three counts of malicious wounding, three counts of aggravated malicious wounding, two counts of felonious assault and one count of hit and run. Video footage of the surveying helicopter and surveillance video footage from a restaurant near the mall crossing were shown.[21] Surveillance video footage from the restaurant reportedly showed the Dodge Challenger zooming past "a string of vehicles" heading south on Fourth Street Southeast.[29] On January 3, 2018, Fields waived his right to a speedy trial, and his trial was scheduled to begin on November 26, 2018, and last three weeks.[41][50][42] On December 7, Fields was found guilty of first-degree murder, hit and run, and eight counts of malicious wounding.[51] On December 11, the jury recommended life in prison for the killing of Heather Heyer along with an additional 419 years for the other crimes committed which break down to 70 years for each of five malicious wounding charges, 20 for each of three malicious wounding charges, and nine years on one charge of leaving the scene of an accident.[52] The judge affirmed the sentence on July 15, 2019, sentencing Fields to life in prison with an additional 419 years.[53] As investigations were launched into the attack, a Department of Justice official said that federal hate crime charges could be applied to the case.[33] On June 27, 2018, as reported by the DOJ's Office of Public Affairs, a W.D. Va. federal grand jury charged Fields under two hate crime statutes with multiple federal hate crimes:[36][41][54] Attorney General Jeff Sessions said of the indictment, "Last summer's violence in Charlottesville cut short a promising young life and shocked the nation. Today's indictment should send a clear message to every would-be criminal in America that we aggressively prosecute violent crimes of hate that threaten the core principles of our nation." W.D. Va. Attorney Thomas T. Cullen called the indictment "the culmination of a 10-month investigation that involved searching the social media accounts where Mr. Fields showed an interest in harming minorities." Adam S. Lee, the special agent in charge of the FBI's Richmond Division, said, "Heyer did not go to the event looking for a fight. She was looking to lend her voice to her cause. Peaceful protest without intimidation, without the threat of violence is every American's birthright."[41] On July 5, 2018, Fields pleaded not guilty to all 30 counts of federal hate crime charges.[55] On March 27, 2019, Fields altered his plea. Having originally pleaded not guilty on all charges, this was changed to guilty on 29 of 30 hate crime charges. It was speculated that this plea bargain was taken to avoid the possibility of the death penalty, as the option of capital punishment was removed from his potential sentence as a result of the alteration.[56][57][58] For the hate crime convictions, Fields was sentenced to life in prison on June 28, 2019.[59] Heather Danielle Heyer[34] (May 29, 1985 – August 12, 2017) was the only person killed in the attack.[62] Heyer grew up in Ruckersville, Virginia, and graduated from William Monroe High School in Stanardsville, Virginia.[60] She worked as a paralegal, bartender and waitress.[32] She was approached by Alfred A. Wilson, the manager of the bankruptcy division at the Miller Law Group in Charlottesville.[32] Heyer did not have a background in law; Wilson hired her at the recommendation of a friend and said that she "had an eye for detail" and was "a people person".[32] He reportedly told her, "If you can get people to open up to you, that's what I need. I'll teach you everything about the law you need to know."[32] She continued her job as a waitress while working at the law firm.[32] Wilson said that Heyer did not take any vacations during her first two years at Miller Law Group.[32] Heyer left her boyfriend after he made a racist comment about Wilson, who is black.[32] Heyer lived alone other than a pet dog.[32][34] Heyer's friends described her "as a passionate advocate for the disenfranchised who was often moved to tears by the world's injustices", and said that she "spoke out against inequality and urged co-workers to be active in their community".[32] According to her mother, Susan Bro, Heyer would ask people of opposing views why they had come to their beliefs.[34] Bro said that she and Heyer advocated for Black Lives Matter, which Bro said fights for equal treatment.[34] Felicia Correa, Heyer's childhood friend, launched a crowdfunding page for Heyer's funeral expenses following her death. She stated that she was speaking for Heyer's mother when she set up the page, stating that she was not ready to speak in public. Felicia said "She died doing what was right. My heart is broken, but I am forever proud of her."[63] If you're not outraged, you're not paying attention.Heyer and a longtime friend of hers had agreed not to protest the rally, because they thought it would be too dangerous, but the night before the protests, Heyer felt compelled to go.[34] Heyer's mother said she wanted Heather's name to become "a rallying cry for justice and equality and fairness and compassion".[64] Heyer's memorial service was held at Charlottesville's Paramount Theatre on August 16; Heyer's mother spoke to hundreds of mourners, asking them to honor Heyer by acting against injustice and turning "anger into righteous action".[65] Heyer's father urged people to "stop the hate" and said that he was proud of her for taking a stand to help others. He stated that he had forgiven his daughter's killer, saying "I just think about what the Lord said on the cross, ‘Forgive them. They don’t know what they’re doing.' ” [66] Director Spike Lee dedicated his 2018 film BlacKkKlansman in Heyer's memory.[67] A memorial service was held at the Paramount Theater, two blocks from the attack location, on August 16. More than a thousand people attended the service, many of them wearing sashes and ribbons. Present were Governor Terry McAuliffe (D-VA), Senator Tim Kaine (D-VA), Lt. Gov. Ralph Northam (D-VA) and former Counselor to the President Ed Gillespie (R-VA).[68] Heyer's mother Susan Bro delivered a speech calling for people to fight "as Heather would do."[68] A standing ovation lasted nearly a minute and a half after Bro said, "They tried to kill my child to shut her up, but guess what, you just magnified her."[68][69] Bro said that she had received hundreds of messages from people inspired by Heyer asking for advice. A woman played "Amazing Grace" and "America the Beautiful" on a saxophone. Heyer's father Mark Heyer said that Heather had been "defiant, strong-willed and compassionate" and that she "always argued for what she thought was right."[68] Several people with purple shields, pink bats and pink helmets with a heart drawn on each were observing outside the theater to stop any "fascist groups" that might disrupt the event. No problems were reported outside the theater. As the service ended, Bro asked someone in the audience to stop criticizing President Trump.[68] Politicians were confronted outside the memorial service. After being asked about it, McAuliffe told a man that Virginia law leaves the removal of Confederate statues to local communities. Kaine was asked why the Charlottesville police "had failed to head off the weekend's violent clashes" and he said that, "city officials had promised an independent review of the police response."[68] A vigil in remembrance of Heyer was planned for August 13 night, but was cancelled due to a "credible threat from white supremacists." People gathered and prayed at the site of the attack in spite of the cancellation.[33] Hundreds of people gathered at the University of Virginia and in other U.S. cities, including Philadelphia and Akron, Ohio.[70] Michael Wilson, Principal of the Randall K. Cooper High School that Fields had attended, said: "As educators, we are always using teachable moments and providing guidance to students to create college, career and life ready students to make good and sound choices. ... We're all educators and we all are reflecting on what did we miss, or what could we do better. We do that with any student who may have made a wrong choice." He said that his staff sent thoughts and prayers to Charlottesville. Wilson said that the faculty members were worried about the victims and concerned about Fields.[8] And there are others like him out there – we as a society have to do a better job of figuring out how to reach them. This isn't something that happens overnight ... it builds up over time and we need to pay more attention to this.Principal Wilson called Fields a "quiet and reserved student."[8] Fields was described as "shy" and "quiet" by his ex-classmates and neighbors.[7][39] A woman who went to school with Fields told The New York Times that he "mostly kept to himself" and "didn't start fights or try to fight," but described him as "exceptionally odd and an outcast to be sure."[7] However, Fields's roommate on a class trip to Europe in 2015 told the Associated Press, "He had friends, he had people who would chat with him, it wasn't like he was an outcast."[10] Boone County Schools spokeswoman Barbara Brady said that school officials "were not aware of any situation at Cooper High regarding Fields's behavior at the time of his enrollment." Brady questioned the trustworthiness of reports by Fields's ex-classmates, criticizing them for not reporting incidents.[10] This is something I'm guilty of, too, I kind of brushed it off as just creepy. We thought it was all talk. No one ever thought he would do something so violent.The city of Charlottesville and its City Council published a statement: "This senseless act of violence rips a hole in our collective hearts. While it will never make up for the loss of a member of our community, we will pursue charges against the driver of the vehicle that caused her death and are confident justice will prevail."[32][71] Mayor Michael Signer called the attack domestic terrorism and blamed white supremacists.[33] In a statement on August 18, Mayor Michael Signer called on the City Council to "take concrete steps to memorialize Heather's name and legacy." Signer asked the governor to convene an emergency General Assembly session to allow Charlottesville to remove the statue of Robert E. Lee.[69] Brian Moran, the Virginia Secretary of Public Safety, said, "He was a terrorist to do what he did."[26] Attorney General Jeff Sessions said in a statement, "The violence and deaths in Charlottesville strike at the heart of American law and justice. When such actions arise from racial bigotry and hatred, they betray our core values and cannot be tolerated. Justice will prevail."[6] On August 17, White House Deputy Press Secretary Lindsay Walters said that Trump would meet with Heyer's family.[72] Condolences to the family of the young woman killed today, and best regards to all of those injured, in Charlottesville, Virginia. So sad! August 13, 2017[73] Memorial service today for beautiful and incredible Heather Heyer, a truly special young woman. She will be long remembered by all! August 16, 2017[74] U.S. President Donald Trump praised Heyer as "an incredible young woman."[68] Heyer's mother Susan Bro thanked Trump for his August 14 remarks on the event.[68] She wrote in a statement: "Thank you, President Trump, for those words of comfort and for denouncing those who promote violence and hatred. My condolences, also, to the grieving families of the two state troopers and quick recovery for those injured."[69] In an August 15 statement, widely condemned as endorsing white supremacists, Trump said:[75] I think there is blame on both sides. You look at, you look at both sides. I think there’s blame on both sides, and I have no doubt about it...you also had people that were very fine people on both sides.In the same conference Trump clarified what he meant by "fine people":[76][77][78] “I’m not talking about the neo-Nazis and white nationalists because they should be condemned totally.”Also on August 15, Trump said about Bro's statement on Trump's August 14 statement:[69][72] I thought that the statement put out, the mother's statement, I thought was a beautiful statement. I'll tell you, it was something that I really appreciated. I thought it was terrific. And really, under the kind of stress that she's under, and the heartache she's under, I thought putting out that statement to me was really something I won't forget. Thank you all very much. Thank you.Bro initially declined to respond to Trump's August 15 statement as she was busy and tired.[68] After Bro saw Trump's August 15 statement, she said that she would not talk to Trump.[69] Trump tweeted about the memorial service the morning of the day that it occurred.[68][72] No Trump administration officials were present at the service.[68] Jason Kessler, the organizer of the Unite the Right rally, said that none of the organizers knew Fields.[17] After being unable to hold a press conference due to violence, he accused the city of "shutting down" speech and said that the city officials "failed to separate the protest groups and were ill-equipped to handle the melee that resulted."[33] White supremacist rally speaker Richard B. Spencer placed the blame for the attack on authorities, who "failed to keep order." Spencer refused to condemn Fields, saying, "This man could have lost control because he felt in danger and slammed on the accelerator and unintentionally killed someone."[38] On August 18, 2017, Kessler wrote on Twitter: "Heather Heyer was a fat, disgusting Communist. Communists have killed 94 million. Looks like it was payback time." Kessler deleted the tweet the next day, initially saying he was hacked, but later claiming he had been on a mixture of drugs. Other white nationalists criticized Kessler for the tweet, including Richard Spencer, who wrote: "I will no longer associate w/ Jason Kessler; no one should. Heyer's death was deeply saddening. 'Payback' is a morally reprehensible idea."[79] Heyer's mother Susan Bro said that she did not want people to hate Fields.[34] She said that it was not what her daughter would have wanted.[34] Heyer's father Mark said that "My thoughts with all of this stuff are that people need to stop hating and they need to forgive each other. I include myself in that forgiving the guy that did this. He doesn’t know [any] better. I just think about what the Lord said on the cross. Lord, forgive them. They don’t know what they’re doing."[80] On the last day of his job, photojournalist Ryan Kelly took a photograph of the attack for The Daily Progress, the sole daily newspaper in the vicinity of Charlottesville. On April 16, 2018, Kelly won the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography.[81] Photographer Jeremiah Knupp also took a photograph of the attack, working for The News Leader, a daily newspaper serving Staunton, Virginia and the surrounding areas. Knupp took the photograph from a pole on the parking garage, south-west of the intersection of Water Street and Fourth Street Southeast.[82] A GoFundMe campaign created to support Heyer's family had surpassed US$200,000 in a day.[32] Fundraising websites removed campaigns that had sought to fund Fields's legal defense.[83] The Democratic Socialists of America quickly raised US$198,000, but were criticized for the convoluted application process for victims and timeliness in addressing their applications. The money raised was eventually transferred to the National Compassion Fund for management and disbursement.[84] Heyer's mother Susan Bro started the nonprofit Heather Heyer Foundation. It was funded from the GoFundMe campaign and from new donations. Bro said that the foundation would be devoted to civil rights and provide scholarships to people who want social justice.[85] She quit her job as a secretary and bookkeeper for a Virginia Cooperative Extension office after the attack, and became the president and chair of the board of the Heather Heyer Foundation.[86] On August 15, 2017, Tadrint and Micah Washington, who were in the white sedan that was hit during the attack, filed a US$3 million lawsuit in damages against Jason Kessler, James Alex Fields Jr., Richard Spencer and 30 other groups and individuals.[87] Susan Bro presented the 2017 MTV Video Music Award for Best Fight Against the System.[85] In September 2017, New York's 25th Assembly district Representative Nily Rozic, a Democrat, filed a bill and petitioned the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation to rename the Donald J. Trump State Park in honor of Heyer.[88] On December 20, 2017, a part of Fourth Street Southeast in Charlottesville, where the attack occurred, was designated Honorary Heather Heyer Way.[86] On the afternoon of May 12, 2018, Heyer's close friend Marissa Blair married her fiancé Marcus Martin, who pushed her out of the car's way and was injured in the attack himself.[89] During the ceremony, Blair led a butterfly release in remembrance of Heyer.[90] The 2018 film BlacKkKlansman features video footage of the attack; the film ends with a dedication to Heyer.[91]

Wilsberg

Wilsberg is a German TV series based on novels about the fictional private detective Georg Wilsberg. A first TV episode was aired in 1995, five years after the release of the first novel, starring Joachim Król. Since the second episode (aired more than three years later), Georg Wilsberg is portrayed by Leonard Lansink. Georg Wilsberg, a sturdy man in his late fifties, runs a bookshop for antiquarian books[1] in the city of Münster, and works on a sideline as a private detective. Both jobs mix very well. He purchases whole libraries if he can, preferably striking bargains by buying the bequest of a recently deceased. Wilsberg has a business card which gives away his side job, so if there are any doubts concerning the circumstances of the death, the relatives are inclined to employ him. Other customers appreciate the chance to hire a private detective discreetly by pretending they are just looking for rare books when they visit him. Wilsberg investigates cases all over Münster and its outskirts. Since he's permanently short of money, he doesn't own a car and has to borrow one from his friends, or even steal one, as a running gag. In his investigations, he doesn't care much about legal regulations, so he frequently burgles private homes in search of evidence and gets arrested. Other characters are: Readers of the novels recognise many of the plots and locations in the television series, however some adaptation was needed in order to make the material easily intelligible to a national audience and to those who had not read the books. Due to the success of the series new scripts were commissioned recounting stories not present in the novels.

Allan Burns

Allan Burns (born May 18, 1935) is an American screenwriter and television producer. Burns is best known for creating and writing for the television sitcom The Munsters as well as The Mary Tyler Moore Show and Rhoda, both of which he created and wrote for alongside James L. Brooks. Burns was born June 14, 1935, in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. He was born and raised Christian Scientist. He attended the University of Oregon between 1953 and 1957.[1] Burns produced the television shows Cutters (1993), The Duck Factory (1984), and co-wrote the unaired version of the 1965 pilot episode of The Smothers Brothers Show. Before breaking into television and film, Burns started in animation, working for Jay Ward and collaborating and animating The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, Dudley Do-Right, and George of the Jungle. Burns also created the Cap'n Crunch character for Quaker Oats. After his stint writing for Jay Ward, Burns formed a partnership with Chris Hayward. They created the series The Munsters (1964) and My Mother the Car (1965), and were later hired by producer Leonard Stern as story editors for the CBS series He & She, for which they won an Emmy award for comedy writing. The last project between Hayward and Burns would be as story editors for the sitcom Get Smart. In 1969, Burns began a partnership with James L. Brooks after being impressed with the television pilot for Brooks's show Room 222. Burns joined the Room 222 writing staff and later produced the series. After Room 222, television executive Grant Tinker hired Brooks and Burns to develop a television series for CBS starring Mary Tyler Moore. In 1970, The Mary Tyler Moore Show premiered and became a critically acclaimed series, spawning spin-off series such as Lou Grant and Rhoda. Brooks and Burns also created the 1974 situation comedy Paul Sand in Friends and Lovers. Burns also wrote and produced three television series: FM, Eisenhower and Lutz, and Cutters. Burns has also done screenwriting for movies, most notably, A Little Romance for which he was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. He also wrote the screenplays Butch and Sundance: The Early Days, Just the Way You Are and wrote and directed Just Between Friends.

My Mother the Car

My Mother the Car is an American fantasy sitcom that aired for a single season on NBC between September 14, 1965, and April 5, 1966. Thirty episodes were produced by United Artists Television. The premise features a man whose deceased mother is reincarnated as an antique car, and she communicates with him through the car radio. Critics and adult viewers generally disliked the show, often savagely. In 2002, TV Guide proclaimed it to be the second-worst of all time, behind The Jerry Springer Show.[1] The show's incredible premise was similar to other popular comedies of the 1960s that featured a fantastic gimmick, like a talking horse (Mister Ed), a suburbanite witch (Bewitched), an obedient genie (I Dream of Jeannie), or a flying nun (The Flying Nun). My Mother the Car had an experienced production team with established comedy credentials. Rod Amateau had produced The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show and The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis. Allan Burns, co-creator of My Mother the Car, had written for Jay Ward and went on to create several critically acclaimed shows, including The Mary Tyler Moore Show, Rhoda, and Lou Grant. Television producer James L. Brooks, who later collaborated with Burns on these series, created, among others, Room 222 and Taxi, and served as executive producer of The Simpsons (which later parodied the show in the "Lovematic Grandpa" segment of "The Simpsons Spin-Off Showcase"), got his start in television sitcoms when he was called upon to rewrite a script for an episode of the series.[2][3] The other co-creator, Chris Hayward, produced and wrote for Barney Miller during its first several seasons. The show follows the exploits of attorney David Crabtree (played by Jerry Van Dyke) who, while shopping at a used-car lot for a station wagon to serve as a second family car, instead purchases a dilapidated "1928 Porter" touring car. Crabtree hears the car call his name in a woman's voice. The car turns out to be the reincarnation of his deceased mother, Gladys (voiced by Ann Sothern). She talks (only to Crabtree) through the car's radio: the dial light flashes in synchronization with "Mother's" voice. In an effort to get his family to accept the old, tired car, Crabtree brings it to a custom body shop for a full restoration. The car is coveted by a fanatical collector named Captain Manzini (Avery Schreiber), but Crabtree purchases and restores the car before Manzini can acquire it. For the rest of the series, Crabtree is pursued by the avaricious Captain Manzini, who is determined to acquire the valuable automobile by hook or by crook. In a running gag characterizing his shifty nature, Manzini (who resembles a 1920s silent film villain) always mangles Crabtree's name when speaking to him. "Now, then, Crabapple..." "That's Crabtree." "Whatever." Others in the cast included Maggie Pierce as wife Barbara and Cindy Eilbacher (the sister of Lisa Eilbacher) and Randy Whipple as the kids, Cindy and Randy. Veteran movie and television character actors played supporting roles, including Bill Daily, Harold Peary, Byron Foulger, Bob Jellison, Sam Flint, and Willis Bouchey. The show was created by Allan Burns and Chris Hayward, who had better success with Rocky & Bullwinkle, The Munsters, and Get Smart (which debuted the same season). Aluminum Model Toys (AMT), a well-known producer of plastic model car kits, introduced a 1/25-scale kit of the Porter in late 1965. The theme music was composed and conducted by Ralph Carmichael. It was written and sung by Paul Hampton. It was used on an episode of Arrested Development also called "My Mother, the Car". The show began with a black-and-white pilot, which was later totally refilmed in color. This pilot did not originally air, but has been shown several times on Canadian television. Network censors insisted that one particular scene be deleted where the car backfired. The 1928 Porter used in My Mother the Car is located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and owned by Dave Bodnar.[4] The stunt car was once owned by casino giant William Harrah, who had one of the largest special-interest and antique auto collections of all time in Reno, Nevada. After Harrah's death in 1984, the auction catalogue advertised the lot as having a carnation red body with white top and created from parts of a Ford Model T, a Maxwell, a Hudson and a Chevrolet. Harrah's F.R.P. is, since 1994, at the Seal Cove Auto Museum on Mount Desert Island in Maine. As of 2012 the stunt Porter is located at the Star Cars Museum in Gatlinburg, Tennessee.[5] On September 3, 2017, the car sold at the Dragone auction, part of the Historic Festival 35 at Lime Rock Park in Lakeville, CT for $50,000. The current owner of the show is Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, which bought United Artists in 1981. All 30 episodes were available for viewing on Hulu.[6] The show is also available on MGM's YouTube channel. TGG Direct released a DVD box set of the series on 12 November 2013. It contains the 30 episodes that aired, but not the unaired pilot. The laugh track has been removed for the DVD set.[7] Antenna TV began airing episodes of the show on September 19, 2015.[8] In the United Kingdom the series debuted on ITV on the 8th of November 1965.

Ben Vaughn

Ben Vaughn is an American singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, composer for television and film, and syndicated radio show host. Ben Vaughn grew up in outside Philadelphia in South Jersey. At age six, his uncle gave him a Duane Eddy record and forever changed his life. Raised in Mount Ephraim, New Jersey, Vaughn attended Audubon High School.[1] In 1983, he formed the Ben Vaughn Combo. The band was together five years, releasing two albums and touring the U.S. several times. They received positive reviews in Rolling Stone and People magazine and video airplay on MTV. The attention inspired Marshall Crenshaw to record a version of Ben's "I'm Sorry (But So Is Brenda Lee)" for his Downtown album. Vaughn embarked on a solo career in 1988, recording several critically acclaimed albums, touring extensively in Europe and the U.S. and receiving more MTV exposure. During that period he produced three records for the Elektra Records American Explorer series (Memphis rockabilly legend Charlie Feathers, Muscle Shoals country soul singer Arthur Alexander), and recorded Cubist Blues, a collaboration with Alan Vega and Alex Chilton. He also scored two films (Favorite Mopar and Wild Girl's Go-Go Rama), as well as appearing as a frequent guest commentator on nationally syndicated radio shows Fresh Air and World Cafe. In 1995, Vaughn moved to L.A. and released Instrumental Stylings, an album of instrumentals in a variety of styles. A guest appearance on KCRW's Morning Becomes Eclectic led directly to being hired as the theme music composer for the TV sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun. That 70s Show soon followed, and for the next ten years Ben would provide music for a dozen other TV shows and pilots (including Men Behaving Badly, Normal, Ohio, and Grounded for Life). He also provided scores for several films (Psycho Beach Party, The Independent, Scorpion Spring) and continued producing records (Ween, Los Straitjackets, Mark Olson of The Jayhawks, Nancy Sinatra, and the soundtrack CD of the film Swingers). In 1997, Vaughn released Rambler '65. Recorded in Collingswood, New Jersey in his car, this album received positive reviews and is considered a classic in the genre. Since then, Vaughn has released Designs In Music, Vaughn Sings Vaughn (volumes 1, 2, and 3), Texas Road Trip (recorded in Austin, Texas with Doug Sahm’s band), and Five By Five and Piece De Resistance by the Ben Vaughn Quintet. Other career highlights include an Italian dance hit (a DJ re-mix of “Hey Romeo”), airplay of “Jerry Lewis in France” on Bob Dylan’s radio show (complete with Dylan’s recitation of Ben’s resume), and two recent tours in France. In 2015 the Philadelphia Museum of Art hired Ben as musical curator for the acclaimed International Pop exhibit. Occasionally, Vaughn takes a break from his syndicated radio show (The Many Moods of Ben Vaughn) to perform live in the US and Europe. He currently spends most of his time in the Mojave Desert of California.

Meanings of minor planet names: 4001%E2%80%935000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars several times a year.[1] Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB).[2] Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.[3][4] Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets,[5] Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: "SBDB". New namings may only be added after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Committee on Small Body Nomenclature.[6] back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top

Aldous Huxley

Aldous Leonard Huxley (26 July 1894 – 22 November 1963) was an English writer and philosopher.[1][2][3][4] He wrote nearly fifty books[5][6]—both novels and non-fiction works—as well as wide-ranging essays, narratives, and poems. Born into the prominent Huxley family, he graduated from Balliol College, Oxford with an undergraduate degree in English literature. Early in his career, he published short stories and poetry and edited the literary magazine Oxford Poetry, before going on to publish travel writing, satire, and screenplays. He spent the latter part of his life in the United States, living in Los Angeles from 1937 until his death.[7] By the end of his life, Huxley was widely acknowledged as one of the foremost intellectuals of his time.[8] He was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature seven times[9] and was elected Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature in 1962.[10] Huxley was a pacifist. He grew interested in philosophical mysticism[11][12] and universalism,[13] addressing these subjects with works such as The Perennial Philosophy (1945)—which illustrates commonalities between Western and Eastern mysticism—and The Doors of Perception (1954)—which interprets his own psychedelic experience with mescaline. In his most famous novel Brave New World (1932) and his final novel Island (1962), he presented his vision of dystopia and utopia, respectively. Huxley was born in Godalming, Surrey, England, in 1894. He was the third son of the writer and schoolmaster Leonard Huxley, who edited Cornhill Magazine,[14] and his first wife, Julia Arnold, who founded Prior's Field School. Julia was the niece of poet and critic Matthew Arnold and the sister of Mrs. Humphry Ward. Aldous was the grandson of Thomas Henry Huxley, the zoologist, agnostic, and controversialist ("Darwin's Bulldog"). His brother Julian Huxley and half-brother Andrew Huxley also became outstanding biologists. Aldous had another brother, Noel Trevenen Huxley (1889–1914), who took his own life after a period of clinical depression.[15] As a child, Huxley's nickname was "Ogie", short for "Ogre".[16] He was described by his brother, Julian, as someone who frequently "[contemplated] the strangeness of things".[16] According to his cousin and contemporary, Gervas Huxley, he had an early interest in drawing.[16] Huxley's education began in his father's well-equipped botanical laboratory, after which he enrolled at Hillside School near Godalming.[17][18] He was taught there by his own mother for several years until she became terminally ill. After Hillside he went on to Eton College. His mother died in 1908, when he was 14 (his father later remarried). He contracted the eye disease Keratitis punctata in 1911; this "left [him] practically blind for two to three years."[19] This "ended his early dreams of becoming a doctor."[20] In October 1913, Huxley entered Balliol College, Oxford, where he studied English literature.[21] He volunteered for the British Army in January 1916, for the Great War; however, he was rejected on health grounds, being half-blind in one eye.[21] His eyesight later partly recovered. He edited Oxford Poetry in 1916, and in June of that year graduated BA with first class honours.[21] His brother Julian wrote: I believe his blindness was a blessing in disguise. For one thing, it put paid to his idea of taking up medicine as a career ... His uniqueness lay in his universalism. He was able to take all knowledge for his province.[22]Following his years at Balliol, Huxley, being financially indebted to his father, decided to find employment. He taught French for a year at Eton College, where Eric Blair (who was to take the pen name George Orwell) and Steven Runciman were among his pupils. He was mainly remembered as being an incompetent schoolmaster unable to keep order in class. Nevertheless, Blair and others spoke highly of his excellent command of language.[23] Significantly, Huxley also worked for a time during the 1920s at Brunner and Mond, an advanced chemical plant in Billingham in County Durham, northeast England. According to the introduction to the latest edition of his science fiction novel Brave New World (1932), the experience he had there of "an ordered universe in a world of planless incoherence" was an important source for the novel. Huxley completed his first (unpublished) novel at the age of 17 and began writing seriously in his early twenties, establishing himself as a successful writer and social satirist. His first published novels were social satires, Crome Yellow (1921), Antic Hay (1923), Those Barren Leaves (1925), and Point Counter Point (1928). Brave New World (1932) was his fifth novel and first dystopian work. In the 1920s he was also a contributor to Vanity Fair and British Vogue magazines.[24] During the First World War, Huxley spent much of his time at Garsington Manor near Oxford, home of Lady Ottoline Morrell, working as a farm labourer. There he met several Bloomsbury Group figures, including Bertrand Russell, Alfred North Whitehead,[25] and Clive Bell. Later, in Crome Yellow (1921) he caricatured the Garsington lifestyle. Jobs were very scarce, but in 1919 John Middleton Murry was reorganising the Athenaeum and invited Huxley to join the staff. He accepted immediately, and quickly married the Belgian refugee Maria Nys, also at Garsington.[26] They lived with their young son in Italy part of the time during the 1920s, where Huxley would visit his friend D. H. Lawrence. Following Lawrence's death in 1930, Huxley edited Lawrence's letters (1932).[27] Works of this period included important novels on the dehumanising aspects of scientific progress, most famously Brave New World, and on pacifist themes (for example, Eyeless in Gaza). In Brave New World, set in a dystopian London, Huxley portrays a society operating on the principles of mass production and Pavlovian conditioning. Huxley was strongly influenced by F. Matthias Alexander, and included him as a character in Eyeless in Gaza. Beginning in this period, Huxley began to write and edit non-fiction works on pacifist issues, including Ends and Means, An Encyclopedia of Pacifism, and Pacifism and Philosophy, and was an active member of the Peace Pledge Union.[28] In 1937 Huxley moved to Hollywood with his wife Maria, son Matthew Huxley, and friend Gerald Heard. He lived in the U.S., mainly in southern California, until his death, and also for a time in Taos, New Mexico, where he wrote Ends and Means (published in 1937). The book contains tracts on war, religion, nationalism and ethics. Heard introduced Huxley to Vedanta (Upanishad-centered philosophy), meditation, and vegetarianism through the principle of ahimsa. In 1938, Huxley befriended Jiddu Krishnamurti, whose teachings he greatly admired. Huxley and Krishnamurti entered into an enduring exchange (sometimes edging on debate) over many years, with Krishnamurti representing the more rarefied, detached, ivory-tower perspective and Huxley, with his pragmatic concerns, the more socially and historically informed position. Huxley provided an introduction to Krishnamurti's quintessential statement, The First and Last Freedom (1954).[29] Huxley also became a Vedantist in the circle of Hindu Swami Prabhavananda, and introduced Christopher Isherwood to this circle. Not long afterward, Huxley wrote his book on widely held spiritual values and ideas, The Perennial Philosophy, which discussed the teachings of renowned mystics of the world. Huxley's book affirmed a sensibility that insists there are realities beyond the generally accepted "five senses" and that there is genuine meaning for humans beyond both sensual satisfactions and sentimentalities. Huxley became a close friend of Remsen Bird, president of Occidental College. He spent much time at the college, which is in the Eagle Rock neighbourhood of Los Angeles. The college appears as "Tarzana College" in his satirical novel After Many a Summer (1939). The novel won Huxley a British literary award, the 1939 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for fiction.[30] Huxley also incorporated Bird into the novel. During this period, Huxley earned a substantial income as a Hollywood screenwriter; Christopher Isherwood, in his autobiography My Guru and His Disciple, states that Huxley earned more than $3,000 per week (approximately $50,000[31] in 2020 dollars) as a screenwriter, and that he used much of it to transport Jewish and left-wing writer and artist refugees from Hitler's Germany to the US. In March 1938, Huxley's friend Anita Loos, a novelist and screenwriter, put him in touch with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), which hired him for Madame Curie which was originally to star Greta Garbo and be directed by George Cukor. (Eventually, the film was completed by MGM in 1943 with a different director and cast.) Huxley received screen credit for Pride and Prejudice (1940) and was paid for his work on a number of other films, including Jane Eyre (1944). He was commissioned by Walt Disney in 1945 to write a script based on Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and the biography of the story's author, Lewis Carroll. The script was not used, however.[32] Huxley wrote an introduction to the posthumous publication of J. D. Unwin's 1940 book Hopousia or The Sexual and Economic Foundations of a New Society.[33] On 21 October 1949, Huxley wrote to George Orwell, author of Nineteen Eighty-Four, congratulating him on "how fine and how profoundly important the book is." In his letter to Orwell, he predicted: Within the next generation I believe that the world's leaders will discover that infant conditioning and narcohypnosis are more efficient, as instruments of government, than clubs and prisons, and that the lust for power can be just as completely satisfied by suggesting people into loving their servitude as by flogging them and kicking them into obedience.[34]Huxley had deeply felt apprehensions about the future the developed world might make for itself. From these, he made some warnings in his writings and talks. In a 1958 televised interview conducted by journalist Mike Wallace, Huxley outlined several major concerns: the difficulties and dangers of world overpopulation; the tendency toward distinctly hierarchical social organisation; the crucial importance of evaluating the use of technology in mass societies susceptible to persuasion; the tendency to promote modern politicians to a naive public as well-marketed commodities.[35] In the fall semester of 1960, Huxley was invited by Professor Huston Smith to be the Carnegie Visiting Professor of Humanities at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).[36] As part of the MIT centennial program of events organised by the Department of Humanities, Huxley presented a series of lectures titled, "What a Piece of Work is a Man" which concerned history, language, and art.[37] In 1953, Huxley and Maria applied for United States citizenship and presented themselves for examination. When Huxley refused to bear arms for the U.S. and would not state that his objections were based on religious ideals, the only excuse allowed under the McCarran Act, the judge had to adjourn the proceedings.[38][39] He withdrew his application. Nevertheless, he remained in the U.S. In 1959 Huxley turned down an offer of a Knight Bachelor by the Macmillan government without putting forward a reason; his brother Julian had been knighted in 1958, while another brother Andrew would be knighted in 1974.[40] Beginning in 1939 and continuing until his death in 1963, Huxley had an extensive association with the Vedanta Society of Southern California, founded and headed by Swami Prabhavananda. Together with Gerald Heard, Christopher Isherwood and other followers, he was initiated by the Swami and was taught meditation and spiritual practices.[13] In 1944, Huxley wrote the introduction to the "Bhagavad Gita: The Song of God",[41] translated by Swami Prabhavananda and Christopher Isherwood, which was published by the Vedanta Society of Southern California. From 1941 until 1960, Huxley contributed 48 articles to Vedanta and the West, published by the society. He also served on the editorial board with Isherwood, Heard, and playwright John Van Druten from 1951 through 1962. Huxley also occasionally lectured at the Hollywood and Santa Barbara Vedanta temples. Two of those lectures have been released on CD: Knowledge and Understanding and Who Are We? from 1955. Nonetheless, Huxley's agnosticism, together with his speculative propensity, made it difficult for him to fully embrace any form of institutionalised religion.[42] In the spring of 1953, Huxley had his first experience with the psychedelic drug mescaline. Huxley had initiated a correspondence with Doctor Humphry Osmond, a British psychiatrist then employed in a Canadian institution, and eventually asked him to supply a dose of mescaline; Osmond obliged and supervised Huxley's session in southern California. After the publication of The Doors of Perception, in which he recounted this experience, Huxley and Swami Prabhavananda disagreed about the meaning and importance of the psychedelic drug experience, which may have caused the relationship to cool, but Huxley continued to write articles for the society's journal, lecture at the temple, and attend social functions. Huxley later had an experience on mescaline that he considered more profound than those detailed in The Doors of Perception. Huxley wrote that "The mystical experience is doubly valuable; it is valuable because it gives the experiencer a better understanding of himself and the world and because it may help him to lead a less self-centered and more creative life."[43] Differing accounts exist about the details of the quality of Huxley's eyesight at specific points in his life. Circa 1939, Huxley encountered the Bates method for better eyesight, and a teacher, Margaret Darst Corbett, who was able to teach the method to him. In 1940, Huxley relocated from Hollywood to a 40-acre (16 ha) ranchito in the high desert hamlet of Llano, California, in northern Los Angeles County. Huxley then said that his sight improved dramatically with the Bates Method and the extreme and pure natural lighting of the southwestern American desert. He reported that, for the first time in more than 25 years, he was able to read without glasses and without strain. He even tried driving a car along the dirt road beside the ranch. He wrote a book about his successes with the Bates Method, The Art of Seeing, which was published in 1942 (U.S.), 1943 (UK). The book contained some generally disputed theories, and its publication created a growing degree of popular controversy about Huxley's eyesight.[44] It was, and is, widely believed that Huxley was nearly blind since the illness in his teens, despite the partial recovery that had enabled him to study at Oxford. For example, some ten years after publication of The Art of Seeing, in 1952, Bennett Cerf was present when Huxley spoke at a Hollywood banquet, wearing no glasses and apparently reading his paper from the lectern without difficulty: "Then suddenly he faltered—and the disturbing truth became obvious. He wasn't reading his address at all. He had learned it by heart. To refresh his memory he brought the paper closer and closer to his eyes. When it was only an inch or so away he still couldn't read it, and had to fish for a magnifying glass in his pocket to make the typing visible to him. It was an agonising moment".[45] Brazilian author João Ubaldo Ribeiro, who as a young journalist spent several evenings in the Huxleys' company in the late 1950s, wrote that Huxley had said to him, with a wry smile, "I can hardly see at all. And I don't give a damn, really".[46] On the other hand, Huxley's second wife, Laura Archera, later emphasised in her biographical account, This Timeless Moment: "One of the great achievements of his life: that of having regained his sight". After revealing a letter she wrote to the Los Angeles Times disclaiming the label of Huxley as a "poor fellow who can hardly see" by Walter C. Alvarez, she tempered her statement with, "Although I feel it was an injustice to treat Aldous as though he were blind, it is true there were many indications of his impaired vision. For instance, although Aldous did not wear glasses, he would quite often use a magnifying lens".[47] Laura Huxley proceeded to elaborate a few nuances of inconsistency peculiar to Huxley's vision. Her account, in this respect, agrees with the following sample of Huxley's own words from The Art of Seeing: "The most characteristic fact about the functioning of the total organism, or any part of the organism, is that it is not constant, but highly variable". Nevertheless, the topic of Huxley's eyesight continues to endure similar, significant controversy.[48] American popular science author Steven Johnson, in his book Mind Wide Open, quotes Huxley about his difficulties with visual encoding: "I am and, for as long as I can remember, I have always been a poor visualizer. Words, even the pregnant words of poets, do not evoke pictures in my mind. No hypnagogic visions greet me on the verge of sleep. When I recall something, the memory does not present itself to me as a vividly seen event or object. By an effort of the will, I can evoke a not very vivid image of what happened yesterday afternoon ...".[49][50] Huxley married Maria Nys (10 September 1899 – 12 February 1955), a Belgian he met at Garsington, Oxfordshire, in 1919. They had one child, Matthew Huxley (19 April 1920 – 10 February 2005), who had a career as an author, anthropologist, and prominent epidemiologist.[51] In 1955, Maria Huxley died of cancer.[20] In 1956, Huxley married Laura Archera (1911–2007), also an author, as well as a violinist and psychotherapist.[20] She wrote This Timeless Moment, a biography of Huxley. She told the story of their marriage through Mary Ann Braubach's 2010 documentary, Huxley on Huxley.[52] Huxley was diagnosed with laryngeal cancer in 1960; in the years that followed, with his health deteriorating, he wrote the Utopian novel Island,[53] and gave lectures on "Human Potentialities" both at the UCSF Medical Center and at the Esalen Institute. These lectures were fundamental to the beginning of the Human Potential Movement.[54] Huxley was a close friend of Jiddu Krishnamurti and Rosalind Rajagopal and was involved in the creation of the Happy Valley School, now Besant Hill School of Happy Valley, in Ojai, California. The most substantial collection of Huxley's few remaining papers, following the destruction of most in a fire, is at the Library of the University of California, Los Angeles.[55] Some are also at the Stanford University Libraries.[56] On 9 April 1962, Huxley was informed he was elected Companion of Literature by the Royal Society of Literature, the senior literary organisation in Britain, and he accepted the title via letter on 28 April 1962.[57] The correspondence between Huxley and the society is kept at the Cambridge University Library.[57] The society invited Huxley to appear at a banquet and give a lecture at Somerset House, London, in June 1963. Huxley wrote a draft of the speech he intended to give at the society; however, his deteriorating health meant he was not able to attend.[57] On his deathbed, unable to speak owing to advanced laryngeal cancer, Huxley made a written request to his wife Laura for "LSD, 100 µg, intramuscular." According to her account of his death[58] in This Timeless Moment, she obliged with an injection at 11:20 a.m. and a second dose an hour later; Huxley died aged 69, at 5:20 p.m. (Los Angeles time), on 22 November 1963.[59] Media coverage of Huxley's death, along with that of fellow British author C. S. Lewis, was overshadowed by the assassination of American President John F. Kennedy on the same day, less than seven hours before Huxley's death.[60] In an article for New York magazine titled "The Eclipsed Celebrity Death Club", Christopher Bonanos wrote: The championship trophy for badly timed death, though, goes to a pair of British writers. Aldous Huxley, the author of Brave New World, died the same day as C. S. Lewis, who wrote the Chronicles of Narnia series. Unfortunately for both of their legacies, that day was November 22, 1963, just as John Kennedy's motorcade passed the Texas School Book Depository. Huxley, at least, made it interesting: At his request, his wife shot him up with LSD a couple of hours before the end, and he tripped his way out of this world.[61]This coincidence served as the basis for Peter Kreeft's book Between Heaven and Hell: A Dialog Somewhere Beyond Death with John F. Kennedy, C. S. Lewis, & Aldous Huxley, which imagines a conversation among the three men taking place in Purgatory following their deaths.[62] Huxley's memorial service took place in London in December 1963; it was led by his elder brother Julian. On 27 October 1971,[63] his ashes were interred in the family grave at the Watts Cemetery, home of the Watts Mortuary Chapel in Compton, Guildford, Surrey, England.[64] Huxley had been a long-time friend of Russian composer Igor Stravinsky, who later dedicated his last orchestral composition to Huxley. Stravinsky began Variations in Santa Fé, New Mexico, in July 1963, and completed the composition in Hollywood on 28 October 1964. It was first performed in Chicago on 17 April 1965, by the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, conducted by Robert Craft.[65][66]

Meanings of minor planet names: 6001%E2%80%937000

As minor planet discoveries are confirmed, they are given a permanent number by the IAU's Minor Planet Center (MPC), and the discoverers can then submit names for them, following the IAU's naming conventions. The list below concerns those minor planets in the specified number-range that have received names, and explains the meanings of those names. Official naming citations of newly named small Solar System bodies are published in MPC's Minor Planet Circulars several times a year.[1] Recent citations can also be found on the JPL Small-Body Database (SBDB).[2] Until his death in 2016, German astronomer Lutz D. Schmadel compiled these citations into the Dictionary of Minor Planet Names (DMP) and regularly updated the collection.[3][4] Based on Paul Herget's The Names of the Minor Planets,[5] Schmadel also researched the unclear origin of numerous asteroids, most of which had been named prior to World War II.  This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document: "SBDB". New namings may only be added after official publication as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Committee on Small Body Nomenclature.[6] back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top back to top

Millennials

Millennials, also known as Generation Y (or simply Gen Y), are the demographic cohort following Generation X and preceding Generation Z. Researchers and popular media use the early 1980s as starting birth years and the mid-1990s to early 2000s as ending birth years, with 1981 to 1996 a widely accepted defining range for the generation.[1] Most Millennials are the children of baby boomers and early Gen Xers;[2] Millennials are often the parents of Generation Alpha.[3] This generation is generally marked by elevated usage of and familiarity with the Internet, mobile devices, and social media,[4] which is why they are sometimes termed digital natives.[5] The Great Recession and Coronavirus recession have had a major impact on this generation because they have caused historically high levels of unemployment among young people.[6] In general, economic growth and youth unemployment are negatively correlated, meaning young workers have it worse than their elders during a recession.[7] Members of this demographic cohort are known as Millennials because the oldest became adults around the turn of the third millennium A.D.[8] Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe, known for creating the Strauss–Howe generational theory, are widely credited with naming the Millennials.[9] They coined the term in 1987, around the time children born in 1982 were entering kindergarten, and the media were first identifying their prospective link to the impending new millennium as the high school graduating class of 2000.[10] They wrote about the cohort in their books Generations: The History of America's Future, 1584 to 2069 (1991)[11] and Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation (2000).[10] In August 1993, an Advertising Age editorial coined the phrase Generation Y to describe teenagers of the day, then aged 13–19 (born 1974–1980), who were at the time defined as different from Generation X.[12] However, the 1974–1980 cohort was later re-identified as the last wave of Generation X,[13] and by 2003 Ad Age had moved their Generation Y starting year up to 1982.[14] According to journalist Bruce Horovitz, in 2012, Ad Age "threw in the towel by conceding that Millennials is a better name than Gen Y,"[9] and by 2014, a past director of data strategy at Ad Age said to NPR "the Generation Y label was a placeholder until we found out more about them."[15] Millennials are sometimes called Echo Boomers, due to them often being the offspring of the baby boomers, the significant increase in birth rates from the early 1980s to mid-1990s, and their generation's large size relative to that of boomers.[16][17][18][19] In the United States, the echo boom's birth rates peaked in August 1990[20][16] and a twentieth-century trend toward smaller families in developed countries continued.[21][22] Psychologist Jean Twenge described Millennials as "Generation Me" in her 2006 book Generation Me: Why Today's Young Americans Are More Confident, Assertive, Entitled – and More Miserable Than Ever Before,[23][24] while in 2013, Time magazine ran a cover story titled Millennials: The Me Me Me Generation.[25] Alternative names for this group proposed include the Net Generation,[26] Generation 9/11,[27] Generation Next,[28] and The Burnout Generation.[29] American sociologist Kathleen Shaputis labeled Millennials as the Boomerang Generation or Peter Pan Generation because of the members' perceived tendency for delaying some rites of passage into adulthood for longer periods than most generations before them. These labels were also a reference to a trend toward members living with their parents for longer periods than previous generations.[30] Kimberly Palmer regards the high cost of housing and higher education, and the relative affluence of older generations, as among the factors driving the trend.[31] Questions regarding a clear definition of what it means to be an adult also impact a debate about delayed transitions into adulthood and the emergence of a new life stage, Emerging Adulthood. A 2012 study by professors at Brigham Young University found that college students were more likely to define "adult" based on certain personal abilities and characteristics rather than more traditional "rite of passage" events.[32] Larry Nelson noted that "In prior generations, you get married and you start a career and you do that immediately. What young people today are seeing is that approach has led to divorces, to people unhappy with their careers … The majority want to get married […] they just want to do it right the first time, the same thing with their careers."[32] Oxford Living Dictionaries describes a millennial as "a person reaching young adulthood in the early 21st century."[33] Jonathan Rauch, senior fellow at the Brookings Institution, wrote for The Economist in 2018 that "generations are squishy concepts", but the 1981 to 1996 birth cohort is a "widely accepted" definition for Millennials.[1] Reuters also states that Millennials are "widely accepted as having been born between 1981 and 1996."[34] The Pew Research Center defines Millennials as born from 1981 to 1996, choosing these dates for "key political, economic and social factors", including the September 11th terrorist attacks, the Great Recession, and the Internet explosion.[35] According to this definition, Millennials are 24 to 39 years old as of 2020.[36] Many major media outlets and statistical organizations have cited Pew's definition including Time magazine,[37] BBC,[38] The Washington Post,[39] The New York Times,[40] The Wall Street Journal,[41] PBS,[42] The Los Angeles Times,[43] and the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics.[44] Pew has observed that "Because generations are analytical constructs, it takes time for popular and expert consensus to develop as to the precise boundaries that demarcate one generation from another"[45][46] and has indicated that they would remain open to date recalibration.[35] The Brookings Institution defines the millennial generation as people born between 1981 and 1996,[47] as does the Federal Reserve Board,[48] the American Psychological Association,[49] Ernst & Young,[50] and major news outlets such as CBS,[51] ABC Australia,[52] The Washington Post,[53] and The Washington Times.[54] Australia's McCrindle Research uses 1980–1994 as Generation Y birth years.[55] Psychologist Jean Twenge defines Millennials as those born 1980–1994.[56] For the polling agency Ipsos-MORI, the term 'millennial' is a "working title" for the cohort born between 1980 and 1995.[57] Gallup Poll,[58] MSW Research,[59] the Resolution Foundation use 1980–1996,[60] and PricewaterhouseCoopers has used 1981 to 1995.[61] Nielsen Media Research has defined Millennials as adults between the ages of 22 and 38 years old in 2019.[62] CNN reports that studies often use 1981–1996 to define Millennials, but sometimes 1980–2000.[63] The United States Census Bureau used the birth years 1982 to 2000 in a 2015 news release to describe Millennials,[64] but they have stated that "there is no official start and end date for when Millennials were born"[65] and they do not define Millennials.[66][67][68] Author Neil Howe, co-creator of the Strauss–Howe generational theory, defines Millennials as being born from 1982 to 2004;[9] however, Howe described the dividing line between Millennials and the following generation, which he termed the Homeland Generation, as "tentative", saying "You can't be sure where history will someday draw a cohort dividing line until a generation fully comes of age."[69] In his 2008 book The Lucky Few: Between the Greatest Generation and the Baby Boom, author Elwood Carlson used the term "New Boomers" to describe this cohort. He identified the birth years of 1983–2001, based on the upswing in births after 1983 and finishing with the "political and social challenges" that occurred after the September 11th terrorist acts.[70] Individuals born in the Generation X and millennial cusp years of the late 1970s and early-to-mid-1980s have been identified as a "microgeneration" with characteristics of both generations.[71] Names given to these "cuspers" include Xennials,[72] Generation Catalano,[73] and the Oregon Trail Generation.[74] Psychologist Jean Twenge, the author of the 2006 book Generation Me, considers Millennials, along with younger members of Generation X, to be part of what she calls "Generation Me".[75] Twenge attributes Millennials with the traits of confidence and tolerance, but also describes a sense of entitlement and narcissism, based on NPI surveys showing increased narcissism among Millennials[quantify] compared to preceding generations when they were teens and in their twenties.[76][77] Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett of Clark University, Worcester has criticized Twenge's research on narcissism among Millennials, stating "I think she is vastly misinterpreting or over-interpreting the data, and I think it’s destructive".[78] He doubts that the Narcissistic Personality Inventory really measures narcissism at all. Arnett says that not only are Millennials less narcissistic, they're "an exceptionally generous generation that holds great promise for improving the world."[79] A study published in 2017 in the journal Psychological Science found a small decline in narcissism among young people since the 1990s.[80][81] Authors William Strauss and Neil Howe argue that each generation has common characteristics that give it a specific character with four basic generational archetypes, repeating in a cycle. According to their hypothesis, they predicted Millennials would become more like the "civic-minded" G.I. Generation with a strong sense of community both local and global.[10] Strauss and Howe ascribe seven basic traits to the millennial cohort: special, sheltered, confident, team-oriented, conventional, pressured, and achieving. However, Arthur E. Levine, author of When Hope and Fear Collide: A Portrait of Today's College Student, dismissed these generational images as "stereotypes".[82] In addition, psychologist Jean Twenge says Strauss and Howe's assertions are overly-deterministic, non-falsifiable, and unsupported by rigorous evidence.[75] Polling agency Ipsos-MORI warned that the word 'Millennials' is "misused to the point where it’s often mistaken for just another meaningless buzzword" because "many of the claims made about millennial characteristics are simplified, misinterpreted or just plain wrong, which can mean real differences get lost," and that "[e]qually important are the similarities between other generations—the attitudes and behaviours that are staying the same are sometimes just as important and surprising."[57] Since the 2000 U.S. Census, Millennials have taken advantage of the possibility of selecting more than one racial group in abundance.[83][84] In 2015, the Pew Research Center conducted research regarding generational identity that said a majority of Millennials surveyed did not like the "millennial" label.[85] It was discovered that Millennials are less likely to strongly identify with the generational term when compared to Generation X or the baby boomers, with only 40% of those born between 1981 and 1997 identifying as Millennials. Among older Millennials, those born 1981–1988, Pew Research found that 43% personally identified as members of the older demographic cohort, Generation X, while only 35% identified as Millennials. Among younger Millennials (born 1989–1997), generational identity was not much stronger, with only 45% personally identifying as Millennials. It was also found that Millennials chose most often to define themselves with more negative terms such as self-absorbed, wasteful, or greedy.[85] Fred Bonner, a Samuel DeWitt Proctor Chair in Education at Rutgers University and author of Diverse Millennial Students in College: Implications for Faculty and Student Affairs, believes that much of the commentary on the Millennial Generation may be partially correct, but overly general and that many of the traits they describe apply primarily to "white, affluent teenagers who accomplish great things as they grow up in the suburbs, who confront anxiety when applying to super-selective colleges, and who multitask with ease as their helicopter parents hover reassuringly above them." During class discussions, Bonner listened to black and Hispanic students describe how some or all of the so-called core traits did not apply to them. They often said that the "special" trait, in particular, is unrecognizable. Other socioeconomic groups often do not display the same attributes commonly attributed to Millennials. "It's not that many diverse parents don't want to treat their kids as special," he says, "but they often don't have the social and cultural capital, the time and resources, to do that."[82] American Millennials that have, or are, serving in the military may have drastically different views and opinions than their non-veteran counterparts.[86] Because of this, some do not identify with their generation;[87] this coincides with most Millennials having a lack of exposure and knowledge of the military, yet trust its leadership.[88] Yet, the view of some senior leadership of serving Millennials are not always positive.[89] The University of Michigan's "Monitoring the Future" study of high school seniors (conducted continually since 1975) and the American Freshman Survey, conducted by UCLA's Higher Education Research Institute of new college students since 1966, showed an increase in the proportion of students who consider wealth a very important attribute, from 45% for Baby Boomers (surveyed between 1967 and 1985) to 70% for Gen Xers, and 75% for Millennials. The percentage who said it was important to keep abreast of political affairs fell, from 50% for Baby Boomers to 39% for Gen Xers, and 35% for Millennials. The notion of "developing a meaningful philosophy of life" decreased the most across generations, from 73% for Boomers to 45% for Millennials. The willingness to be involved in an environmental cleanup program dropped from 33% for Baby Boomers to 21% for Millennials.[90] By the late 2010s, viewership of late-night American television among adults aged 18 to 49, the most important demographic group for advertisers, has fallen substantially despite an abundance of materials. This is due in part to the availability and popularity of streaming services. However, when delayed viewing within three days is taken into account, the top shows all saw their viewership numbers boosted. This development undermines the current business model of the television entertainment industry. "If the sky isn't exactly falling on the broadcast TV advertising model, it certainly seems to be a lot closer to the ground than it once was," wrote reporter Anthony Crupi for Ad Age.[91] Despite having the reputation for "killing" many things of value to the older generations, Millennials and Generation Z are nostalgically preserving Polaroid cameras, vinyl records, needlepoint, and home gardening, to name just some.[92] However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020s, certain items whose futures were in doubt due to a general lack of interest by Millennials appear to be reviving with stronger sales than in previous years, such as canned food and yogurt.[93] Russian youths at the Geek Picnic in 2018 Glastonbury Festival in England.[94] Elza Venter, an educational psychologist and lecturer at Unisa, South Africa, in the Department of Psychology of Education, believes Millennials are digital natives because they have grown up experiencing digital technology and have known it all their lives. Prensky coined the concept ‘digital natives’ because the members of the generation are ‘native speakers of the digital language of computers, video games and the internet’.[95] This generation's older members use a combination of face-to-face communication and computer mediated communication, while its younger members use mainly electronic and digital technologies for interpersonal communication.[96] A 2013 survey of almost a thousand Britons aged 18 to 24 found that 62% had a favorable opinion of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and 70% felt proud of their national history.[97] In 2017, nearly half of Millennials living in the UK have attended a live music event.[94] Millennials came of age in a time where the entertainment industry began to be affected by the Internet.[98][99][100] Using artificial intelligence, Joan Serra and his team at the Spanish National Research Council studied the massive Million Song Dataset and found that between 1955 and 2010, popular music has gotten louder, while the chords, melodies, and types of sounds used have become increasingly homogenized.[101] Indeed, producers seem to be engaging in a "Loudness War," with the intention of attracting more and more audience members. Old hits are re-recorded with simpler chord progression and increased loudness using different instruments to sound new and fashionable.[102] While the music industry has long been accused of producing songs that are louder and blander, this is the first time the quality of songs is comprehensively studied and measured.[101] Chinese Millennials are commonly called the post-80s and post-90s generations. At a 2015 conference in Shanghai organized by University of Southern California's US–China Institute, Millennials in China were examined and contrasted with American Millennials. Findings included Millennials' marriage, childbearing, and child raising preferences, life and career ambitions, and attitudes towards volunteerism and activism.[103] Due to the one-child policy introduced in the late 1970s, one-child households have become the norm in China, leading to rapid population aging, especially in the cities where the costs of living are much higher than in the countryside.[104] As a result of cultural ideals, government policy, and modern medicine, there has been severe gender imbalances in China and India. According to the United Nations, in 2018, there were 112 Chinese males aged 15 to 29 for every hundred females in that age group. That number in India was 111. China had a total of 34 million excess males and India 37 million, more than the entire population of Malaysia. Such a discrepancy fuels loneliness epidemics, human trafficking (from elsewhere in Asia, such as Cambodia and Vietnam), and prostitution, among other societal problems.[105] Singapore's birth rate has fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 since the 1980s before stabilizing by during the 2000s and 2010s.[106] (It reached 1.14 in 2018, making it the lowest since 2010 and one of the lowest in the world.[107]) Government incentives such as the baby bonus have proven insufficient to raise the birth rate. Singapore's experience mirrors those of Japan and South Korea.[106] Vietnam's median age in 2018 was 26 and rising. Between the 1970s and the late 2010s, life expectancy climbed from 60 to 76.[108] It is now the second highest in Southeast Asia. Vietnam's fertility rate dropped from 5 in 1980 to 3.55 in 1990 and then to 1.95 in 2017. In that same year, 23% of the Vietnamese population was 15 years of age or younger, down from almost 40% in 1989.[109] Other rapidly growing Southeast Asian countries, such as the Philippines, saw similar demographic trends.[110] From about 1750 to 1950, Western Europe transitioned from having both high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. By the late 1960s and 1970s, the average woman had fewer than two children, and, although demographers at first expected a "correction," such a rebound never came. Despite a bump in the total fertility rates (TFR) of some European countries in the very late twentieth century (the 1980s and 1990s), especially France and Scandinavia, they never returned to replacement level; the bump was largely due to older women realizing their dreams of motherhood. At first, falling fertility is due to urbanization and decreased infant mortality rates, which diminished the benefits and increased the costs of raising children. In other words, it became more economically sensible to invest more in fewer children, as economist Gary Becker argued. (This is the first demographic transition.) Falling fertility then came from attitudinal shifts. By the 1960s, people began moving from traditional and communal values towards more expressive and individualistic outlooks due to access to and aspiration of higher education, and to the spread of lifestyle values once practiced only by a tiny minority of cultural elites. (This is the second demographic transition.) Although the momentous cultural changes of the 1960s leveled off by the 1990s, the social and cultural environment of the very late twentieth-century was quite different from that of the 1950s. Such changes in values have had a major effect on fertility. Member states of the European Economic Community saw a steady increase in not just divorce and out-of-wedlock births between 1960 and 1985 but also falling fertility rates. In 1981, a survey of countries across the industrialized world found that while more than half of people aged 65 and over thought that women needed children to be fulfilled, only 35% of those between the ages of 15 to 24 (younger Baby Boomers and older Generation X) agreed.[111] In the early 1980s, East Germany, West Germany, Denmark, and the Channel Islands had some of the world's lowest fertility rates.[112] At the start of the twenty-first century, Europe suffers from an aging population. This problem is especially acute in Eastern Europe, whereas in Western Europe, it is alleviated by international immigration. In addition, an increasing number of children born in Europe has been born to non-European parents. Because children of immigrants in Europe tend to be about as religious as they are, this could slow the decline of religion (or the growth of secularism) in the continent as the twenty-first century progresses.[113] In the United Kingdom, the number of foreign-born residents stood at 6% of the population in 1991. Immigration subsequently surged and has not fallen since (as of 2018). Researches by the demographers and political scientists Eric Kaufmann, Roger Eatwell, and Matthew Goodwin suggest that such a fast ethno-demographic change is one of the key reasons behind public backlash in the form of national populism across the rich liberal democracies, an example of which is the 2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum (Brexit).[114] Italy is a country where the problem of an aging population is especially acute. The fertility rate dropped from about four in the 1960s down to 1.2 in the 2010s. This is not because young Italians do not want to procreate. Quite the contrary, having many children is an Italian ideal. But its economy has been floundering since the Great Recession of 2007–08, with the youth unemployment rate at a staggering 35% in 2019. Many Italians have moved abroad—150,000 did in 2018—and many are young people pursuing educational and economic opportunities. With the plunge in the number of births each year, the Italian population is expected to decline in the next five years. Moreover, the Baby Boomers are retiring in large numbers, and their numbers eclipse those of the young people taking care of them. Only Japan has an age structure more tilted towards the elderly.[115] Greece also suffers from a serious demographic problem as many young people are leaving the country in search of better opportunities elsewhere in the wake of the Great Recession. This brain drain and a rapidly aging population could spell disaster for the country.[116] As a result of the shocks due to the decline and dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia's birth rates began falling in the late 1980s while death rates have risen, especially among men.[117] In the early 2000s, Russia had not only a falling birth rate but also a declining population despite having an improving economy.[118] Between 1992 and 2002, Russia's population dropped from 149 million to 144 million. According to the "medium case scenario" of the U.N.'s Population Division, Russia could lose another 20 million people by the 2020s.[117] Europe's demographic reality contributes to the its economic troubles. Because the European baby boomers failed to replace themselves, by the 2020s and 2030s, dozens of European nations will find their situation even tougher than before.[119] Australia's total fertility rate has fallen from above three in the post-war era, to about replacement level (2.1) in the 1970s to below that in the late 2010s. However, immigration has been offsetting the effects of a declining birthrate. In the 2010s, among the residents of Australia, 5% were born in the United Kingdom, 3% from China, 2% from India, and 1% from the Philippines. 84% of new arrivals in the fiscal year of 2016 were below 40 years of age, compared to 54% of those already in the country. Like other immigrant-friendly countries, such as Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, Australia's working-age population is expected to grow till about 2025. However, the ratio of people of working age to retirees (the dependency ratio) has gone from eight in the 1970s to about four in the 2010s. It could drop to two by the 2060s, depending in immigration levels.[120] "The older the population is, the more people are on welfare benefits, we need more health care, and there's a smaller base to pay the taxes," Ian Harper of the Melbourne Business School told ABC News (Australia).[121] While the government has scaled back plans to increase the retirement age, to cut pensions, and to raise taxes due to public opposition, demographic pressures continue to mount as the buffering effects of immigration are fading away.[120] Historically, the early Anglo-Protestant settlers in the seventeenth century were the most successful group, culturally, economically, and politically, and they maintained their dominance till the early twentieth century. Commitment to the ideals of the Enlightenment meant that they sought to assimilate newcomers from outside of the British Isles, but few were interested in adopting a pan-European identity for the nation, much less turning it into a global melting pot. But in the early 1900s, liberal progressives and modernists began promoting more inclusive ideals for what the national identity of the United States should be. While the more traditionalist segments of society continued to maintain their Anglo-Protestant ethnocultural traditions, universalism and cosmopolitanism started gaining favor among the elites. These ideals became institutionalized after the Second World War, and ethnic minorities started moving towards institutional parity with the once dominant Anglo-Protestants.[122] The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 (also known as the Hart-Cellar Act), passed at the urging of President Lyndon B. Johnson, abolished national quotas for immigrants and replaced it with a system that admits a fixed number of persons per year based in qualities such as skills and the need for refuge. Immigration subsequently surged from elsewhere in North America (especially Canada and Mexico), Asia, Central America, and the West Indies.[123] By the mid-1980s, most immigrants originated from Asia and Latin America. Some were refugees from Vietnam, Cuba, Haiti, and other parts of the Americas while others came illegally by crossing the long and largely undefended U.S.-Mexican border. Although Congress offered amnesty to "undocumented immigrants" who had been in the country for a long time and attempted to penalize employers who recruited them, their influx continued. At the same time, the postwar baby boom and subsequently falling fertility rate seemed to jeopardize America's social security system as the Baby Boomers retire in the twenty-first century.[124] Provisional data from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reveal that U.S. fertility rates have fallen below the replacement level of 2.1 since 1971. (In 2017, it fell to 1.765.)[125] Among women born during the late 1950s, one fifth had no children, compared to 10% of those born in the 1930s, thereby leaving behind neither genetic nor cultural legacy. 17% of women from the Baby Boomer generation had only one child each and were responsible for only 8% of the next generation. On the other hand, 11% of Baby Boomer women gave birth to at least four children each, for a grand total of one quarter of the Millennial generation. This will likely cause cultural, political, and social changes in the future as parents wield a great deal of influence on their children. For example, by the early 2000s, it had already become apparent that mainstream American culture was shifting from secular individualism towards religiosity.[126] Millennial population size varies, depending on the definition used. In 2014, using dates ranging from 1982 to 2004, Neil Howe revised the number to over 95 million people in the U.S.[127] In a 2012 Time magazine article, it was estimated that there were approximately 80 million U.S. Millennials.[128] The United States Census Bureau, using birth dates ranging from 1982 to 2000, stated the estimated number of U.S. Millennials in 2015 was 83.1 million people.[129] In 2017, fewer than 56% Millennial were non-Hispanic whites, compared with more than 84% of Americans in their 70s and 80s, 57% had never been married, and 67% lived in a metropolitan area.[130] According to the Brookings Institution, Millennials are the “demographic bridge between the largely white older generations (pre-Millennials) and much more racially diverse younger generations (post-Millennials).”[131] By analyzing data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Pew Research Center estimated that Millennials, whom they define as people born between 1981 and 1996, outnumbered baby boomers, born from 1946 to 1964, for the first time in 2019. That year, there were 72.1 million Millennials compared to 71.6 million baby boomers, who had previously been the largest living adult generation in the country. Data from the National Center for Health Statistics shows that about 62 million Millennials were born in the United States, compared to 55 million members of Generation X, 76 million baby boomers, and 47 million from the Silent Generation. Between 1981 and 1996, an average of 3.6 babies (Millennials) were born each year, compared to 3.4 million (Generation X) between 1965 and 1980. But Millennials continue to grow in numbers as a result of immigration and naturalization. In fact, Millennials form the largest group of immigrants to the United States in the 2010s. Pew projected that the millennial generation would reach around 74.9 million in 2033, after which mortality would outweigh immigration.[132] Yet 2020 would be the first time Millennials (who are between the ages of 24 and 39) find their share of the electorate shrink as the leading wave of Generation Z (aged 18 to 23) became eligible to vote. In other words, their electoral power peaked in 2016. In absolute terms, however, the number of foreign-born Millennials continues to increase as they become naturalized citizens. In fact, 10% of American voters were born outside the country by the 2020 election, up from 6% in 2000. The fact that people from different racial or age groups vote differently means that this demographic change will influence the future of the American political landscape. While younger voters hold significantly different views from their elders, they are considerably less likely to vote. Non-whites tend to favor candidates from the Democratic Party while whites by and large prefer the Republican Party.[133] As of the mid-2010s, the United States is one of the few developed countries that does not have a top-heavy population pyramid. In fact, as of 2016, the median age of the U.S. population was younger than that of all other rich nations except Australia, New Zealand, Cyprus, Ireland, and Iceland, whose combined population is only a fraction of the United States. This is because American baby boomers had a higher fertility rate compared to their counterparts from much of the developed world. Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, and South Korea are all aging rapidly by comparison because their Millennials are smaller in number than their parents. This demographic reality puts the United States at an advantage compared to many other major economies as the Millennials reach middle age: the nation will still have a significant number of consumers, investors, and taxpayers.[119] According to the Pew Research Center, "Among men, only 4% of Millennials [ages 21 to 36 in 2017] are veterans, compared with 47%" of men in their 70s and 80s, "many of whom came of age during the Korean War and its aftermath."[130] Some of these former military service members are combat veterans, having fought in Afghanistan and/or Iraq.[134] As of 2016, Millennials are the majority of the total veteran population.[135] According to the Pentagon in 2016, 19% of Millennials are interested in serving in the military, and 15% have a parent with a history of military service.[136] According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), 200 million people were unemployed in 2015. Of these, 73.3 million (37%) were 15 and 24 years of age. Between 2009 and 2015, youth unemployment increased considerably in the North Africa and the Middle East, and slightly in East Asia. During the same period, it fell noticeably in Europe (both within and without the E.U.), and the rest of the developed world, Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, but remained steady in South Asia. The ILO estimated that some 475 million jobs will need to be created worldwide by the mid-2020s in order to appreciably reduce the number of unemployed youths.[137] In 2018, as the number of robots at work continued to increase, the global unemployment rate fell to 5%, the lowest in 38 years. Current trends suggest that developments in artificial intelligence and robotics will not result in mass unemployment but can actually create high-skilled jobs. However, in order to take advantage of this situation, one needs to hone skills that machines have not yet mastered, such as teamwork and effective communication.[138][139] By analyzing data from the United Nations and the Global Talent Competitive Index, KDM Engineering found that as of 2019, the top five countries for international high-skilled workers are Switzerland, Singapore, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Sweden. Factors taken into account included the ability to attract high-skilled foreign workers, business-friendliness, regulatory environment, the quality of education, and the standard of living. Switzerland is best at retaining talents due to its excellent quality of life. Singapore is home to a world-class environment for entrepreneurs. And the United States offers the most opportunity for growth due to the sheer size of its economy and the quality of higher education and training.[140] As of 2019, these are also some of the world's most competitive economies, according to the World Economic Forum (WEF). In order to determine a country or territory's economic competitiveness, the WEF considers factors such as the trustworthiness of public institutions, the quality of infrastructure, macro-economic stability, the quality of healthcare, business dynamism, labor market efficiency, and innovation capacity.[141] Statistics from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reveal that between 2014 and 2019, Japan's unemployment rate went from about 4% to 2.4% and China's from almost 4.5% to 3.8%. These are some of the lowest rates among the largest economies of the world.[142] However, due to long-running sub-replacement fertility, Japan had just over two workers per retiree in the 2010s, compared to four in North America. As a result, the country faces economic stagnation and serious financial burden to support the elderly.[143] China's economy was growing at a feverish pace between the late 1970s till the early 2010s, when demographic constraints made themselves felt. Key to China's 'economic miracle' was its one-child policy, which curbed population growth and enabled the economy to industrialize rapidly. Yet the policy has also led to population aging. Political economist and demographer Nicholas Eberstadt argued that China's working population peaked in 2014. Even so, economist Brad Setser suggested that China can still increase its GDP per capita by raising the age of retirement and making it easier for people to migrate from rural to urban areas. But social scientist Wang Feng warned that as the population ages, social welfare spending as a share of GDP will also grow, intensifying sociopolitical problems.[144] During the mid-2010s, China had five workers for every retiree. But if current trends continue, by the 2040s, that ratio will fall to just 1.6.[104] At the start of the twenty-first century, export-oriented South Korea and Taiwan were young and dynamic compared to Japan, but they, too, were aging quickly. Their millennial cohorts are too small compared to the baby boomers. The fact that large numbers of South Koreans and Taiwanese were entering retirement will restrict the ability of their countries to save and invest.[119] According to IMF, "Vietnam is at risk of growing old before it grows rich."[109] The share of working-age Vietnamese peaked in 2011, when the country's annual GDP per capita at purchasing power parity was $5,024, compared to $32,585 for South Korea, $31,718 for Japan, and $9,526 for China.[108] Many Vietnamese youths suffer from unstable job markets, low wages, and high costs of living in the cities. As a result, large numbers live with their parents till the age of 30. These are some of the reasons contributing to Vietnam's falling fertility rate and population aging.[145] Economic prospects for some Millennials have declined largely due to the Great Recession in the late 2000s.[146][147][148] Several governments have instituted major youth employment schemes out of fear of social unrest due to the dramatically increased rates of youth unemployment.[149] In Europe, youth unemployment levels were very high (56% in Spain,[150] 44% in Italy,[151] 35% in the Baltic states, 19% in Britain[152] and more than 20% in many more countries). In 2009, leading commentators began to worry about the long-term social and economic effects of the unemployment.[153] A variety of names have emerged in various European countries hard hit following the financial crisis of 2007–2008 to designate young people with limited employment and career prospects.[154] These groups can be considered to be more or less synonymous with Millennials, or at least major sub-groups in those countries. The Generation of €700 is a term popularized by the Greek mass media and refers to educated Greek twixters of urban centers who generally fail to establish a career. In Greece, young adults are being "excluded from the labor market" and some "leave their country of origin to look for better options". They are being "marginalized and face uncertain working conditions" in jobs that are unrelated to their educational background, and receive the minimum allowable base salary of €700 per month. This generation evolved in circumstances leading to the Greek debt crisis and some participated in the 2010–2011 Greek protests.[155] In Spain, they are referred to as the mileurista (for €1,000 per month),[156] in France "The Precarious Generation,[157]" and as in Spain, Italy also has the "milleurista"; generation of €1,000 (per month).[154] Between 2009 and 2018, about half a million Greek youths left their country in search of opportunities elsewhere, and this phenomenon has exacerbated the nation's demographic problem.[158] Such brain drains are rare among countries with good education systems. Greek Millennials benefit from tuition-free universities but suffer from their government's mishandling of taxes and excessive borrowing. Greek youths typically look for a career in finance in the United Kingdom, medicine in Germany, engineering in the Middle East, and information technology in the United States. Many also seek advanced degrees abroad in order to ease the visa application process.[159] In 2016, research from the Resolution Foundation found Millennials in the United Kingdom earned £8,000 less in their 20s than Generation X, describing Millennials as "on course to become the first generation to earn less than the one before".[160][161] Millennials are the most highly educated and culturally diverse group of all generations, and have been regarded as hard to please when it comes to employers.[162] To address these new challenges, many large firms are currently studying the social and behavioral patterns of Millennials and are trying to devise programs that decrease intergenerational estrangement, and increase relationships of reciprocal understanding between older employees and Millennials. The UK's Institute of Leadership & Management researched the gap in understanding between millennial recruits and their managers in collaboration with Ashridge Business School.[163] The findings included high expectations for advancement, salary and for a coaching relationship with their manager, and suggested that organizations will need to adapt to accommodate and make the best use of Millennials. In an example of a company trying to do just this, Goldman Sachs conducted training programs that used actors to portray Millennials who assertively sought more feedback, responsibility, and involvement in decision making. After the performance, employees discussed and debated the generational differences which they saw played out.[164] In 2014, Millennials were entering an increasingly multi-generational workplace.[165] Even though research has shown that Millennials are joining the workforce during a tough economic time, they still have remained optimistic, as shown when about nine out of ten Millennials surveyed by the Pew Research Center said that they currently have enough money or that they will eventually reach their long-term financial goals.[166] Statistics from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) reveal that between 2014 and 2019, unemployment rates fell in most of the world's major economies, many of which in Europe. Although the unemployment rates of France and Italy remained relatively high, they were markedly lower than previously. Meanwhile, the German unemployment rate dipped below even that of the United States, a level not seen since the German reunification almost three decades prior.[142] Eurostat reported in 2019 that overall unemployment rate across the European Union dropped to its lowest level since January 2000, at 6% in August, meaning about 15.4 million people were out of a job. The Czech Republic (3%), Germany (3%) and Malta (3%) enjoyed the lowest levels of unemployment. Member states with the highest unemployment rates were Italy (10%), Spain (14%), and Greece (17%). Countries with higher unemployment rates compared to 2018 were Denmark (from 4.9% to 5%), Lithuania (6% to 7%), and Sweden (3% to 7%).[167] In November 2019, the European Commission expressed concern over the fact that some member states have "failed to put their finances in order." Belgium, France, and Spain had a debt-to-GDP ratio of almost 100% each while Italy's was 136%. Under E.U. rules, member nations must take steps to decrease public debt if it exceeds 60% of GDP. The Commission commended Greece for making progress in economic recovery.[168] According to the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training (Cedefop), the European Union in the late 2010s suffers from shortages of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) specialists (including information and communications technology (ICT) professionals), medical doctors, nurses, midwives and schoolteachers. However, the picture varies depending on the country. In Italy, environmentally friendly architecture is in high demand. Estonia and France are running short of legal professionals. Ireland, Luxembourg, Hungary, and the United Kingdom need more financial experts. All member states except Finland need more ICT specialists, and all but Belgium, Greece, Spain, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Portugal and the United Kingdom need more teachers. The supply of STEM graduates has been insufficient because the dropout rate is high and because of an ongoing brain drain from some countries. Some countries need more teachers because many are retiring and need to be replaced. At the same time, Europe's aging population necessitates the expansion of the healthcare sector. Disincentives for (potential) workers in jobs in high demand include low social prestige, low salaries, and stressful work environments. Indeed, many have left the public sector for industry while some STEM graduates have taken non-STEM jobs.[169] Spanish think-tank Fedea noted that there were way too few young Europeans enrolled in vocational programs that teach them skills favored by the job market. Many new entrants to the workforce lacked the necessary skills demanded by employers.[7] Even though pundits predicted that the uncertainty due to the 2016 Brexit Referendum would cause the British economy to falter or even fall into a recession, the unemployment rate has dipped below 4% while real wages have risen slightly in the late 2010s, two percent as of 2019. In particular, medical doctors and dentists saw their earnings bumped above the inflation rate in July 2019. Despite the fact that the government promised to an increase in public spending (£13 billion, or 0.6% of GDP) in September 2019, public deficit continues to decline, as it has since 2010. Nevertheless, uncertainty surrounding Britain's international trade policy suppressed the chances of an export boom despite the depreciation of the pound sterling.[170] According to the Office for National Statistics, the median income of the United Kingdom in 2018 was £29,588.[171] Since joining the European Union during the 2007 enlargement of the European Union, Bulgaria has seen a significant portion of its population, many of whom young and educated, leave for better opportunities elsewhere, notably Germany. While the government has failed to keep reliable statistics, economists have estimated that at least 60,000 Bulgarians leave their homeland each year. 30,000 moved to Germany in 2017. As of 2019, an estimated 1.1 million Bulgarians lived abroad. Bulgaria had a population of about seven million in 2018, and this number is projected to continue to decline not just due to low birth rates but also to emigration.[172] Due to the strong correlation between economic growth and youth employment, recessions come with dire consequences for young people in the workforce. In the struggling Southern European economies, such as Greece and Spain, youth unemployment lingered on in the aftermath of the Great Recession, remaining stuck at around a third. With another recession induced by the COVID-19 global pandemic, it could rise to about half. Even the Czech Republic, which previously boasted the lowest youth unemployment rate in Europe, at about 5%, could see that number triple in 2020. Overall, European job markets are hostile towards new entrants, who, unlike their older counterparts, do not have permanent contracts and are often the first to be laid off during hard times.[7] In Canada, the youth unemployment rate in July 2009 was 16%, the highest in 11 years.[173] Between 2014 and 2019, Canada's overall unemployment rate fell from about 7% to below 6%.[142] However, a 2018 survey by accounting and advisory firm BDO Canada found that 34% of Millennials felt "overwhelmed" by their non-mortgage debt. For comparison, this number was 26% for Generation X and 13% for the Baby Boomers. Canada's average non-mortgage debt was CAN$20,000 in 2018. About one in five Millennials were delaying having children because of financial worries. Many Canadian millennial couples are also struggling with their student loan debts.[174] Despite expensive housing costs, Canada's largest cities, Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal, continue to attract Millennials thanks to their economic opportunities and cultural amenities. Research by the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) revealed that for every person in the 20-34 age group who leaves the nation's top cities, Toronto gains seven while Vancouver and Montreal gain up to a dozen each. In fact, there has been a surge in the millennial populations of Canada's top three cities between 2015 and 2018. However, Millennials' rate of home ownership will likely drop as increasing numbers choose to rent instead.[175] By 2019, however, Ottawa emerged as a magnet for Millennials with its strong labor market and comparatively low cost of living, according to a study by Ryerson University. Many of the Millennials relocating to the nation's capital were above the age of 25, meaning they were more likely to be job seekers and home buyers rather than students.[176] An average Canadian home was worth CAN$484,500 in 2018. Despite government legislation (mortgage stress test rules), such a price was quite high compared to some decades before. Adjusted for inflation, it was CAN$210,000 in 1976. Paul Kershaw of the University of British Columbia calculated that the average amount of extra money needed for a down payment in the late 2010s compared to one generation before was equivalent to eating 17 avocado toasts each day for ten years.[177] Meanwhile, the option of renting in a large city is increasingly out of reach for many young Canadians. In 2019, the average rent in Canada cost CAN$1,040 a month, according to the Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation (CMHC). But, as is always the case in real-estate, location matters. An average two-bedroom apartment cost CAN$1,748 per month in Vancouver and CAN$1,547 per month in Toronto, with vacancy rates at about 1.1% and 1.5%, respectively.[178] Canada's national vacancy rate was 2.4% in 2018, the lowest since 2009. New supply—rental apartment complexes that are newly completed or under construction—has not been able to keep up with rising demand. Besides higher prices, higher interest rates and stricter mortgage rules have made home ownership more difficult. International migration contributes to rising demand for housing, especially rental apartments, according to the CMHC, as new arrivals tend to rent rather than purchase. Moreover, a slight decline in youth unemployment in 2018 also drove up demand.[179] While the Canadian housing market is growing, this growth is detrimental to the financial well-being of young Canadians.[177][180] In 2019, Canada's net public debt was CAN$768 billion. Meanwhile, U.S. public debt amounted to US$22 trillion. The Canadian federal government's official figure for the debt-to-GDP ratio was 31%. However, this figure left out debts from lower levels of government. Once these were taken into account, the figure jumped to 88%, according to the International Monetary Fund. For comparison, that number was 238% for Japan, 107% for the United States, and 99% for France. Canada's public debt per person was over CAN$18,000. For Americans, it was US$69,000.[181] Since the Great Recession, Canadian households have accumulated significantly more debt. According to Statistics Canada, the national debt-to-disposable income ratio was 175% in 2019. It was 105% in the U.S. Meanwhile, the national median mortgage debt rose from CAN$95,400 in 1999 to CAN$190,000 in 2016 (in 2016 dollars). Numbers are much higher in the Greater Toronto Area, Vancouver, and Victoria, B.C.[182] A 2018 survey by Abacus Data of 4,000 Canadian Millennials found that 80% identified as members of the middle class, 55% had pharmaceutical insurance, 53% dental insurance, 36% a Registered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP), and 29% an employer-sponsored pension plan.[183] A number of Millennials have opted to save their money and retire early while traveling rather than settling in an expensive North American city. According to them, such a lifestyle costs less than living in a large city.[184] Between the late-2000s and mid-2010s, Canada's tourism deficit—the difference in the amount Canadian travelers spent inside versus outside the nation—grew considerably, exceeding CAN$10 billion in 2008. According to Destination Canada, a Crown agency responsible for promoting tourism in Canada, younger Canadians were eight times more likely to travel outside Canada and inside the nation. This is due to a number of factors. The cost of transportation within Canada was often higher than that of traveling to other countries. For example, flight tickets to Europe were often cheaper than to Toronto or Montreal. Many Canadian Millennials view foreign destinations as exotic and more desirable than in Canada. Social media influenced this tendency, as posts showcasing non-Canadian sites were better received than those about Canadian destinations.[185] The youth unemployment rate in the U.S. reached a record 19% in July 2010 since the statistic started being gathered in 1948.[186] Underemployment is also a major factor. In the U.S. the economic difficulties have led to dramatic increases in youth poverty, unemployment, and the numbers of young people living with their parents.[187] In April 2012, it was reported that half of all new college graduates in the US were still either unemployed or underemployed.[188] In fact, Millennials have benefited the least from the economic recovery following the Great Recession, as average incomes for this generation have fallen at twice the general adult population's total drop and are likely to be on a path toward lower incomes for at least another decade. According to a Bloomberg L.P., "Three and a half years after the worst recession since the Great Depression, the earnings and employment gap between those in the under-35 population and their parents and grandparents threatens to unravel the American dream of each generation doing better than the last. The nation's younger workers have benefited least from an economic recovery that has been the most uneven in recent history."[189] Despite higher college attendance rates than Generation X, many were stuck in low-paid jobs, with the percentage of degree-educated young adults working in low-wage industries rising from 23% to 33% between 2000 and 2014.[190] Not only did they receive lower wages, they also had to work longer hours for fewer benefits.[6] By the mid-2010s, it had already become clear that the U.S. economy was evolving into a highly dynamic and increasingly service-oriented system, with careers getting replaced by short-term full-time jobs, full-time jobs by part-time positions, and part-time positions by income-generating hobbies. In one important way are the economic prospects of Millennials similar to those of their parents the baby boomers: their huge number means that the competition for jobs was always going to be intense.[119] A 2013 joint study by sociologists at the University of Virginia and Harvard University found that the decline and disappearance of stable full-time jobs with health insurance and pensions for people who lack a college degree has had profound effects on working-class Americans, who now are less likely to marry and have children within marriage than those with college degrees.[191] Data from a 2014 study of U.S. Millennials revealed over 56% of this cohort considers themselves as part of the working class, with only approximately 35% considering themselves as part of the middle class; this class identity is the lowest polling of any generation.[192] A 2020 paper by economists William G. Gale, Hilary Gelfond, Jason J. Fichtner, and Benjamin H. Harris examines the wealth accumulated by different demographic cohorts using data from the Survey of Consumer Finances. They find that while the Great Recession has diminished the wealth of all age groups in the short run, a longitudinal analysis reveals that older generations have been able to acquire more wealth whereas Millennials have gotten poorer overall. In particular, the wealth of Millennials in 2016 was less than that of older generations when they were their age in 1989 and 2007. Millennials enjoy a number of important advantages compared to their elders, such as higher levels of education, and longer working lives, but they suffer some disadvantages including limited prospects of economic growth, leading to delayed home ownership and marriage.[193] According to a 2019 TD Ameritrade survey of 1,015 U.S. adults aged 23 and older with at least US$10,000 in investable assets, two thirds of people aged 23 to 38 (Millennials) felt they were not saving enough for retirement, and the top reason why was expensive housing (37%). This was especially true for Millennials with families. 21% said student debt prevented them from saving for the future. For comparison, this number was 12% for Generation X and 5% for the Baby Boomers.[194] While Millennials are well known for taking out large amounts of student loans, these are actually not their main source of non-mortgage personal debt, but rather credit card debt. According to a 2019 Harris poll, the average non-mortgage personal debt of Millennials was US$27,900, with credit card debt representing the top source at 25%. For comparison, mortgages were the top source of debt for the Baby Boomers and Generation X (28% and 30%, respectively) and student loans for Generation Z (20%).[195] According to the U.S. Department of Labor, the unemployment rate in September 2019 was 3.5%, a number not seen since December 1969.[196] For comparison, unemployment attained a maximum of 10% after the Great Recession in October 2009.[197] At the same time, labor participation remained steady and most job growth tended to be full-time positions.[196] Economists generally consider a population with an unemployment rate lower than 4% to be fully employed. In fact, even people with disabilities or prison records are getting hired.[198] Between June 2018 and June 2019, the U.S. economy added a minimum of 56,000 jobs (February 2019) and a maximum of 312,000 jobs (January 2019).[199] The average monthly job gain between the same period was about 213,600.[199] Tony Bedikian, managing director and head of global markets at Citizens Bank, said this is the longest period of economic expansion on record.[199] At the same time, wages continue to grow, especially for low-income earners.[198] On average, they grew by 2.7% in 2016 and 3.3% in 2018.[200] However, the Pew Research Center found that the average wage in the U.S. in 2018 remained more or less the same as it was in 1978, when the seasons and inflation are taken into consideration. Real wages grew only for the top 90th percentile of earners and to a lesser extent the 75th percentile (in 2018 dollars).[201] Nevertheless, these developments ease fears of an upcoming recession.[199] Moreover, economists believe that job growth could slow to an average of just 100,000 per month and still be sufficient to keep up with population growth and keep economic recovery going.[200] As long as firms keep hiring and wages keep growing, consumer spending should prevent another recession.[202] Millennials are expected to make up approximately half of the U.S. workforce by 2020.[162] As they saw their economic prospects improved in the aftermath of the Great Recession, the COVID-19 global pandemic hit, forcing lock-down measures that resulted in an enormous number of people losing their jobs. For Millennials, this is the second major economic downturn in their adult lives so far.[6] Human capital is the engine of economic growth. With this in mind, urban researcher Richard Florida and his collaborators analyzed data from the U.S. Census from between 2012 and 2017 and found that the ten cities with the largest shares of adults with a bachelor's degree or higher are Seattle (63%), San Francisco, the District of Columbia, Raleigh, Austin, Minneapolis, Portland, Denver, Atlanta, and Boston (48%). More specifically, the ten cities with the largest shares of people with graduate degrees are the District of Columbia (33%), Seattle, San Francisco, Boston, Atlanta, Minneapolis, Portland, Denver, Austin, and San Diego (19%). These are the leading information technology hubs of the United States. Cities with the lowest shares of college graduates tend to be from the Rust Belt, such as Detroit, Memphis, and Milwaukee, and the Sun Belt, such as Las Vegas, Fresno, and El Paso. Meanwhile, the ten cities with the fastest growth in the shares of college-educated adults are Miami (46%), Austin, Fort Worth, Las Vegas, Denver, Charlotte, Boston, Mesa, Nashville, and Seattle (25%). More specifically, those with the fastest growing shares of adults with graduate degrees are Miami (47%), Austin, Raleigh, Charlotte, San Jose, Omaha, Seattle, Fresno, Indianapolis, and Sacramento (32%).[203] Florida and his team also found, using U.S. Census data between 2005 and 2017, an increase in employment across the board for members of the "creative class"—people in education, healthcare, law, the arts, technology, science, and business, not all of whom have a university degree—in virtually all U.S. metropolitan areas with a population of a million or more. Indeed, the total number of the creative class grew from 44 million in 2005 to over 56 million in 2017. Florida suggested that this could be a "tipping point" in which talents head to places with a high quality of life yet lower costs of living than well-established creative centers, such as New York City and Los Angeles, what he called the "superstar cities."[204] According to the Department of Education, people with technical or vocational trainings are slightly more likely to be employed than those with a bachelor's degree and significantly more likely to be employed in their fields of specialty. The United States currently suffers from a shortage of skilled tradespeople.[205] As of 2019, the most recent data from the U.S. government reveals that there are over half a million vacant manufacturing jobs in the country, a record high, thanks to an increasing number of Baby Boomers entering retirement. But in order to attract new workers to overcome this "Silver Tsunami," manufacturers need to debunk a number of misconceptions about their industries. For example, the American public tends to underestimate the salaries of manufacturing workers. Nevertheless, the number of people doubting the viability of American manufacturing has declined to 54% in 2019 from 70% in 2018, the L2L Manufacturing Index measured.[206] After the Great Recession, the number of U.S. manufacturing jobs reached a minimum of 11.5 million in February 2010. It rose to 12.8 million in September 2019. It was 14 million in March 2007.[197] As of 2019, manufacturing industries made up 12% of the U.S. economy, which is increasingly reliant on service industries, as is the case for other advanced economies around the world.[207] Nevertheless, twenty-first-century manufacturing is increasingly sophisticated, using advanced robotics, 3D printing, cloud computing, among other modern technologies, and technologically savvy employees are precisely what employers need. Four-year university degrees are unnecessary; technical or vocational training, or perhaps apprenticeships would do.[208] According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the occupations with the highest median annual pay in the United States in 2018 included medical doctors (especially psychiatrists, anesthesiologists, obstetricians and gynecologists, surgeons, and orthodontists), chief executives, dentists, information system managers, chief architects and engineers, pilots and flight engineers, petroleum engineers, and marketing managers. Their median annual pay ranged from about US$134,000 (marketing managers) to over US$208,000 (aforementioned medical specialties).[209] Meanwhile, the occupations with the fastest projected growth rate between 2018 and 2028 are solar cell and wind turbine technicians, healthcare and medical aides, cyber security experts, statisticians, speech-language pathologists, genetic counselors, mathematicians, operations research analysts, software engineers, forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists, post-secondary health instructors, and phlebotomists. Their projected growth rates are between 23% (medical assistants) and 63% (solar cell installers); their annual median pays range between roughly US$24,000 (personal care aides) to over US$108,000 (physician assistants).[210] Occupations with the highest projected numbers of jobs added between 2018 and 2028 are healthcare and personal aides, nurses, restaurant workers (including cooks and waiters), software developers, janitors and cleaners, medical assistants, construction workers, freight laborers, marketing researchers and analysts, management analysts, landscapers and groundskeepers, financial managers, tractor and truck drivers, and medical secretaries. The total numbers of jobs added ranges from 881,000 (personal care aides) to 96,400 (medical secretaries). Annual median pays range from over US$24,000 (fast-food workers) to about US$128,000 (financial managers).[211] Despite economic recovery and despite being more likely to have a bachelor's degree or higher, Millennials are at a financial disadvantage compared to the Baby Boomers and Generation X because of the Great Recession and expensive higher education. Income has become less predictable due to the rise of short-term and freelance positions. According to a 2019 report from the non-partisan non-profit think tank New America, a household headed by a person under 35 in 2016 had an average net worth of almost US$11,000, compared to US$20,000 in 1995. According to the St. Louis Federal Reserve, an average millennial (20 to 35 in 2016) owned US$162,000 of assets, compared to US$198,000 for Generation X at the same age (20 to 35 in 2001).[212] Risk management specialist and business economist Olivia S. Mitchell of the University of Pennsylvania calculated that in order to retire at 50% of their last salary before retirement, Millennials will have to save 40% of their incomes for 30 years. She told CNBC, "Benefits from Social Security are 76% higher if you claim at age 70 versus 62, which can substitute for a lot of extra savings." Maintaining a healthy lifestyle—avoiding smoking, over-drinking, and sleep deprivation—should prove beneficial.[213] Economist Tim Wojan and his colleagues at the Economic Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture analyzed 11,000 businesses using data collected in 2014 and classified them into three groups: substantive innovators, nominal innovators, and non-innovators. They found that 20% of the establishments hailed from rural areas compared to 30% from urban areas. In addition, large innovative firms were more likely to be found in rural areas while small and medium firms tended to come from the metropolitan areas. This is because large patent-intensive manufacturing firms—such as those manufacturing chemicals, electronic components, automotive parts, or medical equipment—were generally based in rural areas while those that provide services tend to cluster in the cities. Nevertheless, rural creative centers tend to be relatively close to large urban centers. The National Endowment for the Arts reported in 2017 that a rural county's probability of having a performing arts organization increased by 60% if it is located near a forest or a national park. Urban researcher Richard Florida concluded that there is no compelling reason to believe that rural America is not as innovative as urban America.[214] Nevertheless, despite the availability of affordable housing, and broadband Internet, the possibility of telecommuting, the reality of high student loan debts and the stereotype of living in their parents' basement, Millennials were steadily leaving rural counties for urban areas for lifestyle and economic reasons in the early 2010s.[215] At that time, Millennials were responsible for the so-called "back-to-the-city" trend.[216] Between 2000 and 2010, the number of Americans living in urban areas grew from 79% to 81% while that in rural areas dropped from 21% to 19%. At the same time, many new cities were born, especially in the Midwest, and others, such as Charlotte, North Carolina, and Austin, Texas, were growing enormously.[217] According to demographer William Frey of the Brookings Institution, the population of young adults (18–34 years of age) in U.S. urban cores increased 5% between 2010 and 2015, the bulk of which can be attributed to ethnic-minority Millennials, especially in places like Atlanta, Boston, Houston, San Antonio, and San Francisco. In fact, this demographic trend was making American cities and their established suburbs more ethnically diverse. On the other hand, white Millennials were the majority in emerging suburbs and exurbs.[218] Mini-apartments, initially found mainly in Manhattan, became more and more common in other major urban areas as a strategy for dealing with high population density and high demand for housing, especially among people living alone. The number of single-person households in the U.S. reached 27% in 2010 from 8% in 1940 and 18% in 1970; in places such as Atlanta, Cincinnati, Denver, Pittsburgh, Seattle, St. Louis and Washington, D.C, it can even exceed 40%, according to Census data. The size of a typical mini-apartment is 300 square feet (28 square meters), or roughly the size of a standard garage and one eighth the size of an average single-family home in the U.S. as of 2013. Many young city residents were willing to give up space in exchange for living in a location they liked. Such apartments are also common in Tokyo and some European capitals.[219] Data from the Census Bureau reveals that in 2018, 34% of American adults below the age of 35 owned a home, compared to the national average of almost 64%.[220] Yet by the late 2010s, things changed. Like older generations, Millennials reevaluate their life choices as they age. Millennials no longer felt attracted by cosmopolitan metropolitan areas the way they once did. A 2018 Gallup poll found that despite living in a highly urbanized country, most Americans would rather live in rural counties than the cities. While rural America lacked the occupational diversity offered by urban America, multiple rural counties can still match one major city in terms of economic opportunities. In addition, rural towns suffered from shortages of certain kinds of professionals, such as medical doctors, and young people moving in, or back, could make a difference for both themselves and their communities. The slower pace of life and lower costs of living were both important.[221] By analyzing U.S. Census data, demographer William H. Frey at the Brookings Institution found that, following the Great Recession, American suburbs grew faster than dense urban cores. For example, for every one person who moved to New York City, five moved out to one of its suburbs. Data released by the U.S. Census Bureau in 2017 revealed that Americans aged 25–29 were 25% more likely to move from a city to a suburb than the other way around; for older Millennials, that number was 50%. Economic recovery and easily obtained mortgages help explain this phenomenon.[222] Millennial homeowners are more likely to be in the suburbs than the cities. This trend will likely continue as more and more Millennials purchase a home. 2019 was the fourth year in a row where the number of Millennials living in the major American cities declined measurably.[223] Exurbs are increasingly popular among Millennials, too. According to Karen Harris, managing director at Bain Macro Trends, at the current rate of growth, exurbs will have more people than cities for the first time in 2025.[224] In 2018, 80,000 Millennials left the nation's largest cities.[221] While 14% of the U.S. population relocate at least once each year, Americans in their 20s and 30s are more likely to move than retirees, according to Frey. People leaving the big cities generally look for places with low cost of living, including housing costs, warmer climates, lower taxes, better economic opportunities, and better school districts for their children.[225][226][227] Economics of space is also important, now that it has become much easier to transmit information and that e-commerce and delivery services have contracted perceived distances.[224] Places in the South and Southwestern United States are especially popular. In some communities, Millennials and their children are moving in so quickly that schools and roads are becoming overcrowded. This rising demand pushes prices upwards, making affordable housing options less plentiful.[216] Historically, between the 1950s and 1980s, Americans left the cities for the suburbs because of crime. Suburban growth slowed because of the Great Recession but picked up pace afterwards.[222] According to the Brookings Institution, overall, American cities with the largest net losses in their millennial populations were New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago, while those with the top net gains were Houston, Denver, and Dallas.[228] According to Census data, Los Angeles County in particular lost 98,608 people in 2018, the single biggest loss in the nation. Moving trucks (U-Haul) are in extremely high demand in the area.[229] High taxes and high cost of living are also reasons why people are leaving entire states behind.[227][230] As is the case with cities, young people are the most likely to relocate. For example, a 2019 poll by Edelman Intelligence of 1,900 residents of California found that 63% of Millennials said they were thinking about leaving the Golden State and 55% said they wanted to do so within five years. 60% of Millennials said the reason why they wanted to move as the cost and availability of housing. In 2018, the median home price in California was US$547,400, about twice the national median. California also has the highest marginal income tax rate of all U.S. states, 12%, plus a subcharge of 1% for those earning a million dollars a year or more. Popular destinations include Oregon, Nevada, Arizona, and Texas, according to California's Legislative Analyst's Office.[230] By analyzing data provided by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), finance company SmartAsset found that for wealthy Millennials, defined as those no older than 35 years of age earning at least US$100,000 per annum, the top states of departure were New York, Illinois, Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, while the top states of destination were California, Washington State, Texas, Colorado, and Florida.[231] SmartAsset also found that the cities with the largest percentages of millennial homeowners in 2018 were Anchorage, AK; Gilbert and Peoria, AZ; Palmdale, Moreno Valley, Hayward, and Garden Grove, CA; Cape Floral, FL; Sioux Falls, SD; and Midland, TX. Among these cities, millennial home-owning rates were between 57% (Gilbert, AZ) and 34% (Hayward, CA).[220] The median price of a home purchased by Millennials in 2019 was $256,500, compared to $160,600 for Generation Z. Broadly speaking, the two demographic cohorts are migrating in opposite directions, with the Millennials moving North and Generation Z going South.[232] Average home sizes was declining between the early- and late-2010s. Nevertheless, entry-level homes, which almost ceased to exist due to the housing bubble, started to return in numbers as builders respond to rising demand from Millennials. In order to cut construction costs, builders offer few to no options for floor plans. Previously, the Great Recession forced Millennials delay home ownership. But by the late 2010s, older Millennials had accumulated sufficient savings and were ready to buy a home, get married, and have children. Prices have risen in the late 2010s due to high demand, but this could attract more companies to enter the business of building affordable homes.[233] As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, interest in suburban properties skyrocketed, with Millennials being the largest block of buyers. In May 2020, when the real-estate market was recovering, searches for suburban properties rose 13%, or twice the rate for urban areas. This trend was observed in more than 50 of the largest 100 American metropolitan areas. In New York City, for example, demand for apartment units in Manhattan nosedived at an annualized rate of 80% in May. As more and more people reconsider whether they would like to live in a densely populated urban environment with high-rise apartments, cultural amenities, and shared spaces rather than a suburban single-family home with their own backyard, the home-building industry was seeing better recovery than expected.[234] As Millennials and senior citizens increasingly demand affordable housing outside the major cities, to prevent another housing bubble, banks and regulators have restricted lending to filter out speculators and those with bad credit.[235] For information on public support for higher education (for domestic students) in the OECD in 2011, see chart below. In Sweden, universities are tuition-free, as is the case in Norway, Denmark, Iceland, and Finland. However, Swedish students typically graduate very indebted due to the high cost of living in their country, especially in the large cities such as Stockholm. The ratio of debt to expected income after graduation for Swedes was about 80% in 2013. In the U.S., despite incessant talk of student debt reaching epic proportions, that number stood at 60%. Moreover, about seven out of eight Swedes graduate with debt, compared to one half in the U.S. In the 2008–09 academic year, virtually all Swedish students take advantage of state-sponsored financial aid packages from a govern agency known as the Centrala Studiestödsnämnden (CSN), which include low-interest loans with long repayment schedules (25 years or until the student turns 60). In Sweden, student aid is based on their own earnings whereas in some other countries, such as Germany or the United States, such aid is premised on parental income as parents are expected to help foot the bill for their children's education. In the 2008–09 academic year, Australia, Austria, Japan, the Netherlands, and New Zealand saw an increase in both the average tuition fees of their public universities for full-time domestic students and the percentage of students taking advantage of state-sponsored student aid compared to 1995. In the United States, there was an increase in the former but not the latter.[236] In 2005, judges in Karlsruhe, Germany, struck down a ban on university fees as unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated the constitutional right of German states to regulate their own higher education systems. This ban was introduced in order to ensure equality of access to higher education regardless of socioeconomic class. Bavarian Science Minister Thomas Goppel told the Associated Press, "Fees will help to preserve the quality of universities." Supporters of fees argued that they would help ease the financial burden on universities and would incentivize students to study more efficiently, despite not covering the full cost of higher education, an average of €8,500 as of 2005. Opponents believed fees would make it more difficult for people to study and graduate on time.[237] Germany also suffered from a brain drain, as many bright researchers moved abroad while relatively few international students were interested in coming to Germany. This has led to the decline of German research institutions.[238] In the 1990s, due to a combination of financial hardship and the fact that universities elsewhere charged tuition, British universities pressed the government to allow them to take in fees. A nominal tuition fee of £1,000 was introduced in autumn 1998. Because not all parents would be able to pay all the fees in one go, monthly payment options, loans, and grants were made available. Some were concerned that making people pay for higher education may deter applicants. This turned out not to be the case. The number of applications fell by only 3% in 1998, and mainly due to mature students rather than 18-year-olds.[239] In 2012, £9,000 worth of student fees were introduced. Despite this, the number of people interested in pursuing higher education grew at a faster rate than the UK population. In 2017, almost half of Britons have received higher education by the age of 30. Prime Minister Tony Blair introduced the goal of having half of young Britons having a university degree in 1999, though he missed the 2010 deadline. Demand for higher education in the United Kingdom remains strong, driven by the need for high-skilled workers from both the public and private sectors. There is, however, a widening gender gap. As of 2017, women were more likely to attend or have attended university than men, 55% to 43%, a 12% difference.[240] In Australia, university tuition fees were introduced in 1989. Regardless, the number of applicants has risen considerably. By the 1990s, students and their families were expected to pay 37% of the cost, up from a quarter in the late 1980s. The most expensive subjects were law, medicine, and dentistry, followed by the natural sciences, and then by the arts and social studies. Under the new funding scheme, the Government of Australia also capped the number of people eligible for higher education, enabling schools to recruits more well-financed (though not necessarily bright) students.[239] According to the Pew Research Center, 53% of American Millennials attended or were enrolled in university in 2002. The number of young people attending university was 44% in 1986.[241] Historically, university students were more likely to be male than female. The difference was especially great during the second half of the twentieth century, when enrollment rose dramatically compared to the 1940s. This trend continues into the twenty-first century. But things started to change by the turn of the new millennium. By the late 2010s, the situation has reversed. Women are now more likely to enroll in university than men. In 2018, upwards of one third of each sex is a university student.[242] In the United States today, high school students are generally encouraged to attend college or university after graduation while the options of technical school and vocational training are often neglected.[205] Historically, high schools separated students on career tracks, with programs aimed at students bound for higher education and those bound for the workforce. Students with learning disabilities or behavioral issues were often directed towards vocational or technical schools. All this changed in the late 1980s and early 1990s thanks to a major effort in the large cities to provide more abstract academic education to everybody. The mission of high schools became preparing students for college, referred to as "high school to Harvard."[243] However, this program faltered in the 2010s, as institutions of higher education came under heightened skepticism due to high costs and disappointing results. People became increasingly concerned about debts and deficits. No longer were promises of educating "citizens of the world" or estimates of economic impact coming from abstruse calculations sufficient. Colleges and universities found it necessary to prove their worth by clarifying how much money from which industry and company funded research, and how much it would cost to attend.[244] Because jobs (that suited what one studied) were so difficult to find in the few years following the Great Recession, the value of getting a liberal arts degree and studying the humanities at an American university came into question, their ability to develop a well-rounded and broad-minded individual notwithstanding.[245] As of 2019, the total college debt has exceeded US$1.5 trillion, and two out of three college graduates are saddled with debt.[241] The average borrower owes US$37,000, up US$10,000 from ten years before. A 2019 survey by TD Ameritrade found that over 18% of Millennials (and 30% of Generation Z) said they have considered taking a gap year between high school and college.[246] In 2019, the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis published research (using data from the 2016 Survey of Consumer Finances) demonstrating that after controlling for race and age cohort families with heads of household with post-secondary education who were born before 1980 there have been wealth and income premiums, while for families with heads of household with post-secondary education but born after 1980 the wealth premium has weakened to point of statistical insignificance (in part because of the rising cost of college) and the income premium while remaining positive has declined to historic lows (with more pronounced downward trajectories with heads of household with postgraduate degrees).[247] Quantitative historian Peter Turchin noted that the United States was overproducing university graduates—he termed this elite overproduction—in the 2000s and predicted, using historical trends, that this would be one of the causes of political instability in the 2020s, alongside income inequality, stagnating or declining real wages, growing public debt. According to Turchin, intensifying competition among graduates, whose numbers were larger than what the economy could absorb, leads to political polarization, social fragmentation, and even violence as many become disgruntled with their dim prospects despite having attained a high level of education. He warned that the turbulent 1960s and 1970s could return, as having a massive young population with university degrees was one of the key reasons for the instability of the past.[248] According to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, students were turning away from liberal arts programs. Between 2012 and 2015, the number of graduates in the humanities dropped from 234,737 to 212,512. Consequently, many schools have relinquished these subjects, dismissed faculty members, or closed completely.[249] Data from the National Center for Education Statistics revealed that between 2008 and 2017, the number of people majoring in English plummeted by just over a quarter. At the same time, those in philosophy and religion fell 22% and those who studied foreign languages dropped 16%. Meanwhile, the number of university students majoring in homeland security, science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and healthcare skyrocketed. (See right.)[250] According to the U.S. Department of Education, people with technical or vocational trainings are slightly more likely to be employed than those with a bachelor's degree and significantly more likely to be employed in their fields of specialty.[205] The United States currently suffers from a shortage of skilled tradespeople.[205] Despite the fact that educators and political leaders, such as President Barack Obama, have been trying to years to improve the quality of STEM education in the United States, and that various polls have demonstrated that more students are interested in these subjects, graduating with a STEM degree is a different kettle of fish altogether. Data collected by the University of California, Los Angeles, (UCLA) in 2011 showed that although these students typically came in with excellent high school GPAs and SAT scores, among science and engineering students, including pre-medical students, 60% changed their majors or failed to graduate, twice the attrition rate of all other majors combined. Despite their initial interest in secondary school, many university students find themselves overwhelmed by the reality of a rigorous STEM education. Some are mathematically unskilled, while others are simply lazy. The National Science Board raised the alarm all the way back in the mid-1980s that students often forget why they wanted to be scientists and engineers in the first place. Many bright students had an easy time in high school and failed to develop good study habits. In contrast, Chinese, Indian, and Singaporean students are exposed to mathematics and science at a high level from a young age. Moreover, given two students who are equally prepared, the one who goes to a more prestigious university is less likely to graduate with a STEM degree than the one who attends a less difficult school. Competition can defeat even the top students. Meanwhile, grade inflation is a real phenomenon in the humanities, giving students an attractive alternative if their STEM ambitions prove too difficult to achieve. Whereas STEM classes build on top of each other—one has to master the subject matter before moving to the next course—and have black and white answers, this is not the case in the humanities, where things are a lot less clear-cut.[251] A February 2018 survey of 1,350 individuals found that 66% of the American Millennials (and 41% of all U.S. adults) surveyed did not know what Auschwitz was,[252] while 41% incorrectly claimed that 2 million Jews or fewer were killed during the Holocaust, and 22% said that they had never heard of the Holocaust.[253] Over 95% of American Millennials were unaware that a portion of the Holocaust occurred in the Baltic states, which lost over 90% of their pre-war Jewish population, and 49% were not able to name a single Nazi concentration camp or ghetto in German-occupied Europe.[254][255] However, at least 93% surveyed believed that teaching about the Holocaust in school is important and 96% believed the Holocaust happened.[256] The YouGov survey found that 42% of American Millennials have never heard of Mao Zedong, who ruled China from 1949 to 1976 and was responsible for the deaths of 20–45 million people; another 40% are unfamiliar with Che Guevara.[257][258] According to a 2018 report from Cancer Research UK, Millennials in the United Kingdom are on track to have the highest rates of overweight and obesity, with current data trends indicating Millennials will overtake the Baby boomer generation in this regard, making Millennials the heaviest generation since current records began. Cancer Research UK reports that more than 70% of Millennials will be overweight or obese by ages 35–45, in comparison to 50% of Baby boomers who were overweight or obese at the same ages.[259][260][261] Even though the majority of strokes affect people aged 65 or older and the probability of having a stroke doubles only every decade after the age of 55, anyone can suffer from a stroke at any age. A stroke is when the bloody supply to the brain is disrupted, causing neurons to die within minutes, leading to irreparable brain damage, disability, or even death. Statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), strokes are the fifth leading cause of death and a major factor behind disability in the United States. According to the National Strokes Association, the risk of having a stroke is increasing among young adults (those in their 20s and 30s) and even adolescents. During the 2010s, there was a 44% increase in the number of young people hospitalized for strokes. Health experts believe this development is due to a variety of reasons related to lifestyle choices, including obesity, smoking, alcoholism, and physical inactivity. Obesity is also linked to hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol levels. CDC data reveals that during the mid-2000s, about 28% of young Americans were obese; this number rose to 36% a decade later. Up to 80% of strokes can be prevented by making healthy lifestyle choices while the rest are due to factors beyond a person's control, namely age and genetic defects (such as congenital heart disease). In addition, between 30% and 40% of young patients suffered from cryptogenic strokes, or those with unknown causes.[262] Fewer American Millennials follow sports than their Generation X predecessors,[263] with a McKinsey survey finding that 38 percent of Millennials in contrast to 45 percent of Generation X are committed sports fans.[264] However, the trend is not uniform across all sports; the gap disappears for National Basketball Association, Ultimate Fighting Championship, English Premier League and college sports.[263] For example, a survey in 2013 found that engagement with mixed martial arts had increased in the 21st century and was more popular than boxing and wrestling for Americans aged 18 to 34 years old, in contrast to those aged 35 and over who preferred boxing.[265] In the United States, while the popularity of American football and the National Football League has declined among Millennials, the popularity of Association football and Major League Soccer has increased more among Millennials than for any other generation, and as of 2018 was the second most popular sport among those aged 18 to 34.[266][267] Regarding the sports participation by Millennials, activities that are popular or emerging among Millennials including boxing,[268] cycling,[269][270] running,[271] and swimming,[272] while other sports including golf are facing decline among Millennials.[273][274] The Physical Activity Council's 2018 Participation Report found that in the U.S., Millennials were more likely than other generations to participate in water sports such as stand up paddling, board-sailing and surfing. According to the survey of 30,999 Americans, which was conducted in 2017, approximately half of U.S. Millennials participated in high caloric activities while approximately one quarter were sedentary. The 2018 report from the Physical Activity Council found Millennials were more active than Baby Boomers in 2017. Thirty-five percent of both Millennials and Generation X were reported to be "active to a healthy level", with Millennial's activity level reported as higher overall than that of Generation X in 2017.[275][276] A 2004 Gallup poll of Americans aged 13 to 17 found that 71% said their social and political views were more or less the same as those of their parents. 21% thought they were more liberal and 7% more conservative. According to demographer and public policy analyst Philip Longman, "even among baby boomers, those who wound up having children have turned out to be remarkably similar to their parents in their attitudes about 'family' values."[277] In the postwar era, most returning servicemen looked forward to "making a home and raising a family" with their wives and lovers, and for many men, family life was a source of fulfillment and a refuge from the stress of their careers. Life in the late 1940s and 1950s was centered about the family and the family was centered around children.[278] Researchers found that while only 9% of teenagers who identified with the Republican Party considered themselves more conservative than their parents, compared to 77% who shared their parents' views, 25% of adolescents who identified with the Democratic Party and 28% of politically independent teens said they were more liberal than their parents. Another 2004 Gallup poll of the same age group found that a clear majority of teenagers considered themselves to be politically moderate, 56%. Only 7% and 18% deemed themselves very conservative or conservative, respectively, and 10% and 6% believed they were liberal or very liberal, respectively. (The bar plot roughly resembles a Gaussian distribution or an isosceles triangle centered around moderates. See right.) By comparing with a 2004 poll of Americans aged 18 and over, Gallup discovered that teens were substantially more moderate then adults (56% to 38%), less conservative (25% to 40%), and just about as liberal (16% to 19%).[277] However, political scientist Elias Dinas discovered, by studying the results from the Political Socialisation Panel Study and further data from the United Kingdom and the United States, that while children born to politically engaged parents tended to be politically engaged themselves, those who absorbed their parents' views the earliest were also the most likely to abandon them later in life.[279] Millennials are more willing to vote than previous generations when they were at the same age. With voter rates being just below 50% for the four presidential cycles before 2017, they have already surpassed members of Generation X of the same age who were at just 36%.[280] In 2018, Gallup conducted a survey of almost 14,000 Americans from all 50 states and the District of Columbia aged 18 and over on their political sympathies. They found that overall, younger adults tended to lean liberal while older adults tilted conservative. More specifically, groups with strong conservative leanings included the elderly, residents of the Midwest and the South, and people with some or no college education. Groups with strong liberal leanings were adults with advanced degrees, whereas those with moderate liberal leanings included younger adults (18 to 29 and 30 to 49), women, and residents of the East. Gallup found little variations by income groups compared to the national average. Among adults between the ages of 18 and 29—older Generation Z and younger Millennials—Gallup found that 30% identified as liberals, 40% as moderates, and 26% as conservatives. Among adults aged 30 to 49—older Millennials and younger Generation X—they found that 30% considered themselves liberals, 37% moderates, and 29% conservatives.(See above.) Between 1992 and 2018, the number of people identifying as liberals steadily increased, 17% to 26%, mainly at the expense of the group identifying as moderates. Meanwhile, the proportion of conservatives remained largely unchanged, albeit with fluctuations. Between 1994 and 2018, the number of members of the Democratic Party identifying as liberal rose from 25% to 51%, as the number of both moderates and conservatives gradually fell. Liberals became a majority in this political party for the first time in 2018. During the same period, in the Republican Party, the proportion of people calling themselves conservatives climbed from 58% to 73% while the numbers of moderates and liberals both dropped. In other words, this political party saw its conservative majority expanding. Meanwhile, among political independents, the percentage of moderates, the dominant group, remained largely unchanged.[281] The Economist observed in 2013 that, like their British counterparts, Millennials in the United States held more positive attitudes towards recognizing same-sex marriage than older demographic cohorts.[282] However, a 2018 poll conducted by Harris on behalf of the LGBT advocacy group GLAAD found that despite being frequently described as the most tolerant segment of society, people aged 18 to 34—most Millennials and the oldest members of Generation Z—have become less accepting LGBT individuals compared to previous years. In 2016, 63% of Americans in that age group said they felt comfortable interacting with members of the LGBT community; that number dropped to 53% in 2017 and then to 45% in 2018. On top of that, more people reported discomfort learning that a family member was LGBT (from 29% in 2017 to 36% in 2018), having a child learning LGBT history (30% to 39%), or having an LGBT doctor (27% to 34%). Harris found that young women were driving this development; their overall comfort levels dived from 64% in 2017 to 52% in 2018. In general, the fall of comfort levels was the steepest among people aged 18 to 34 between 2016 and 2018. (Seniors aged 72 or above became more tolerant of LGBT doctors or having their (grand) children taking LGBT history lessons during the same period, albeit with a bump in discomfort levels in 2017.)[283] Results from this Harris poll were released on the 50th anniversary of the riots that broke out in Stonewall Inn,[283] New York City, in June 1969, thought to be the start of the LGBT rights movement.[284] At that time, homosexuality was considered a mental illness or a crime in many U.S. states.[284]2018 surveys of American teenagers 13 to 17 and adults aged 18 or over conducted by the Pew Research Center found that Millennials and Generation Z held similar views on various political and social issues. More specifically, 56% of Millennials believed that climate change is real and is due to human activities while only 8% reject the scientific consensus on climate change. 64% wanted the government to play a more active role in solving their problems. 65% were indifferent towards pre-nuptial cohabitation. 48% considered single motherhood to be neither a positive or a negative for society. 61% saw increased ethnic or racial diversity as good for society. 47% did the same for same-sex marriage, and 53% interracial marriage. (See chart.) In most cases, Millennials tended hold quite different views from the Silent Generation, with the Baby Boomers and Generation X in between. In the case of financial responsibility in a two-parent household, though, majorities from across the generations answered that it should be shared, with 58% for the Silent Generation, 73% for the Baby Boomers, 78% for Generation X, and 79% for both the Millennials and Generation Z. Across all the generations surveyed, at least 84% thought that both parents ought to be responsible for rearing children. Very few thought that fathers should be the ones mainly responsible for taking care of children.[285] In 2015, a Pew Research study found 40% of Millennials in the United States supported government restriction of public speech offensive to minority groups. Support for restricting offensive speech was lower among older generations, with 27% of Gen Xers, 24% of Baby Boomers, and only 12% of the Silent Generation supporting such restrictions. Pew Research noted similar age related trends in the United Kingdom, but not in Germany and Spain, where Millennials were less supportive of restricting offensive speech than older generations. In France, Italy, and Poland no significant age differences were observed.[286] In the U.S. and UK during the mid-2010s, younger Millennials brought changes to higher education via drawing attention to microaggressions and advocating for implementation of safe spaces and trigger warnings in the university setting. Critics of such changes have raised concerns regarding their impact on free speech, asserting these changes can promote censorship, while proponents have described these changes as promoting inclusiveness.[287][288] A 2018 Gallup poll found that people aged 18 to 29 have a more favorable view of socialism than capitalism, 51% to 45%. Nationally, 56% of Americans prefer capitalism compared to 37% who favor socialism. Older Americans consistently prefer capitalism to socialism. Whether the current attitudes of Millennials and Generation Z on capitalism and socialism will persist or dissipate as they grow older remains to be seen.[289] Gallup polls conducted in 2019 revealed that 62% of people aged 18 to 29—older members of Generation Z and younger Millennials—support giving women access to abortion while 33% opposed. In general, the older someone was, the less likely that they supported abortion. 56% of people aged 65 or over did not approve of abortion compared to 37% who did. (See chart to the right.) Gallup found in 2018 that nationwide, Americans are split on the issue of abortion, with equal numbers of people considering themselves "pro-life" or "pro-choice", 48%.[290] In his doctoral dissertation submitted in 2003, social psychologist Jason Weeden conducted statistical analyses on general-public and undergraduate datasets and reached conclusions supporting the hypothesis that attitudes towards abortion are more strongly predicted by mating-relevant variables than by variables related to views on the sanctity of life.[291] Some evolutionary psychologists and sociologists believe that the various mating strategies are in direct strategic conflict—a zero-sum game—and as such can influence political persuasion. For instance, the stability of long-term partnerships may be threatened by the availability of short-term sexual opportunities. Therefore, public policy measures that impose costs on casual sexual intercourse may benefit people pursuing long-term mating strategies by reducing the availability of short-term mating opportunities outside of committed relationships. Such policies include the prohibition of abortion and of recreational drug use. This relationship remained strong even when controlling for personality traits, political orientation, and moral values. By contrast, nonsexual variables typically associated with attitudes towards drug legalization were strongly attenuated or eliminated when controlling for sexuality-related measures.[291][292] These findings were replicated in Belgium, Japan, and the Netherlands.[293] Polls conducted by Gallup and the Pew Research Center found that support for stricter gun laws among people aged 18 to 29 and 18 to 36, respectively, is statistically no different from that of the general population. According to Gallup, 57% of Americans are in favor of stronger gun control legislation.[294] In a 2017 poll, Pew found that among the age group 18 to 29, 27% personally owned a gun and 16% lived with a gun owner, for a total of 43% living in a household with at least one gun. Nationwide, a similar percentage of American adults lived in a household with a gun (41%).[295] In 2019, the Pew Research Center interviewed over 2,000 Americans aged 18 and over on their views of various components of the federal government. They found that 54% of the people between the ages of 18 and 29 wanted larger government and larger compared to 43% who preferred smaller government and fewer services. Meanwhile, 46% of those between the ages of 30 and 49 favored larger government compared to 49% who picked the other option. Older people were more likely to dislike larger government. Overall, the American people remain divided over the size and scope of government, with 48% preferring smaller government with fewer services and 46% larger government and more services. They found that the most popular federal agencies were the U.S. Postal Service (90% favorable), the National Park Service (86%), NASA (81%), the CDC (80%), the FBI (70%), the Census Bureau (69%), the SSA (66%), the CIA, and the Federal Reserve (both 65%). There is very little to no partisan divide on the Postal Service, the National Park Service, NASA, the CIA, the Census Bureau.[296] According to a 2019 CBS News poll on 2,143 U.S. residents, 72% of Americans 18 to 44 years of age—Generations X, Y (Millennials), and Z—believed that it is a matter of personal responsibility to tackle climate change while 61% of older Americans did the same. In addition, 42% of American adults under 45 years old thought that the U.S. could realistically transition to 100% renewable energy by 2050 while 29% deemed it unrealistic and 29% were unsure. Those numbers for older Americans are 34%, 40%, and 25%, respectively. Differences in opinion might be due to education as younger Americans are more likely to have been taught about climate change in schools than their elders.[297] As of 2019, only 17% of electricity in the U.S. is generated from renewable energy, of which, 7% is from hydroelectric dams, 6% from wind turbines, and 1% solar panels. There are no rivers for new dams. Meanwhile, nuclear power plants generate about 20%, but their number is declining as they are being deactivated but not replaced.[298] In early 2019, Harvard University's Institute of Politics Youth Poll asked voters aged 18 to 29—younger Millennials and the first wave of Generation Z—what they would like to be priorities for U.S. foreign policy. They found that the top issues for these voters were countering terrorism and protecting human rights (both 39%), and protecting the environment (34%). Preventing nuclear proliferation and defending U.S. allies were not as important to young American voters. The Poll found that support for single-payer universal healthcare and free college dropped, down 8% to 47% and down 5% to 51%, respectively, if cost estimates were provided.[299] Pew Research described Millennials as playing a significant role in the election of Barack Obama as President of the United States. Millennials were between 12 and 27 during the 2008 U.S presidential election.[35] That year, the number of voters aged 18 to 29 who chose the Democratic candidate was 66%, a record since 1980. The total share of voters who backed the President's party was 53%, another record. For comparison, only 31% of voters in that age group backed John McCain, who got only 46% of the votes. Among Millennials, Obama received votes from 54% of whites, 95% of blacks, and 72% of Hispanics. There was no significant difference between those with college degrees and those without, but millennial women were more likely to vote for Obama than men (69% vs. 62%). Among voters between the ages of 18 and 29, 45% identified with the Democratic Party while only 26% sided with the Republican Party, a gap of 19%. Back in 2000, the two main American political parties split the vote of this age group. This was a significant shift in the American political landscape. Millennials not only provided their votes but also the enthusiasm that marked the 2008 election. They volunteered in political campaigns and donated money.[300] But that millennial enthusiasm all but vanished by the next election cycle while older voters showed more interest.[301] In 2012, when Americans reelected Barack Obama, the voter participation gap between people above the age of 65 and those aged 18 to 24 was 31%.[302] Pew polls conducted a year prior showed that while Millennials preferred Barack Obama to Mitt Romney (61% to 37%), members of the Silent Generation leaned towards Romney rather than Obama (54% to 41%). But when looking at white Millennials only, Pew found that Obama's advantage which he enjoyed in 2008 ceased to be, as they were split between the two candidates.[301] Although Millennials are one of the largest voting blocs in the United States, their voting turnout rates have been subpar. Between the mid-2000s and the mid-2010s, Millennial voting participation was consistently below those of their elders, fluctuating between 46% and 51%. For comparison, turnout rates for Generation X and the Baby Boomers rose during the same period, 60% to 69% and 41% to 63%, respectively, while those of the oldest of voters remained consistently at 69% or more. Millennials may still be a potent force at the ballot box, but it may be years before their participation rates reach their numerical potential as young people are consistently less likely to vote than their elders.[303] In addition, despite the hype surrounding the political engagement and possible record turnout among young voters, Millennials' voting power is even weaker than first appeared due to the comparatively higher number of them who are non-citizens (12%, as of 2019), according to William Frey of the Brookings Institution.[304] In general, the phenomenon of growing political distrust and de-alignment in the United States is similar to what has been happening in Europe since the last few decades of the twentieth century, even though events like the Watergate scandal or the threatened impeachment of President Bill Clinton are unique to the United States. Such an atmosphere depresses turnouts among younger voters. Among voters in the 18-to-24 age group, turnout dropped from 51% in 1964 to 38% in 2012. Although people between the ages of 25 and 44 were more likely to vote, their turnout rate followed a similarly declining trend during the same period. Political scientists Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin argued that it was therefore unrealistic for Hillary Clinton to expect high turnout rates among Millennials in 2016. This political environment also makes voters more likely to consider political outsiders such as Bernie Sanders and Donald Trump.[302] The Brookings Institution predicted that after 2016, Millennials could affect how politics is conducted in the two-party system of the United States, given that they were more likely to identify as liberals or conservatives than Democrats or Republicans, respectively. In particular, while Trump supporters were markedly enthusiastic about their chosen candidate, the number of young voters identifying with the GOP has not increased.[305] Bernie Sanders, a self-proclaimed democratic socialist and Democratic candidate in the 2016 United States presidential election, was the most popular candidate among millennial voters in the primary phase, having garnered more votes from people under 30 in 21 states than the major parties' candidates, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, did combined.[306] According to the Brookings Institution, turnout among voters aged 18 to 29 in the 2016 election was 50%. Hillary Clinton won 55% of the votes from this age group while Donald Trump secured 37%. Polls conducted right before the election showed that millennial blacks and Hispanics were concerned about a potential Trump presidency. By contrast, Trump commanded support among young whites, especially men. There was also an enthusiasm gap for the two main candidates. While 32% of young Trump supporters felt excited about the possibility of him being President, only 18% of Clinton supporters said the same about her. The Bookings Institution found that among Trump voters in the 18-to-29 age group, 15% were white women with college degrees, 18% were the same without, 14% were white men with college degrees, and 32% were the same without, for a grand total of 79%. These groups were only 48% of Clinton voters of the same age range in total. On the other hand, a total of 52% of Clinton voters aged 18 to 29 were non-whites with college degrees (17%) and non-whites without them (35%).[305] Clinton's chances of success were hampered by low turnouts among minorities and Millennials with university degrees and students. Meanwhile, Trump voters included 41% of white Millennials. These people tended to be non-degree holders with full-time jobs and were markedly less likely to be financially insecure than those who did not support Trump. Contrary to the claim that young Americans felt comfortable with the ongoing transformation of the ethnic composition of their country due to immigration, not all of them approve of this change despite the fact that they are an ethnically diverse cohort.[307] In the end, Trump won more votes from whites between the ages of 18 and 29 than early polls suggested.[305] As is the case with many European countries, empirical evidence poses real challenges to the popular argument that the surge of nationalism and populism is an ephemeral phenomenon due to 'angry white old men' who would inevitably be replaced by younger and more liberal voters.[307] Especially since the 1970s, working-class voters, who had previously formed the backbone of support for the New Deal introduced by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, have been turning away from the left-leaning Democratic Party in favor of the right-leaning Republican Party. As the Democratic Party attempted to make itself friendlier towards the university-educated and women during the 1990s, more blue-collar workers and non-degree holders left. Political scientist Larry Bartels argued because about one quarter of Democrat supporters held social views more in-tune with Republican voters and because there was no guarantee Millennials would maintain their current political attitudes due to life-cycle effects, this process of political re-alignment would likely continue. As is the case with Europe, there are potential pockets of support for national populism among younger generations.[302] A Reuters-Ipsos survey of 16,000 registered voters aged 18 to 34 conducted in the first three months of 2018 (and before the 2018 midterm election) showed that overall support for Democratic Party among such voters fell by nine percent between 2016 and 2018 and that an increasing number favored the Republican Party's approach to the economy. Pollsters found that white Millennials, especially men, were driving this change. In 2016, 47% of young whites said they would vote for the Democratic Party, compared to 33% for the Republican Party, a gap of 14% in favor of the Democrats. But in 2018, that gap vanished, and the corresponding numbers were 39% for each party. For young white men the shift was even more dramatic. In 2016, 48% said they would vote for the Democratic Party and 36% for the Republican Party. But by 2018, those numbers were 37% and 46%, respectively. This is despite the fact that almost two thirds of young voters disapproved of the performance of Republican President Donald J. Trump.[308] According to the Pew Research Center, only 27% of Millennials approved of the Trump presidency while 65% disapproved that year.[309] The Economist reported in 2013 that surveys of political attitudes among Millennials in the United Kingdom revealed that they held more liberal views on social and economic matters than older demographic groups. They favored individual liberty, small government, low taxes, limited welfare programs, and personal responsibility. While support for increased welfare programs for the poor at the cost of potentially higher taxes has declined steadily since the 1980s among all living demographic cohorts in the U.K., Generation Y disapproved of such spending schemes the most, according to data from Ipsos MORI and the British Social Attitudes Survey. On the other hand, they had a more relaxed attitude towards alcohol consumption, euthanasia, same-sex marriage and the legalization of drugs. They disliked immigration, though less than their elders. They were more likely then their elders to support public debt reduction. They cared about the environment, but not at the expense of economic prosperity, and they supported privatizing utilities. In other words, they were classical liberals or libertarians. Ipsos pollster Ben Page told The Economist, "Every successive generation is less collectivist than the last."[282] A 2013 YouGov poll of almost a thousand people aged 18 to 24 in the United Kingdom found that 73% in total supported the legalization of same-sex marriage and only 15% opposed. 41% either strongly or somewhat supported legalizing "soft" drugs, such as cannabis while 46% strongly or somewhat opposed. The five most popular political parties for young Britons were the Labour Party (23%), the Conservative Party (12%), the Liberal Democratic Party (7%), the Green Party (7%), and the United Kingdom Independence Party (6%). 19% of British youths identified with no party whatsoever. When asked which politician they admired, 77% picked the 'none' option, followed by Boris Johnson (4%). 59% had signed a petition. 47% had voted in a local or national election, and 19% had contacted a politician representing them. Overall, 60% had an unfavorable of the British political system. 12% thought British immigration laws were too tough, 54% said they were too lax, and 16% deemed them appropriate. About one third opined that taxes and public spending were too high. 22% said they were insufficient and one fifth thought they were about right. 34% believed welfare benefits were too generous and should be cut. 22% argued they were not enough and should be increased and 24% thought they struck the right balance. Almost three quarters agreed that the welfare system was frequently abused and 63% thought those who genuinely needed it were branded as 'scroungers'. A total of 40% were proud and 46% not proud of Britain's current welfare system. Some 39% thought that the current welfare system is financially untenable and needs to be slashed while 49% thought the status quo is fine. A total of 65% were either very or fairly proud of the United Kingdom Armed Forces, 62% the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 77% the National Health Service (NHS). 57% thought that it would be possible to keep the NHS free at the point of service and 26% thought the NHS would eventually need to charge people in order to stay afloat.[97] According to a YouGov poll conducted right before the referendum on the possible departure of the United Kingdom from the European Union (Brexit) in 2016, almost three quarters of voters aged 18 to 24 opposed leaving the E.U. while just under one fifth supported leaving.[310] 64% of Britons aged 25 to 29 and 61% between the ages of 30 to 35 supported remaining in the E.U.[311] Meanwhile, 34% of pensioners wanted to remain and 59% wanted to leave.[310] Older people were more likely to vote,[311] and vote to leave.[310] One of the reasons behind this generational gap is the fundamentally different environment that millennial voters grew up in. Many older voters came of age when Britain was a majority-white country, when collective memory of the British Empire and its victory in World War II was strong, when most people did not attend university, when abortion and homosexuality were illegal and the death penalty remained in place till the 1960s. By contrast, Millennials, many of whom support the left-wing politician Jeremy Corbyn, grew up at a time when the United Kingdom was a member of the EU, when graduation from university was common, and when the political consensus favors immigration and EU membership. But age is not the only reason, as voter data shows.[307] By analyzing polling data, the Wall Street Journal found that 19% of voters aged 18 to 24 either did not vote or were unsure, as did 17% of voters aged 25 to 49. Meanwhile, 10% of voters aged 50 to 64 and 6% of voters aged 65 and over abstained or were undecided. Overall, 52% (or 17.4 million) of British voters chose to leave and 48% (or 16.1 million) to remain in the E.U.[312] Voter turnout was 72%, a sizeable figure, though not the largest on record after World War II, which was 84% in 1950. However, only 28.8 million people voted in 1950, compared to about 33.6 million in 2016.[313] Still, it is the highest since 1992, as of 2019.[314] That turnouts in millennial-majority constituencies were subpar while those in working-class neighborhoods were above average contributed to the outcome of the Brexit Referendum. Public opinion polls often underestimated the political power of working-class voters because these people are typically underrepresented in samples. Commonly made predictions of a victory for the Remain side created a sense of complacency among those who wanted the U.K. to remain in the European Union and a sense of urgency among those who wanted to leave.[302] While young people tend to view the European Union more favorably, it is erroneous to believe that they all oppose Brexit for all the same reasons. For example, someone from Northern Ireland is probably more concerned about the prospects of a physical border between that part of the U.K. and the Republic of Ireland than, say, losing the ability to study abroad in continental Europe under the E.U.-sponsored Erasmus Program.[315] Nor is it accurate to say that the proponents of Brexit form a homogeneous group. Besides many wealthy retirees, immigrants, and children of immigrants, one third of university graduates voted to leave.[114] As of 2017, about half of young British adults under 30 years of age have attended or are attending an institution of higher education, a number higher than previous generations.[240] A YouGov poll conducted in the spring of 2018 revealed that 58% of Britons between the ages of 25 and 49 thought that immigration to their country was 'too high', compared to 41% of those aged 18 to 24.[307] Despite reports of a surge in turnouts among young voters in the 2015 and 2017 United Kingdom general elections, statistical scrutiny by the British Elections Study revealed that the margin of error was too large to determine whether or not there was a significant increase or decrease in the number of young participants. In both cases, turnouts among those aged 18 to 24 was between 40% and 50%. Winning the support of young people does not necessarily translate to increasing young voters' turnouts,[316] and positive reactions on social media may not lead to success at the ballot box.[317] Initial reports of a youth surge came from constituency-level survey data, which has a strong chance of over-representing voters rather than the Kingdom as a whole. In addition, higher turnouts generally came from constituencies where there were already large proportions of young people, both toddlers and young adults, and such surges did not necessarily come from young voters. In 2017, there was indeed an increase in overall voter turnout, but only by 2.5%.[316] A consistent trend in the U.K. and many other countries is that older people are more likely to vote than their younger countrymen, and they tend to vote for more right-leaning (or conservative) candidates.[316][317][304] Historically, political participation among young Canadian voters has been low, no higher than 40%.[318] However, the 2015 federal election was an exception, when 57% of the people aged 18 to 34 voted. Canadian Millennials played a key role in the election of Justin Trudeau as Prime Minister of Canada. While Stephen Harper and the Conservative Party received approximately the same number of votes as they did in 2011, the surge in the youth vote was enough to push Trudeau to the top. His core campaign message centered around gender equality, tolerance, legalizing marijuana, addressing climate change, and governmental transparency while Harper focused on tax cuts. Nevertheless, political scientist Melanee Thomas at the University of Calgary warned that the electoral power of this demographic group should not be overestimated, since Millennials do not vote as a single bloc.[318] Even though Millennials tend to vote for left-leaning candidates, certain items from right-leaning platforms can resonate with them, such as high but affordable standards of living.[319] A 2018 survey of 4,000 Canadian Millennials by Abacus Data found that 54% of the people asked favored socialism and 46% capitalism. Most want to address climate change, alleviate poverty, and adopt a more open immigration policy, but most important were micro-economic concerns, such as housing affordability, the cost of living, healthcare, and job-market uncertainties.[183][319] Housing affordability is a key political issue for young Canadians, regardless of where they live, urban, suburban, or rural Canada. Because clear majorities are in favor of government interventionism, they generally tolerate deficit spending.[183] According to Sean Simpsons of Ipsos, people are more likely to vote when they have more at stake, such as children to raise, homes to maintain, and income taxes to pay.[319] In France, while year-long mandatory military service for men was abolished in 1996 by President Jacques Chirac, who wanted to build a professional all-volunteer military,[320] all citizens between 17 and 25 years of age must still participate in the Defense and Citizenship Day (JAPD), when they are introduced to the French Armed Forces, and take language tests.[320] A 2015 IFOP poll revealed that 80% of the French people supported some kind of mandatory service, military, or civilian. The rationale for the reintroduction of national service was that "France needs powerful tools to help promote integration, mix young people of different social backgrounds and levels, and to instill Republican values and national cohesion." At the same time, returning to conscription was also popular; supporters included 90% of the UMP party, 89% of the National Front (now the National Rally), 71% of the Socialist Party, and 67% of people aged 18 to 24, even though they would be affected the most. This poll was conducted after the Charlie Hebdo terrorist attacks. In previous years, it averaged 60%.[321] The period between the middle to the late twentieth century could be described as an era of 'mass politics', meaning people were generally loyal to a chosen political party. Political debates were mostly about economic questions, such as wealth redistribution, taxation, jobs, and the role of government. But as countries transitioned from having industrial economies to a post-industrial and globalized world, and as the twentieth century became the twenty-first, topics of political discourse changed to other questions and polarization due to competing values intensified. While this new period of political evolution was taking place, a new cohort of voters—Millennials—entered the scene and these people tend to think differently about the old issues than their elders. Moreover, they are less inclined than previous generations to identify (strongly) with a particular political party.[302] But scholars such as Ronald Inglehart traced the roots of this new 'culture conflict' all the way back to the 1960s, which witnessed the emergence of the Baby Boomers, who were generally university-educated middle-class voters. Whereas their predecessors in the twentieth century—the Lost Generation, the Greatest Generation, and the Silent Generation—had to endure severe poverty and world wars, focused on economic stability or simple survival, the Baby Boomers benefited from an economically secure, if not affluent, upbringing and as such tended to be drawn to 'post-materialist' values. Major topics for political discussion at that time were things like the sexual revolution, civil rights, nuclear weaponry, ethnocultural diversity, environmental protection, European integration, and the concept of 'global citizenship'. Some mainstream parties, especially the social democrats, moved to the left in order to accommodate these voters. In the twenty-first century, supporters of post-materialism lined up behind causes such as LGBT rights, climate change, multiculturalism, and various political campaigns on social media. Inglehart called this the "Silent Revolution." But not everyone approved, giving rise to what Piero Ignazi called the "Silent Counter-Revolution."[302] The university-educated and non-degree holders have very different upbringing, live very different lives, and as such hold very different values.[322] Education plays a role in this 'culture conflict' as national populism appeals most strongly to those who finished high school but did not graduate from university while the experience of higher education has been shown to be linked to having a socially liberal mindset. Degree holders tend to favor tolerance, individual rights, and group identities whereas non-degree holders lean towards conformity, and maintaining order, customs, and traditions.[307] While the number of university-educated Western voters continues to grow, in many democracies non-degree holders still form a large share of the electorate. According to the OECD, in 2016, the average share of voters between the ages of 25 and 64 without tertiary education in the European Union was 66% of the population. In Italy, it exceeded 80%. In many major democracies, such as France, although the representation of women and ethnic minorities in the corridors of power has increased, the same cannot be said for the working-class and non-degree holders.[322] By analyzing voter data, political scientists Roger Eatwell and Matthew Goodwin came to the conclusion that the popular narrative that the rise of national-populist movements seen across much of the Western world is due largely to angry old white men who would soon be replaced by younger and more liberal voters is flawed. In many European democracies, national-populist politicians and political parties tend to be the most popular among voters below the age of 40. In France, Marine Le Pen and her National Rally (formerly the National Front) won more votes from people between the ages of 18 and 35 during the first round of the 2017 Presidential election than any other candidates. In Italy, Matteo Salvini and his League have a base of support with virtually no generational gap. In Austria, more than one in two men between the ages of 18 and 29 voted for the Freedom Party in 2016. The Alternative for Germany's strongest support came not from senior citizens but voters between 25 and 50 years of age. The Sweden Democrats were the second most popular political party for voters aged 18 to 24 and the most popular for those between 35 and 54 in 2018.[307] Millennials in the U.S. were initially not keen on getting a driver's license or owning a vehicle thanks to new licensing laws and the state of the economy when they came of age, but the oldest among them have already begun buying cars in great numbers. In 2016, Millennials purchased more cars and trucks than any living generation except the Baby Boomers; in fact, Millennials overtook Baby Boomers in car ownership in California that year.[323] A working paper by economists Christopher Knittel and Elizabeth Murphy then at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the National Bureau of Economic Research analyzed data from the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Household Transportation Survey, the U.S. Census Bureau, and American Community Survey in order to compare the driving habits of the Baby Boomers, Generation X, and the oldest Millennials (born between 1980 and 1984). That found that on the surface, the popular story is true: American Millennials on average own 0.4 fewer cars than their elders. But when various factors—including income, marital status, number of children, and geographical location—were taken into account, such a distinction ceased to be. In addition, once those factors are accounted for, Millennials actually drive longer distances than the Baby Boomers. Economic forces, namely low gasoline prices, higher income, and suburban growth, result in Millennials having an attitude towards cars that is no different from that of their predecessors. An analysis of the National Household Travel Survey by the State Smart Transportation Initiative revealed that higher-income Millennials drive less than their peers probably because they are able to afford the higher costs of living in large cities, where they can take advantage of alternative modes of transportation, including public transit and ride-hailing services.[324] According to the Pew Research Center, young people are more likely to ride public transit. In 2016, 21% of adults aged 18 to 21 took public transit on a daily, almost daily, or weekly basis. By contrast, this number of all U.S. adults was 11%.[325] Nationwide, about three quarters of American commuters drive their own cars.[326] Also according to Pew, 51% of U.S. adults aged 18 to 29 used Lyft or Uber in 2018 compared to 28% in 2015. That number for all U.S. adults were 15% in 2015 and 36% in 2018. In general, users tend to be urban residents, young (18–29), university graduates, and high income earners ($75,000 a year or more).[327] Urban researcher Richard Florida and his colleague Charlotta Mellander studied data from the American Community Survey's five-year estimates for 2017 covering all 382 U.S. metropolitan areas and developed a Metro Car-free Index based on the percentages of households that do not own a vehicle, and of commuters who ride public transit, bike, or walk to work. They found that the largest clusters of metropolitan areas in which it was feasible to not own a car were the Northeast Corridor (Boston to Washington, D.C.) and the Pacific Northwest Corridor (Seattle to Portland, Oregon). Outside of these, there were Chicagoland and Los Angeles County. All of these places were densely populated with high costs of living. Mellander discovered that living in a car-free metropolitan area was positively correlated with having university degrees (.54), and being a member of the creative class (.48), while negatively correlated with being a member of the working class (.45). (Correlation does not mean causation.)[328] In virtually all Western countries, the proportions of religious people began declining when the first wave of the Baby Boomers entered adulthood in the 1960s and has declined ever since. Children of the Baby Boomers tend to be even less religious than they are. Even the United States of America, which is quite religious by Western standards, is not an exception to this trend, though the decline there was slower than in Europe.[111] Millenials often describe themselves as "spiritual but not religious" and will sometimes turn to astrology, meditation or mindfulness techniques possibly to seek meaning or a sense of control.[329] According to a 2013 YouGov poll of almost a thousand Britons between the ages of 18 and 24, 56% said they had never attended a place of worship, other than for a wedding or a funeral. 25% said they believed in God, 19% in a "spiritual greater power" while 38% said they did not believe in God nor any other "greater spiritual power". The poll also found that 14% thought religion was a "cause of good" in the world while 41% thought religion was "the cause of evil". 34% answered "neither".[97] The British Social Attitudes Survey found that 71% of British 18–24 year-olds were not religious, with just 3% affiliated to the once-dominant Church of England.[330] In the U.S., Millennials are the least likely to be religious when compared to older generations.[331] There is a trend towards irreligion that has been increasing since the 1940s.[332] According to a 2012 study by Pew Research, 32 percent of Americans aged 18–29 are irreligious, as opposed to 21 percent aged 30–49, 15 percent aged 50–64, and only 9 percent born aged 65 and above.[333] A 2005 study looked at 1,385 people aged 18 to 25 and found that more than half of those in the study said that they pray regularly before a meal. One-third said that they discussed religion with friends, attended religious services, and read religious material weekly. Twenty-three percent of those studied did not identify themselves as religious practitioners.[334] A 2010 Pew Research Center study on Millennials shows that of those between 18–29 years old, only 3% of these emerging adults self-identified as "atheists" and only 4% self-identified as "agnostics". Overall, 25% of Millennials are "Nones" and 75% are religiously affiliated.[335] In 2011, social psychologists Jason Weeden, Adam Cohen, and Douglas Kenrick analyzed survey data sets from the American general public and university undergraduates and discovered that sociosexual tendencies—that is, mating strategies—play a more important role in determining the level of religiousness than any other social variables. In fact, when controlled for family structure and sexual attitudes, variables such as age, sex, and moral beliefs on sexuality substantially drop in significance in determining religiosity. In the context of the United States, religiousness facilitates seeking and maintaining high-fertility, marriage-oriented, heterosexual monogamous relationships. As such, the central goals of religious attendance are reproduction and child-rearing. However, this Reproductive Religiosity Model does not necessarily apply to other countries. In Singapore, for example, they found no relationships between the religiousness of Buddhists and their attitudes towards sexuality.[336]A 2016 U.S. study found that church attendance during young adulthood was 41% among Generation Z, 18% for the Millennials, 21% for Generation X, and 26% for the Baby Boomers when they were at the same age.[337] A 2016 survey by Barna and Impact 360 Institute on about 1,500 Americans aged 13 and up suggests that the proportion of atheists and agnostics was 21% among Generation Z, 15% for Millennials, 13% for Generation X, and 9% for Baby Boomers. 59% of Generation Z were Christians (including Catholics), as were 65% for the Millennials, 65% for Generation X, and 75% for the Baby Boomers. 41% of teens believed that science and the Bible are fundamentally at odds with one another, with 27% taking the side of science and 17% picking religion. For comparison, 45% of Millennials, 34% of Generation X, and 29% of the Baby Boomers believed such a conflict exists. 31% of Generation Z believed that science and religion refer to different aspects of reality, on par with Millennials and Generation X (both 30%), and above the Baby Boomers (25%). 28% of Generation Z thought that science and religion are complementary, compared to 25% of Millennials, 36% of Generation X, and 45% for Baby Boomers.[338] Globally, religion is in decline in North America and Western Europe, but is growing in the rest of the world.[339] Political and religious demographer Eric Kaufmann told CNN in 2006 at the height of the New Atheism movement that he had already spotted signs of a religious renaissance in the early 2000s because young people from the developing world had been rejecting secularism and because Western Europe, home to some of the most secular societies on Earth, had been admitting religious immigrants.[340] (Also see the religious tendencies of Generation Z.) Although the number of atheists, agnostics, and people not affiliated with organized religion continues to grow in Europe and the United States, their percentage of the world population is falling because of their comparatively low fertility rate (1.7).[341] In general, the growth or decline of a given religion is due more to age and fertility rather than conversion.[113][339][342] According to the World Religious Database, the proportion of the human population identifying with a religion increased from 81% in 1970 to 85% in 2000 (and is predicted to rise to 87% in 2025).[113] Besides the level of education and income, how religious a woman is determines how many children she will bear in her lifetime. For example, in the cities of the Middle East, women who supported Sharia law had a 50% fertility advantage over those who opposed it the most in the early twenty-first century.[113] In 2018, Muslims had a median age of 23, Hindus 26, Christians 30, Buddhists and the religiously unaffiliated 34, and Jews 36. For comparison, the median age of the global population was 28 in 2018. Overall, Christians have a fertility rate of 2.6, and Muslims 2.9. Islam is the world's fastest growing religion.[339] Meanwhile, the expansion of secularism will slow in Europe as the twenty-first century progresses.[113] Between the late 1990s and the early 2000s, religious attendance nosedived 40% throughout England except in London, where 57% of Christians were in their 20s. London is a gateway for immigrants coming to the United Kingdom, and many of them were highly religious.[113] Indeed, the deceleration of secularization is also apparent in other European cities with a large migrant population, such as Amsterdam, Brussels, Malmö, Marseilles, and Paris.[111] In France, the number of Protestants rose from 50,000 in the middle of the twentieth century to 400,000 by the start of the twenty-first. According to a 2007 study, across Europe, many young Muslims were finding themselves attracted by transnational Islam; those under the age of 25 were more likely to support Muslim-only schools, and Sharia law, and to condone violence to defend their religion than their counterparts over the age of 55. Immigration from the Middle East and Africa is an engine of religious growth in Europe. Children of immigrants tend to be about as religious as their parents and consider their religion to be a marker of their ethnic identity, thereby insulating themselves from the secularizing forces of the host society. Religion can indeed grow even in otherwise secular societies, and such religious demographic changes will bring about social and political ramifications later in the century.[113] A 2017 study conducted by the Pew Research Center on 70 countries showed that between 2010 and 2015, among people aged 15 to 29, the irreligious grew by 23%, Muslims 0.3%, while Christians lost 0.7% due to religious conversion or switching. In particular, the unaffiliated gained eight million people and Muslims half a million while Christians lost nine million due to religious switching.[342] In March 2014, the Pew Research Center issued a report about how "Millennials in adulthood" are "detached from institutions and networked with friends." The report said Millennials are somewhat more upbeat than older adults about America's future, with 49% of Millennials saying the country's best years are ahead, though they're the first in the modern era to have higher levels of student loan debt and unemployment.[343][344] As of 2016, 54% of Russian Millennials were married in 2016.[345] Writing for The Atlantic in 2018, Kate Julian reported that among the countries that kept track of the sexual behavior of their citizens—Australia, Finland, Japan, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States—all saw a decline in the frequency of sexual intercourse among teenagers and young adults. Although experts disagree on the methodology of data analysis, they do believe that young people today are less sexually engaged than their elders, such as the baby boomers, when they were their age. This is despite the fact that online dating platforms allow for the possibility of casual sex, the wide availability of contraception, and the relaxation of attitudes towards sex outside of marriage.[346] In a 2019 poll, the Pew Research Center found that about 47% American adults believed dating had become more difficult within the last decade or so, while only 19% said it became easier and 33% thought it was the same. Majorities of both men (65%) and women (43%) agreed that the 'Me-too' movement posed challenges for the dating market while 24% and 38%, respectively, thought it made no difference. In all, one in two of single adults were not looking for a romantic relationship. Among the rest, 10% were only interested in casual relationships, 14% wanted committed relationships only, and 26% were open to either kinds.[347] Among younger people (18 to 39), 27% wanted a committed relationship only, 15% casual dates only, and 58% either types of relationship. For those between the ages of 18 and 49, the top reasons for their decision to avoid dating were more having important priorities in life (61%), preferring being single (41%), being too busy (29%), and pessimism about their chances of success (24%).[348] While most Americans found their romantic partners with the help of friends and family, younger adults were more likely to encounter them online than their elders, with 21% of those aged 18 to 29 and 15% of those aged 30 to 49 saying they met their current partners this way. For comparison, only 8% of those aged 50 to 64 and 5% of those aged 65 and over did the same. People aged 18 to 29 were most likely to have met their current partners in school while adults aged 50 and up were more likely to have met their partners at work. Among those in the 18 to 29 age group, 41% were single, including 51% of men and 32% of women. Among those in the 30 to 49 age group, 23% were single, including 27% of men and 19% of women. This reflects the general trend across the generations that men tend to marry later (and die earlier) than women.[348] Most single people, regardless of whether or not they were interested in dating, felt little to no pressure from their friends and family to seek a romantic partner. Young people, however, were under significant pressure compared to the sample average or older age groups. 53% of bachelors and spinsters aged 18 to 29 thought there was at least some pressure from society on them to find a partner, compared to 42% for people aged 30 to 49, 32% for people aged 50 to 64, and 21% for people aged 50 to 64.[347] A 2020 study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) by researchers from Indiana University in the United States and the Karolinska Institutet from Sweden found that during the first two decades of the twenty-first century, young Americans had sexual intercourse less frequently than in the past. Among men aged 18 to 24, the share of the sexually inactive increased from 18.9% between 2000 and 2002 to 30.9% between 2016 and 2018. Women aged 18 to 34 had sex less often as well. Reasons for this trend are manifold. People who were unemployed, only had part-time jobs, and students were the most likely to forego sexual experience while those who had higher income were more selective in mate selection. Psychologist Jean Twenge, who did not participate in the study, suggested that this might be due to "a broader cultural trend toward delayed development," meaning various adult activities are postponed. She noted that being economically dependent on one's parents discourages sexual intercourse. Other researchers noted that the rise of the Internet, computer games, and social media could play a role, too, since older and married couples also had sex less often. In short, people had many options. A 2019 study by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine found a similar trend in the United Kingdom.[349][350] Although this trend precedes the COVID-19 pandemic, fear of infection is likely to fuel the trend the future, study co-author Peter Ueda told Reuters.[351] Research by the Urban Institute conducted in 2014, projected that if current trends continue, Millennials will have a lower marriage rate compared to previous generations, predicting that by age 40, 31% of millennial women will remain single, approximately twice the share of their single Gen X counterparts. The data showed similar trends for males.[352][353] A 2016 study from Pew Research showed Millennials delay some activities considered rites of passage of adulthood with data showing young adults aged 18–34 were more likely to live with parents than with a relationship partner, an unprecedented occurrence since data collection began in 1880. Data also showed a significant increase in the percentage of young adults living with parents compared to the previous demographic cohort, Generation X, with 23% of young adults aged 18–34 living with parents in 2000, rising to 32% in 2014. Additionally, in 2000, 43% of those aged 18–34 were married or living with a partner, with this figure dropping to 32% in 2014. High student debt is described as one reason for continuing to live with parents, but may not be the dominant factor for this shift as the data shows the trend is stronger for those without a college education. Richard Fry, a senior economist for Pew Research said of Millennials, "they're the group much more likely to live with their parents," further stating that "they're concentrating more on school, careers and work and less focused on forming new families, spouses or partners and children."[354][355]According to a cross-generational study comparing Millennials to Generation X conducted at Wharton School of Business, more than half of millennial undergraduates surveyed do not plan to have children. The researchers compared surveys of the Wharton graduating class of 1992 and 2012. In 1992, 78% of women planned to eventually have children dropping to 42% in 2012. The results were similar for male students. The research revealed among both genders the proportion of undergraduates who reported they eventually planned to have children had dropped in half over the course of a generation.[356][357][358] But as their economic prospects improve, most Millennials say they desire marriage, children, and home ownership.[131] Demographer and futurist Mark McCrindle suggested the name "Generation Alpha" (or Generation α {\displaystyle \alpha } ) for the offspring of a majority of Millennials,[359] people born after Generation Z,[360] noting that scientific disciplines often move to the Greek alphabet after exhausting the Roman alphabet.[360] By 2016, the cumulative number of American women of the millennial generation who had given birth at least once reached 17.3 million.[361] Globally, there are some two and a half million people belonging to Generation Alpha born every week and their number is expected to reach two billion by 2025.[362] However, most of the human population growth in the 2010s comes from Africa and Asia, as nations in Europe and the Americas tend to have too few children to replace themselves.[363] According to the United Nations, the global annual rate of growth has been declining steadily since the late twentieth century, dropping to about one percent in 2019. They also discovered that fertility rates were falling faster in the developing world than previously thought, and subsequently revised their projection of human population in 2050 down to 9.7 billion.[364] Fertility rates have been falling around the world thanks to rising standards of living, better access to contraceptives, and improved educational and economic opportunities. The global average fertility rate was 2.4 in 2017, down from 4.7 in 1950.[365] In 2010 the Journal of Business and Psychology, contributors Myers and Sadaghiani find Millennials "expect close relationships and frequent feedback from supervisors" to be a main point of differentiation.[366] Multiple studies observe Millennials’ associating job satisfaction with free flow of information, strong connectivity to supervisors, and more immediate feedback.[366] Hershatter and Epstein, researchers from Emory University, argue many these traits can be linked to Millennials entering the educational system on the cusp of academic reform, which created a much more structured educational system.[367] Some argue in the wake of these reforms, such as the No Child Left Behind Act, Millennials have increasingly sought the aid of mentors and advisers, leading to 66% of Millennials seeking a flat work environment.[367] Hershatter and Epstein also stress a growing importance on work-life balance. Studies show nearly one-third of students' top priority is to "balance personal and professional life".[367] The Brain Drain Study shows nearly 9 out of 10 Millennials place an importance on work-life balance, with additional surveys demonstrating the generation to favor familial over corporate values.[367] Studies also show a preference for work-life balance, which contrasts to the Baby Boomers' work-centric attitude.[366] Data also suggests Millennials are driving a shift towards the public service sector. In 2010, Myers and Sadaghiani published research in the Journal of Business and Psychology stating heightened participation in the Peace Corps and AmeriCorps as a result of Millennials, with volunteering being at all-time highs.[366] Volunteer activity between 2007 and 2008 show the millennial age group experienced almost three-times the increase of the overall population, which is consistent with a survey of 130 college upperclassmen depicting an emphasis on altruism in their upbringing.[366] This has led, according to a Harvard University Institute of Politics, six out of ten Millennials to consider a career in public service.[366] The 2014 Brookings publication shows a generational adherence to corporate social responsibility, with the National Society of High School Scholars (NSHSS) 2013 survey and Universum's 2011 survey, depicting a preference to work for companies engaged in the betterment of society.[368] Millennials' shift in attitudes has led to data depicting 64% of Millennials would take a 60% pay cut to pursue a career path aligned with their passions, and financial institutions have fallen out of favor with banks comprising 40% of the generation's least liked brands.[368] In 2008, author Ron Alsop called the Millennials "Trophy Kids,"[164] a term that reflects a trend in competitive sports, as well as many other aspects of life, where mere participation is frequently enough for a reward. It has been reported that this is an issue in corporate environments.[164] Some employers are concerned that Millennials have too great expectations from the workplace.[369] Some studies predict they will switch jobs frequently, holding many more jobs than Gen Xers due to their great expectations.[370] Psychologist Jean Twenge reports data suggesting there are differences between older and younger Millennials regarding workplace expectations, with younger Millennials being "more practical" and "more attracted to industries with steady work and are more likely to say they are willing to work overtime" which Twenge attributes to younger Millennials coming of age following the financial crisis of 2007–2008.[371] There is also a contention that the major differences are found solely between Millennials and Generation X. Researchers from the University of Missouri and The University of Tennessee conducted a study based on measurement equivalence to determine if such a difference does in fact exist.[372] The study looked at 1,860 participants who had completed the Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP), a survey aimed at measuring identification with work-ethic characteristics, across a 12-year period spanning from 1996 to 2008.[372] The results of the findings suggest the main difference in work ethic sentiments arose between the two most recent generational cohorts, Generation X and Millennials, with relatively small variances between the two generations and their predecessor, the Baby Boomers.[372] A meta study conducted by researchers from The George Washington University and The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences questions the validity of workplace differences across any generational cohort. According to the researchers, disagreement in which events to include when assigning generational cohorts, as well as varied opinions on which age ranges to include in each generational category are the main drivers behind their skepticism.[373] The analysis of 20 research reports focusing on the three work-related factors of job satisfaction, organizational commitment and intent to turn over proved any variation was too small to discount the impact of employee tenure and aging of individuals.[373] Newer research shows that Millennials change jobs for the same reasons as other generations—namely, more money and a more innovative work environment. They look for versatility and flexibility in the workplace, and strive for a strong work–life balance in their jobs[374] and have similar career aspirations to other generations, valuing financial security and a diverse workplace just as much as their older colleagues.[375] Marc Prensky coined the term "digital native" to describe "K through college" students in 2001, explaining they "represent the first generations to grow up with this new technology."[5] In their 2007 book Connecting to the Net.Generation: What Higher Education Professionals Need to Know About Today's Students, authors Reynol Junco and Jeanna Mastrodicasa expanded on the work of William Strauss and Neil Howe to include research-based information about the personality profiles of Millennials, especially as it relates to higher education. They conducted a large-sample (7,705) research study of college students. They found that Net Generation college students, born 1982 onwards, were frequently in touch with their parents and they used technology at higher rates than people from other generations. In their survey, they found that 97% of these students owned a computer, 94% owned a mobile phone, and 56% owned an MP3 player. They also found that students spoke with their parents an average of 1.5 times a day about a wide range of topics. Other findings in the Junco and Mastrodicasa survey revealed 76% of students used instant messaging, 92% of those reported multitasking while instant messaging, 40% of them used television to get most of their news, and 34% of students surveyed used the Internet as their primary news source.[376][377] One of the most popular forms of media use by Millennials is social networking. Millennials use social networking sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, to create a different sense of belonging, make acquaintances, and to remain connected with friends.[378] In 2010, research was published in the Elon Journal of Undergraduate Research which claimed that students who used social media and decided to quit showed the same withdrawal symptoms of a drug addict who quit their stimulant.[379] In the PBS Frontline episode "Generation Like" there is discussion about Millennials, their dependence on technology, and the ways the social media sphere is commoditized.[380] Some Millennials enjoy having hundreds of channels from cable TV. However, some other Millennials do not even have a TV, so they watch media over the Internet using smartphones and tablets.[381] Jesse Singal of New York magazine argues that this technology has created a rift within the generation; older Millennials, defined here as those born 1988 and earlier, came of age prior to widespread usage and availability of smartphones, in contrast to younger Millennials, those born in 1989 and later, who were exposed to this technology in their teen years.[371] A 2015 study found that the frequency of nearsightedness has doubled in the United Kingdom within the last 50 years. Ophthalmologist Steve Schallhorn, chairman of the Optical Express International Medical Advisory Board, noted that research have pointed to a link between the regular use of handheld electronic devices and eyestrain. The American Optometric Association sounded the alarm on a similar vein.[382] According to a spokeswoman, digital eyestrain, or computer vision syndrome, is "rampant, especially as we move toward smaller devices and the prominence of devices increase in our everyday lives." Symptoms include dry and irritated eyes, fatigue, eye strain, blurry vision, difficulty focusing, headaches. However, the syndrome does not cause vision loss or any other permanent damage. In order to alleviate or prevent eyestrain, the Vision Council recommends that people limit screen time, take frequent breaks, adjust screen brightness, change the background from bright colors to gray, increase text sizes, and blinking more often.[383]

Bing Russell

Neil Oliver "Bing" Russell (May 5, 1926 – April 8, 2003)[1] was an American actor and Class A minor-league baseball club owner. He was the father of Golden Globe Award-nominated actor Kurt Russell and grandfather of ex-major league baseball player Matt Franco. Russell was born in Brattleboro, Vermont, the son of Ruth Stewart (née Vogel) and Warren Oliver Russell. He always wanted to become an actor and studied drama at Brattleboro High School. He grew up around the New York Yankees’ spring training camp in St. Petersburg, Florida in the 1930s and 40s, where his father ran a floatplane service. As a result, he was an unofficial mascot of the New York Yankees, and became friendly with players including Lefty Gomez and Joe DiMaggio.[2][unreliable source?] When Lou Gehrig was weakened by illness, he gave Russell the bat he used to hit his last home run before retiring.[2][unreliable source?] Russell graduated from Dartmouth College with a business degree.[3] During part of the 1950s, Bing ran Teddy's Restaurant in Newport, New Hampshire, where a co-working waitress, Alfreda Couitt (Barney), introduced Bing to his future wife, Louise.[4] Russell made his debut in the film Cavalry Patrol, and had some uncredited roles in his early career. Best known as Deputy Clem Foster on Bonanza (1959)[5] and Robert in The Magnificent Seven (1960), he guest-starred in episodes of many television series, including Playhouse 90, Highway Patrol, Wagon Train, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, The Loretta Young Show, Johnny Ringo, Walt Disney's Wonderful World of Color, The Rifleman, Maverick, Zane Grey Theater, Route 66, Rawhide, Ben Casey, The Untouchables, Hazel, The Andy Griffith Show, The Twilight Zone, The Donna Reed Show, The Munsters, Combat!, Branded, The Fugitive, The Monkees, I Dream of Jeannie, Ironside, The Big Valley, Death Valley Days, Adam-12, The Virginian, Alias Smith and Jones, The Mod Squad, Mannix, The Rockford Files, The Streets of San Francisco, Emergency!, and Little House on the Prairie. In 1963, he was cast as John Quigley, a Chicago mobster, in the episode "Five Tickets to Hell" of Jack Webb's CBS anthology series, GE True. In the storyline, Quigley travels to Chihuahua, Mexico, where he robs the mint of $500,000 and kills seven men in the commission of the crime. Police Lieutenant Juan Garcia (Carlos Romero) tracks down Quigley and his three accomplices. BarBara Luna also appears in the episode.[6][unreliable source?] In another 1963 appearance in the episode "The Measure of a Man" on the syndicated Western series Death Valley Days, Russell plays the outlaw Burt Alvord, who is promised a lenient sentence if he will surrender and reveal the location of the notorious bandit Augustine Chacon (Michael Pate). Rory Calhoun was cast as the Arizona Ranger Burt Mossman who convinces a reluctant Alvord to set a trap to catch Chacon. Mossman has Chacon handcuffed and orders Alvord to toss away the key. Chacon is hanged thereafter for a past conviction of which he had escaped.[7][unreliable source?] Russell appeared in the original pilot (filmed in November 1965) for The Monkees TV series as Rudy, a record store owner and the group's manager; after the show was greenlit by NBC, the concept of a manager was discarded and Russell's character was not retained. An edited version of this pilot, in which Russell appears, was broadcast as a regular episode of the first season, and is part of the show's syndication package to this day. Russell much later played Vernon Presley to his son Kurt's Elvis Presley in the television movie, Elvis (1979). Russell owned the Portland Mavericks, the only independent team in the Class A Northwest League. Russell kept a 30-man roster because he believed that some of the players deserved to have one last season. His motto was fun. He created a park that kept all corporate sponsorship outside the gates, hired the first female general manager, Lanny Moss,[8] in professional baseball, and named the first Asian American GM/Manager. His team set a record for the highest attendance in minor league history, but lost the 1977 pennant to the Bellingham Mariners. Subsequently, Major League Baseball regained interest in Portland and resurrected the Class AAA Portland Beavers minor league franchise. The Portland area was recovered but was forced to pay $206,000 to Russell after he took the matter to arbitration; it was the biggest payout in baseball history for a minor league territory. Ex-major-leaguers and never-weres who could not stop playing the game flocked to his June try-outs, which were always open to anyone who showed up. The team and archival footage of Russell were featured in the documentary The Battered Bastards of Baseball (2014). Russell died from complications of cancer on April 8, 2003, in Thousand Oaks, California. In 1974, the Sporting News named Russell minor league manager of the year.[3]

List of The Flintstones episodes

The Flintstones aired from 1960 to 1966. As of September 2006, all six seasons have been released on DVD in North America. In all, 166 episodes were released for the original series. The first two seasons were written by Warren Foster, Michael Maltese and Arthur Phillips. First released on The Flintstones: The Collector's Edition on VHS in 1994, it made its television debut on Cartoon Network in May 1994, and aired again on Boomerang in November 2006. It was released on DVD in 2001 and again in 2004. Fred and Barney build a joint swimming pool in their backyards, leading to fights before Fred's surprise birthday party. Fred uses his influence with a business friend to obtain a job for Barney, who becomes a furniture repossessor. To the dismay of both neighbors, Barney's first assignment is to repossess Fred's television. Hesitant to betray his best friend, Barney pays off Fred's delinquent television bill with his first paycheck. After being hit on the head with a bottle of car polish, Fred contracts amnesia and becomes an Englishman named "Frederick". Fred and Barney agree to babysit Wilma's nephew, Egbert, which makes them miss a chance to go and see a wrestling match. A blackout of the event in their area prompts them to bring Egbert with them to their friend Joe Rockhead's house so they can watch the fight. To finance their dream of opening a pool hall, Fred and Barney visit the dinosaur racetrack where Fred bets his entire paycheck on a long shot. To cover for gambling, Fred pretends to have been beaten by a robber and tells Wilma that he has lost his check. When the longshot pays off, Fred and Barney are initially elated but quickly realize their problems are only beginning. Fred convinces Wilma and the Rubbles to spend their vacation time in the mountains, hunting for snorkasaurus. Fred is successful in his hunt, but he gets more than he bargained for when the wives insist that the snorkasaurus be taken home as their new pet, Dino. J.L. Gotrocks, a businessman who closely resembles Fred, decides to abandon his office. The tycoon's desperate employees find and entice Fred to take over his job, which soon becomes overwhelming. Meanwhile, the tycoon goes about town among the little people, encountering Wilma, Barney, and Betty, who all mistake him for Fred. Both Fred and the tycoon gradually are driven to return to their normal positions. (This episode has the rare usage of a narrator who breaks the "fourth wall".) Fred and Barney write a song with the help of a scammer who plagiarizes Hoagy Carmichael's "Stardust". When they unwittingly play this song for Hoagy and his agent, the agent throws them out of his office, but Hoagy forgives the two and after finding a poem Barney wrote. He later puts the poem to music and invites the Flintstones and Rubbles to a special dinner where the song is performed. The Flintstones and Rubbles take care of cousin Tumbleweed's ranch and come to enjoy being out west for a month. Later, they "bust a bronco," get lost, and accidentally stumble into a filming of a western TV show, but think they are in the middle of being "attacked" by "Indians" (stuntmen extras) Wilma and Betty-who also don't know that a show is being filmed – have to "save" their husbands. Fred takes Wilma on a second honeymoon, only to find out that the judge who originally married them was unlicensed. Wilma tries to play hard-to-get because she is unhappy with the way Fred has been acting recently. Rock Quarry, tired of Hollyrock, moves to Bedrock. Wilma and Betty know immediately that he is Rock Quarry, while Fred and Barney continue to believe that he is going by his alias, 'Gus Schultz.' Fred lies to Wilma about going to a poker game after she finds extra money on him, and he goes through great lengths not to get caught in a lie. Barney gets even with Fred because of his practical jokes he's been pulling on him from time after time, so Barney pretends to be a counterfeiter in his basement with the money he won in a slogan contest and Fred thinks the money is fake and will land him in jail. Meanwhile, Wilma and Betty try to cure the both of them of their practical joking. In a direct continuation of the previous episode (where Wilma announced her mother's impending arrival), Fred's mother-in-law comes for a long and difficult visit. Fred, meanwhile, tries to find a way to get rid of her. Dino becomes a star on the TV show Sassie (a parody of Lassie) while Fred is hoping to cash in on Dino's success. Barney gets laid off and Fred gets him a job at the quarry. Barney is immediately promoted to Fred's boss, causing Fred to be jealous that Barney is promoted so quickly. Fred tries to cure Barney's hiccups with a potion that he invented, vanishing Barney's hiccups along with him. Barney has a toothache, so in order to have enough money for a boxing match featuring Heavyweight Champion of the World Floyd Patterstone (Floyd Patterson), Fred takes Barney to a veterinary dentist instead of one for humans. Due to the dentist's long telephone call from his wife and Barney's continued exposure to anesthetic gases during the phone call, Barney floats out of the dentist's office. A panicked Fred tries to follow Barney to bring him down, but soon both are flying high above Bedrock. When Fred sees Wilma reading a novel, he worries that she is planning on murdering him to collect life insurance money after a few near accidents. Fred resents Barney spending so much time taking care of his nephew Marblehead to the point their friendship nearly ends. At the end of the episode, Wilma informs Fred that they are going to be having a baby of their own. In order to prepare for the new baby, Fred and Barney do a dress rehearsal of taking Wilma to the hospital. Fred has a tough time with the nurse that his mother-in-law sends to help Wilma with caring for the newborn baby, Pebbles. Fred fires her and takes over, but fails miserably [Trying to practice diapher changing on Dino, Fred ends up diaphered!] Wilma borrows money from a bank account and in order to get it back, she rents the Flintstones' house to some Swedish musicians without Fred's knowledge while they take a camping trip. When Fred drives a sleeping Wilma and Pebbles back home, he finds the Swedish musicians there and he and Barney attempt to get rid of them. Fred says that he "doesn't want a birthday surprise party," although he really does. Barney tries to get him away from the real surprise party until everything is ready. Ann-Margrock (special guest star Ann-Margret, providing her own voice) comes to town for a big concert and stays with the Flintstones, who do not know who she is. After a few tries, Fred and Barney both get on Ann-Margrock's show at the newly constructed Hollyrock Bowl. Arnold the paper boy annoys Fred as he is playing with Pebbles when he jokes that they will get married when they grow up. Fred then has a bad dream of 20 years in the future in which he is a 60 year Old man who finds that Arnold grows up and becomes the local hero then takes his job at the quarry, his pride as a pool player and bowler,the Leader of his Water Buffalo Lodge; his friendship with Barney, and marries an eloping teenage Pebbles. Barney and Betty have visited the Flintstones every night since Pebbles came home; Barney amuses Pebbles by playing a bird, a horse, and an upside down cake. Eventually Fred has had enough and kicks them out. He then thoughtlessly remarks how the Rubbles have no chldren. Although he quickly apologizes, Barney and Betty realize they want a baby and wish upon a falling star. The next morning a baby boy is found in a basket on their doorstep, with a note asking that he be cared for, and that his name is Bamm Bamm (who soon displays that he has extreme strength). Quickly falling in love with the child, Barney and Betty take steps to legally adopt him. After almost being turned down, they are given the baby. Fred and Barney enter a singing contest as the Flintstone Canaries on the Hum Along with Herman Show. Pebbles quietly takes things from various stores, but at a jewelry store, a real thief named Baffles Gravel, alias "Lightfingers Leo", plants a diamond necklace in Pebbles' carriage and Fred thinks Pebbles stole that as well. Fred, Barney, Betty, and Wilma all enjoy a television show called Peek-A-Boo Camera. Fred and Barney attend a friend's bachelor party, telling the wives that their friend is near death and they are seeing him for the last time. The bachelor party winds up being televised for Peek-A-Boo Camera. When Fred and Barney find out, they try to have their scene cut out so their wives don't see them. When Fred gets mugged, he starts to think Wilma believes he is a coward. To try to make Wilma think he's not a coward, Fred plots to nab the mugger and actually succeeds with his bowling ball! In two running gags Fred keeps "reenacting the crime" and gets "flipped" by everyone-including Arnold the newsboy! Fred also tries to "Prove His courage" by fighting a Prizefigther and becoming a Circus tiger tamer. The Hatrocks become depressed when they think the last of the Flintstones, with whom they have been feuding for 90 years, has died. They soon realise that one Flintstone family – Fred's – is still living. Fred receives notification that he is the sole heir to the Flintstone estate and travels to claim it, taking his family and the Rubbles with him. Once at the Flintstone family cabin, the Hatrocks resume their feud. The Honeyrock Hotel, where Fred and Barney first met Wilma and Betty, is in danger of being torn down. The Flintstones and Rubbles reminisce about when they first met. Fred and Wilma trade roles and Fred must clean the house and make appetizers when visitors come to inspect the house for a contest that Wilma has entered. Hoppy, the new pet that Barney and Betty got for Bamm Bamm, causes major havoc and nearly ends Barney's friendship with Fred. Fred begins inventing again with experiment # 779 and creates a reducing formula called "Fred-O-Cal" to take off weight. This formula winds up shrinking Fred to less than a foot tall. Can Fred and Barney make it "big" with a ventralism act in Hollyrock? When Pebbles seems to love rodeo star Bony Hurdle more than Fred, Fred tries to prove his love to her by entering in The Bedrock Rodeo himself, in disguise. Fred's Uncle Giggles fakes his death and pretends that he has left his fortune to Fred. In order to get the fortune, Fred is required to stay overnight at Giggles' haunted house where it appears that Fred nearly gets killed. Fred and Barney are disappointed that their life is boring after watching a Jay Bondrock movie. Then, when sent to the store, Fred and Barney find themselves captured, flown to a distant island, beaten up, and almost killed by a mad scientist named Dr. Sinister. A weird family named the Gruesomes, whom Fred doesn't like, move in next door to the Flintstones. Fred's new neighbor, Mr. Loudrock, becomes a thorn in his side, but Dino falls in love with Loudrock's pet and has puppies. When the King of Stonesylvania visits Bedrock, he decides he wants to be a normal person, and dead-ringer look-alike Fred is hired to fill in for him as king. The plan begins to unravel when the king demonstrates little tolerance for the outside world and Fred does not like being a king much better. When Wilma mistakes the king for Fred, more troubles begin for both the king and Fred. On a fishing trip, Fred and Barney are swallowed by a whale named Adobe Dick. Fred becomes Santa for a Macyrock's store, and does such a good job that Santa's elves recruit him to substitute for the real Santa when he becomes ill. The Flintstones and the Rubbles visit the Bedrock World's Fair, where they visit a time machine exhibit and travel to various times of the future: meeting Emperor Nero, Christopher Columbus, King Arthur, and Benjamin Franklin, and going to the 1965 World's Fair. The Hatrocks come to visit Bedrock World's Fair and stay with the Flintstones for one night after they declare their feud over, and wind up overstaying their welcome for over a week due to Fred's big mouth. The Flintstones then recruit their neighbors, the Gruesomes, to scare the Hatrocks away by performing "bug music" (a spoof of the Beatles). The Flintstones and the Rubbles travel to a small town out west. Fred runs into an old friend who hears that the Slatery Brothers are seeking revenge on the town. In order to defend themselves, he recruits Fred as sheriff. Fred and Barney wind up on an adventure and are seen in a TV show called Smile, You're on My Favorite Crime. The Flintstones and Rubbles travel to Rock Island beach when there is a big surfing contest judged by singer/actor Jimmy Darrock (special guest star James Darren). Fred and Wilma decide to enter the surfing contest, even though Fred can't surf. Fred is tired of so many teen stars on television after a football game is canceled due to a teen program. He then dreams that Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm become singing stars, causing more havoc than Fred can handle. Elizabeth Montgomery and Dick York guest star as new neighbors, Samantha and Darrin (from Bewitched), who move next door to the Flintstones. Fred and Barney take a camping trip without Wilma and Betty. Samantha then decides to help Wilma and Betty follow the husbands to the woods. Fred is dragged to a company picnic after a skatebone incident at a supermarket where he is very bored and annoyed, alienating his friends and coworkers. He falls asleep and dreams he wakes up 20 years later where the picnic area is empty and dilapidated, his friends are long gone and the town of Bedrock is now a big city, and Barney is a millionaire, Pebbles married Bamm Bamm, and Wilma lives on Barney's estate. Fred is upset that he has slept his life away before he actually awakens near the picnic and learns that he really only slept for about an hour. Reborn, Fred returns to the picnic, happily joining in on all of the events. It is believed by a royal tribe that Barney is their king due to his resemblance to the real king. Barney goes along with this and fills in as their king. After Fred criticizes a novel about the future that Barney is reading, The Great Gazoo sends Fred, Barney, Betty, and Wilma into the 21st century. Finding "treasure" on the way home from Rock Vegas tests Fred and Barney's friendship. Wilma's handsome childhood friend comes to town making Fred very jealous. Fred and Wilma get accepted into a Country Club with rich socialites, based on a conversation Wilma was having about their pet Dino, causing Fred to try to learn manners in order to fit in. Fred's grandfather comes for a visit. While awaiting his arrival, Fred finds Grandpa Flintstone's diary, which recalls his army days as the head of "Rocky's Raiders" in Stone World War I.

List of school shootings in the United States (before 2000)

This article lists incidents in which a firearm was discharged at a school infrastructure or campus in the United States prior to 2000, including incidents of shootings on a school bus. This list contains school shooting incidents that occurred on the campuses of K-12 public schools and private schools as well as colleges and universities. It excludes incidents that occurred during wars or police actions, as well as murder-suicides by rejected suitors or estranged spouses, and suicides or suicide attempts involving only one person. Mass shootings by school staff, where victims are only other employees, are covered at workplace killings. This list does not include bombings such as the Bath School disaster. [315] List of school shootings in the United States

Cheyenne Jackson

Cheyenne David Jackson (born July 12, 1975)[1] is an American actor and singer. His credits include leading roles in Broadway musicals and other stage roles, as well as film and television roles, concert singing, and music recordings. After beginning his acting career in regional theatre in Seattle, he moved to New York and was an understudy in Thoroughly Modern Millie (2002) and Aida (2003). He next originated the role of Matthew in the workshop production of Altar Boyz (2004) for the New York Musical Theatre Festival, and was replaced by Scott Porter for the Off-Broadway run. Jackson's first leading role on Broadway was in All Shook Up (2005), which earned him a Theatre World Award for "Outstanding Broadway Debut." Since then, on the New York stage, he has starred in The Agony & the Agony (2006), Xanadu (2007; Drama League, Drama Desk nominations), Damn Yankees (2008), Finian's Rainbow (2010; Drama Desk nomination), 8 (2011), The Heart of the Matter (2012), and The Performers (2013). He has also appeared in a number of films, including the 2006 Academy Award-nominated United 93, in which his portrayal of Mark Bingham earned him the Boston Society of Film Critics 2006 award for Best Ensemble Cast. He also had a leading role in the 2014 independent romantic comedy ensemble, Mutual Friends,[2][3] and guest roles in television series such as NBC's 30 Rock and Fox's Glee. Since 2015, Jackson starred in the FX Horror anthology television series, American Horror Story, in its fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth seasons. In concert, Jackson has sold out Carnegie Hall twice: The Power of Two in 2010 and Music of the Mad Men Era in 2011. He also performs in cabaret. In addition to his Broadway cast albums, he has released three albums of popular music, including a joint album called The Power of Two with Michael Feinstein in 2008. In 2012, Jackson released two singles, "Drive" and "Before You", from his 2013 album I'm Blue, Skies. In 2016, Jackson released his third studio album, Renaissance,[4] an album adapted and expanded from his solo concert Music of the Mad Men Era. He also stars as Hades in the Descendants 3, along with actors Cameron Boyce, Dove Cameron and Sofia Carson with Director Kenny Ortega. Jackson was born at Deaconess Hospital in Spokane, Washington, on July 12, 1975,[5] to David and Sherri Jackson,[6] and was named by his father after the 1950s Western series Cheyenne.[7] The third of four children, he was raised in Oldtown, Idaho, a "teeny mill town" in a rural area in northern Idaho near the Washington border.[7] His father was Native American[8] and a Vietnam veteran. His mother taught Jackson, his sister, and two brothers to sing and regularly played music by Joan Baez, Joni Mitchell, Bob Dylan and Elvis Presley at home. Throughout his childhood, Jackson lived with his family in a rural home that had an outhouse and no running water.[9] He moved to Spokane as a teenager. In Seattle, Jackson worked as an ad executive at a magazine and did some theater work on the side, earning his Equity card.[7] "As soon as I found out what theater was, what Broadway was, I thought, 'Oh, that's what I'll do with my life.' Just a matter of getting all the pieces in place," he said.[7] Inspired to rethink his career after the September 11 attacks, he moved to New York City to pursue his dream of being an actor: "[Acting] was something I always wanted to do but I was too scared and didn't have the confidence. 9/11 changed everything for all of us. It gave me the urgency."[10] In regional theaters, Jackson has appeared as Tony in West Side Story, as Joey in The Most Happy Fella, as Cain in Children of Eden, as Berger in Hair, as Billy Bigelow in Carousel, as Joe Hardy in Damn Yankees, as Rocky in The Rocky Horror Show, and as The Poet in Kismet, among many other productions. Jackson made his Broadway debut understudying both male leads in the Tony Award-winning musical Thoroughly Modern Millie. He later served as the standby for the character of Radames in Aida, then originated the role of Matthew in the off-Broadway production of Altar Boyz. In 2005, he originated his first Broadway leading role in the musical All Shook Up, a tribute to Elvis Presley. His performance as Chad earned him much critical praise, the Theatre World Award, and nominations from the Drama League and Outer Critics Circle Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor.[11] In 2006, he starred off-Broadway in playwright Nicky Silver's The Agony and The Agony with Victoria Clark. In June 2007, less than a week before the scheduled opening night, Jackson assumed the lead role of Sonny on Broadway in Xanadu, replacing James Carpinello who had been injured during rehearsal. Previous workshop productions of the musical starred Jackson and Jane Krakowski. However, both Jackson and Krakowski opted out of the initial Broadway run, citing schedule conflicts.[12] His performance as Sonny earned him nominations from the Drama League and Drama Desk for Outstanding Lead Actor. Xanadu had several Tony Award nominations including "Best New Musical" for which Jackson and the cast performed on the 62nd Tony Awards show.[13] In 2008, Jackson joined Jane Krakowski and Sean Hayes in the New York City Center's Encores! production of Damn Yankees. He returned to Encores! in 2009, playing Woody Mahoney in the staged concert of Finian's Rainbow which critics praised.[14][15][16] Jackson also starred in the development workshop of The Book of Mormon by Trey Parker, Matt Stone, and Robert Lopez, who co-wrote the music for Avenue Q.[17] In October 2009, Jackson opened on Broadway to positive critical reviews reprising the role of Woody Mahoney in the Broadway revival of the 1947 musical Finian's Rainbow at the St. James Theatre, costarring with Jim Norton and Kate Baldwin.[18][19][20][21][22] The Wall Street Journal raved, "The way that [Kate Baldwin] and Cheyenne Jackson sing "Old Devil Moon" is the stuff best-selling cast albums are made of."[23] The show closed on January 17, 2010. Along with the company of Finian's Rainbow, Jackson recorded the Broadway revival cast album in early December 2009, with a release date of February 2, 2010.[24] In September 2011, Jackson joined Morgan Freeman, Ellen Barkin, Matt Bomer, Christine Lahti, and John Lithgow as part of the premier Broadway Cast of Dustin Lance Black's new play 8, directed by Joe Mantello. In June 2012, Jackson starred opposite Krysten Ritter in Neil LaBute's The Heart of The Matter produced by MCC Theater at the Lucille Lortel Theatre. In the 2012-2013 Broadway season, Jackson, Henry Winkler, Alicia Silverstone, Daniel Breaker, Jenni Barber and Ari Graynor starred in David West Read's play The Performers which started previews on October 23, 2012 at the Longacre Theatre.[25] The play closed on November 18, 2012, after 23 previews and 7 regular performances. Critical reception for the overall play was mixed with an median Stage Grade of C.[26] However, a majority of reviewers including Entertainment Weekly, The Hollywood Reporter, The New York Times, and The Associated Press gave extremely positive reviews to both Jackson's and Ari Graynor's performances.[26] Broadway producers cited the effects of Hurricane Sandy on the box office as the primary reason for the show's early closing.[27] In films, Jackson most notably portrayed 9/11 victim and hero Mark Bingham in the 2006 Academy Award nominated United 93 which earned him the Boston Society of Film Critics 2006 award for Best Ensemble Cast. He has also appeared in several other films including: Curiosity (2005), Hysteria (2010), Smile (2011) the critically lauded The Green (opposite Julia Ormond and Illeana Douglas), and 2012 Sundance Film Festival selection Price Check (with Parker Posey). He portrayed Greta Gerwig's boyfriend Roger in the 2012 Fox Searchlight Pictures film Lola Versus. In 2013, he starred in the HBO biopic of Liberace, Behind the Candelabra with Michael Douglas and Matt Damon.[28] He also appeared in the independent films Mutual Friends (2013), Lucky Stiff (2014) and A Beautiful Now (2015). More recently, he played Hades in the Disney Channel original movie Descendants 3 (2019). Jackson had a lead role in the film version of Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks in 2014.[29] Jackson plays Michael Minetti, who is hired by retiree Lily Harrison (Gena Rowlands) to give her private dance lessons at her home for six weeks. The film is based on Richard Alfieri's Broadway play of the same name and is directed by Arthur Allan Seidelman.[30] From 2009 through 2013, Jackson had a recurring role on the award-winning series, 30 Rock playing Danny Baker. Jackson also portrayed Dustin Goolsby, the coach of "Vocal Adrenaline", the main rival of "New Directions" on the second season of FOX's show Glee.[31] He has guest starred on several television series including Lipstick Jungle, Life on Mars, and Ugly Betty, and was featured in a prominent guest role during Season 8 of Curb Your Enthusiasm. His character "Terry" was the personal trainer to Larry David and Wanda Sykes. On March 15, 2010, Jackson made his guest-starring debut on the long-running NBC series, Law & Order in an episode entitled "Innocence".[32] In 2008, Jackson played series lead Sebastian Kinglare for the Lifetime Television pilot Family Practice opposite Anne Archer and Beau Bridges.[33] The series was not picked up for distribution. In 2010, Jackson filmed a sitcom pilot for ABC-TV called It Takes a Village co-starring Leah Remini, which was not picked up for the fall 2010 season.[34] In 2012, Jackson and Nathan Lane were cast as series leads in the USA Network comedy pilot Local Talent. The series was not picked up for distribution. Additionally, Jackson guest starred on the pilot episode of NBC's revamp of The Munsters, Mockingbird Lane, written by Bryan Fuller and directed by Bryan Singer. Jackson portrayed Scout Master Steve, a competing love interest for Portia de Rossi's character Lily Munster; the show also stars Eddie Izzard and Jerry O'Connell.[35] NBC aired the pilot as a Halloween special on October 26, 2012. Jackson also appeared in the fifth season of American Horror Story as one of the leads, alongside Lady Gaga and Matt Bomer. Jackson returned to the show's sixth season to play Network Executive, Sidney Aaron James, as well as the seventh season to play psychiatrist Dr. Rudy Vincent Anderson, and the eighth season of the show to play warlock, John Henry Moore. In 2017, Jackson appeared on the 9th season of RuPaul's Drag Race (season 9, episode 3) alongside the queen herself RuPaul, the singing and acting mogul Todrick Hall, Michelle Visage and Carson Kressley. He popped up for a mini challenge in season 10, episode 11 where he judges and decides which dragged out pancake was the best. He then made his third appearance in 2019 on the 11th season (season 11, episode 8) alongside RuPaul, Michelle Visage, Fortune Feimster and Natasha Lyonne in which he took part in an improvisation acting challenge. He also appeared in the tenth episode of Season 2 of Sense8 as Blake Huntington, an award-winning actor who is cast opposite Miguel Ángel Silvestre's Lito Rodríguez in a Hollywood film. In 2019, he played the role of Hades, Mal's father in the Disney Channel Original Movie Descendants 3. Jackson has starred in several notable webisode series including Cubby Bernstein opposite Nathan Lane, Legally Brown with Allison Janney, and The [title of show] Show from the meta-fictional Broadway musical [Title of Show].[36][37] In 2020, Jackson portrayed Max in the Fox comedy series Call Me Kat opposite Mayim Bialik and Kyla Pratt.[38] Early in his career, Jackson worked as a back-up singer for Vanessa Williams, Heather Headley.[39][40] In March 2009, Jackson made his nightclub debut at Feinstein's at Loews Regency with a sold-out one-man show titled Back to the Start.[7] He later teamed up with Michael Feinstein to create a well-received nightclub act titled "The Power of Two".[41][42][43][44][45] A CD of the show was released on November 3, 2009. The Power of Two, a concert reuniting Jackson and Feinstein, was presented at Carnegie Hall on October 29, 2010.[46][47] Jackson was the guest artist performing with the New York Pops in concert, Cheyenne Jackson's Cocktail Hour: Music of the Mad Men Era, at Carnegie Hall on November 18, 2011.[48] Joe Dziemianowicz of The New York Daily News wrote, "There, in Judy (Garland)'s spot singing Joni (Mitchell)'s song, (Cheyenne) Jackson turned the bittersweet ballad into a beautiful highlight in an evening filled with luscious moments with the New York Pops."[49] On December 31, 2012, Jackson reprised Music of the Mad Men Era at The Kennedy Center Concert Hall with 96 members of the National Symphony Orchestra, and his special musical guest, Tony winner Nina Arianda The concert sold out within days and was hailed by critics as stunning, surprising, and a cool way to ring in 2013.[50] In March 2012, Jackson was signed to Sony/ATV publishing as a songwriter and given a developmental artist deal through Sony/ATV's Hickory Records and Red Distribution.[51] On May 10, 2012, Jackson released his single "Drive", his first non-theatrical single and his first music video release. The video was directed by Austrian music video director Christian Hörlesberger and the track produced by Thomas "Tawgs" Salter. It was the first single released from I'm Blue, Skies, which was eventually released in June 2013. The album was co-written by Jackson himself with Sia Furler, Stephen "Stevie" Aiello, and Charlotte Sometimes.[52] On July 10, 2012, Jackson released his second single I'm Blue, Skies, "Before You," also produced by Salter. In August 2012, "Before You" reached a peak of #31 on the Hot 100 AC chart. The music video for the single was directed by Nick Everhart and also stars Rachel Dratch and Christina Cole. It was inspired by the 1960s monster TV shows The Addams Family and The Munsters as well as classic cinema of the '30s, '40s, and '50s. The director said the film was a tribute to the Golden Age of Hollywood.[53] In 2013, he released three singles "She's Pretty, She Lies", "Look at Me" and "I'm Blue Skies" followed in 2015, with the single "Don't Wanna Know" all accompanied by music videos. On June 3, 2016, Jackson released his new album, Renaissance,[4] an album on the PS Classics record label, adapted and expanded from his solo concert Music of the Mad Men Era. Jackson appeared on the March 26, 2008, cover of The Advocate. The magazine used the caption: "Hello, gorgeous! For leading man Cheyenne Jackson, coming out is a beautiful thing." In 2008, he was named "Entertainer of the Year" by Out and appeared alongside Gus Van Sant, Katy Perry, and Sam Sparro on the magazine's commemorative 100th issue in December. In April 2010, he appeared on the cover of Canadian fab magazine under the title "Cheyenne Jackson: I Love New York" with photographs by Mike Ruiz. He also appeared on Out's November 2010 issue. In July 2012, he appeared on the cover of attitude. Jackson is an LGBT rights supporter. He is an international ambassador for amfAR (The Foundation for AIDS Research).[54] Jackson is also a national ambassador and spokesperson for the Hetrick-Martin Institute, a non-profit organization devoted to serving the needs of LGBT youth.[55][56][57] Jackson is gay. He and Monte Lapka, a physicist, began dating in 2000 and married on September 3, 2011 in New York City.[58][59][60] In July 2013, they announced plans to divorce.[61] They filed for divorce in September 2013.[62] In October 2013, Jackson announced he was dating actor Jason Landau on his official Instagram account.[63] They announced their engagement in February 2014,[64] and married in Encino, California, in September 2014.[65] Jackson and Landau welcomed twins, a girl and boy, in October 2016.[66] Jackson is a recovering alcoholic, having achieved sobriety in 2013.[67]

Bill Daily

William Edward Daily (August 30, 1927 – September 4, 2018)[2][3] was an American actor and comedian known for his sitcom work as Roger Healey on I Dream of Jeannie and Howard Borden on The Bob Newhart Show. William Edward Daily was born on August 30, 1927, in Des Moines, Iowa, the son of Fern Ellis and Raymond Daily.[4] Two weeks after his son was born, Daily’s father went out to get a loaf of bread and never returned.[5] In 1939, Daily and his family moved from Des Moines to Chicago, Illinois, where he spent the rest of his youth.[4] Following graduation from Lane Technical High School, Daily studied for a time at the Goodman Theatre School,[6] then left home to become a professional musician, playing upright bass with jazz bands in numerous clubs across the Midwest.[5] In the early 1950s he was drafted into the United States Army, serving in the Korean War[4] with an artillery unit and later with an entertainment unit.[7] Following his time in the Army, Daily began performing stand-up comedy and gradually began playing some of the bigger clubs in the country. After graduating from the Goodman Theatre School, Daily worked for the NBC television station in Chicago, WMAQ, as an announcer and floor manager. He eventually became a staff director.[1] Daily stated that preparing for a Chicago-area Emmy Award telecast, he asked a young Bob Newhart to come up with a routine about press agents that resulted in the routine "Abe Lincoln vs. Madison Avenue".[8] During his days off, Daily drove to Cleveland to write, direct and perform on The Mike Douglas Show.[2] In 1963, Steve Allen appeared on The Mike Douglas Show, saw Daily do a comedy bit and offered him a job in Los Angeles as an announcer, writer and performer on his syndicated show.[2] Daily appeared in guest spots on My Mother the Car, The Farmer's Daughter and Bewitched. Veteran sitcom writer Sidney Sheldon liked Daily's work and hired him for a supporting role on I Dream of Jeannie. In 1972, two years after Jeannie was canceled, Daily was back on television in another aviator's uniform, as Howard Borden in The Bob Newhart Show. Borden, a commercial airline navigator who later became a co-pilot, lived across the hall from Bob Newhart's Bob Hartley character, and would frequently pop into the Hartleys' apartment to borrow things, mooch a meal, or have the Hartleys take care of his son when he had custody of him. For the two years that followed The Bob Newhart Show, Daily returned to stand-up, but in 1980, after years of making a living as a second banana, Daily was offered his own show. Called Small & Frye, the show featured Daily as a neurotic doctor; it lasted only three months before being canceled. Daily, a lifelong lover of magic, made three syndicated specials introducing young magicians called Bill Daily's Hocus-Pocus Gang which aired in 1982 and 1983. Daily occasionally served as a panelist on the 1970s CBS game show Match Game. After Richard Dawson's departure, Daily was a semi-regular for the final three years of the show's CBS and syndicated run.[4] In 1988, Daily tried his hand again at starring roles, this time as another doctor on the sitcom Starting From Scratch. The show fared slightly better than Frye, but was canceled after one season. Daily's most notable post-Newhart role was another supporting character, that of Larry the psychiatrist on the cult favorite ALF (1986). Jack Riley appeared as an unnamed patient, clearly reprising Elliot Carlin from The Bob Newhart Show. ALF claimed to have learned all he knew about psychology from watching the earlier series. During the 1980s and early 1990s, Daily reprised his I Dream of Jeannie role of Roger Healey in two made-for-TV reunion movies: I Dream of Jeannie... Fifteen Years Later (1985) and I Still Dream of Jeannie (1991). In 1990, he reunited with Bob Newhart as a new, overbearing neighbor in the Newhart episode "Good Neighbor Sam". Also in 1991, he reprised the role of Howard Borden in The Bob Newhart Show: The 19th Anniversary Special, which aired in November of that year. In 1997, he was a guest star on Caroline in the City.[7] Although mostly retired, Daily still did some live comedy and occasional television guest appearances into the 2000s. From 2006 to February 2009, he was a guest host on radio station KBQI in Albuquerque.[4] In 1987, Daily was named director of the New Mexico Film Commission.[9] Daily married his first wife, Patricia Anderson, in 1949; in 1976, the couple divorced. Daily had two adopted children: a son, Patrick, and a daughter, Kimberley who is deceased.[10][11] In 1980 he married Vivian Sanchez, with whom he traveled on the road, performing Lover's Leap for two years. He and Sanchez later divorced.[4][11] In 1993, Daily married his third wife, Becky. The couple remained together until her death in 2010.[12] His manager and publicist was Patterson Lundquist.[4] Daily died of natural causes on September 4, 2018, in Santa Fe, New Mexico, five days after turning 91. His ashes were scattered outside of Santa Fe, New Mexico. His death was announced by his family three days later.[3]

List of American television series by setting

This is a list of American television series arranged by their setting. The list is organized alphabetically by state.

Russ Martin

Russell Dale Martin (born October 4, 1960) is an American radio presenter in Dallas, Texas. He has worked in the Dallas radio market for 31 years. Martin hosted the No. 1-rated The Russ Martin Show on KLLI Live 105.3 in Dallas, until Dec. 8, 2008, when KLLI switched to an all-sports format. On July 12, 2010, Martin returned to radio with his afternoon (3p-7p) show on 97.1 "The Eagle" (KEGL). Martin grew up in Pleasant Grove, a large, working-class neighborhood in southeast Dallas, where he graduated from W.W. Samuell High School. Martin's radio career began in the 1980s at KGVL 1400 AM in Greenville, Texas, working 6 p.m. to midnight running the board for religious programs.[1] In 1982, Martin was hired by KTLR 107.1 FM in Terrell, Texas, to play country music on weekends. A year later, in 1983, he was hired by KAAM 1310 AM in Dallas as a part-time weekend disc jockey. In 1986, Martin was hired for another part-time position by the Satellite Music Network for an oldies format, and later worked part-time for Z-Rock while still working at KAAM and KAFM.[1] In 1987 Martin was hired by Top-40 station KEGL, "The Eagle," in Dallas. He also hosted a talk show on Sunday nights at KEGL. He hosted the television shows Hot TV and Hot Tickets which ran from 1988 to 1994 on the then local FOX affiliate KDAF.[2] Martin founded The Russ Martin Show Listeners Foundation in 2002, which benefits the families of police officers and firefighters who have died in the line of duty. The Foundation also coordinates an annual parade called the Heroes Day Parade. In 2006 he formed "The Russ Martin Show Experience", a band made up of RMS cast members, regular guests and local musicians. The band performs rock cover songs at live venues and at an annual "White Trash Party" to raise money for charity.[3] The shows benefit The Russ Martin Show Listeners Foundation.[4] Russ Martin's interests include 1960s television show character Batman as portrayed by Adam West, as well as his near-obsession[citation needed] with James Garner and the character Jim Rockford. Martin also owns a collection of classic TV show cars such as a Dukes of Hazzard's General Lee replica,[5] the fastest 1966 Batmobile replica, a Munster Koach replica, and the 1976 Ford Grand Torino from Starsky and Hutch.[1] The first incarnation of The Russ Martin Show began following the departure of The Howard Stern Show from KEGL. In 1997 he was asked to fill morning drive time slot. Within two years, Martin's ratings had surpassed those of Dallas veteran radio personality Ron Chapman.[6] In 2000, Martin left KEGL following a contract dispute. The Russ Martin Show reappeared on KYNG, a station that had previously been country-western music. Martin began his first show at KYNG on April 6, 2000, once again filling the morning drive time slot. When Howard Stern was picked up by KYNG, The Russ Martin Show moved from its morning drive slot to 3-7 p.m. In 2003, KYNG changed its call letters to KLLI and took on the Live 105.3 branding. The Russ Martin Show had consistently high ratings for KLLI since his show debuted on 105.3.[7] In 2005 D Magazine named Martin best radio talk show host in the DFW area.[8] In December 2008, Live 105.3 changed its format to include more live sports programming, and Martin was eliminated during the switch.[9]Subsequently, his former staffer spoke out against him. "Stuff he'd say to us on the air he wouldn't say to us in the hall, because he's a coward," says J.D. Ryan, Martin's radio right-hand man for 25 years. "To him everything was a bit, but eventually he crossed the line. It became personal. He made it clear that being successful wasn't enough. For him to be truly happy, those around him also had to fail miserably."[10] On July 1, 2010, KEGL ran a promo announcing the return of The Russ Martin Show. The show began airing on July 12, 2010, in the 6 - 10 a.m. time slot.[11] On Sept. 14, 2011, KEGL started airing best-of-episodes of The Russ Martin Show during the show's daypart for an extended period of time. On Sept, 22, 2011, KEGL's then-program director Chris Ryan, announced the Russ Martin Show would be moving to the 3 – 7 pm time slot beginning Sept. 26, 2011. On Nov. 17, 2014, KEGL's sister station KFXR-AM began airing previous afternoon episodes of the show weekdays from 7 to 11 am.[12] Starting in 2016, Russ started having various medical issues and has missed several shows throughout the year. Dan, Clo, and Alfie carry the show, with help from Scott West on occasion, and have remained at the top of the ratings despite Russ' absences. In addition to Russ Martin, cast members include Dan O'Malley, Clo Raborn, Alfie Coy, and Jerry Caldwell. The show has a number of recurring guests including Dr. Scott Thornton, Everett Newton, Captain Mark Howard, Mark Verma, Scott West, and Ty Jäger.[13] On January 15, 2020 Jerry Caldwell and Ty Jäger were released from the show as a result of sweeping iHeartRadio budget cuts. The theme song for The Russ Martin Show is Fire and Mercy by William Orbit from the 1987 Strange Cargo album. The police of Southlake, Texas, arrested Russ Martin while at Larry North Fitness on July 18, 2008, for charges of aggravated assault-bodily injury-deadly weapon following an incident occurring on July 14, 2008, concerning his then girlfriend Mandy Blake.[14] Martin was accused of pulling her hair, kicking her, and brandishing a pistol.[15] According to the arrest warrant affidavit, on July 14, Martin called the woman and asked if she had followed up about a package he sent to the IRS. When she told him she had not, the document says, he allegedly told her, among other things, "You better hide, because when I get there I'm going to beat the shit out of you." [16] His charges were later reduced to misdemeanor assault. Two weeks prior to Martin's scheduled court date he accepted a plea bargain and pleaded no contest. Martin was placed on two years of deferred probation, and was required to complete a batterer's intervention program to clear his record. On February 10, 2009, nearly eight months after the incident, Mandy Blake filed a complaint with the Southlake police department, claiming she had been coerced into making a statement for what she considered a very minor incident.[15] In an interview with Janet St. James, Martin stated that no one from the DA's office or Southlake police had ever contacted him to get his side of the story.[15]

Hurghada International Airport

Hurghada International Airport (IATA: HRG, ICAO: HEGN) is the international airport of Hurghada in Egypt. It is located inland, 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of El Dahar, the downtown of Hurghada. It is the second busiest airport in Egypt after Cairo International Airport and an important destination for leisure flights mainly from Europe. The airport currently has two passenger terminals: Terminal 1 and Terminal 2. Construction of the new terminal complex cost $335 million, which was mainly financed by the Arab Fund for Economic Development. Egypt's aviation minister, Houssam Kamal, said that the airport would be able to host up to 13 million visitors annually.[3][4] The project was inaugurated by President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi on December 17, 2014.[5] The new terminal has a total area of 92,000 square meters on three levels. The departure hall has 72 check-in counters and 20 departure gates.[citation needed] Car hire is available at the airport. Regular taxis, tourist taxis and minibuses operate from the airport as well. Media related to Hurghada International Airport at Wikimedia Commons

ski hire meribel enjoy hassel free ski holidays with ski hire

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So you�re at a place where you need to hire employees: how can you improve the odds that you�ll hire well? Follow some basic guidelines.1.��� Know what you wantThe mistake we make is paying attention to the position and not the people. In order to hire effectively you need to have real clarity around what you want in an employee. You can teach someone a task. You can�t teach someone attitude. So, put down on paper what you want in an individual. Start with the simple stuff like:��������� They come to work on time every day��������� They are positive��������� They are good at working on their own��������� They are team players Now go deeper. What is it that you really seek in employees. Do you want them to make decisions on their own? Do you want them to be team builders or just team players? Do you want them to be creative or stick to the script? The more you understand about what you want in an employee the better you�ll interview. 2.��� Know yourselfWho you are and how you operate really matters when hiring. If you are the type who is very hands-off, you don�t want to hire people who need a lot of direction. See what I mean? How do you communicate? How do you like to be communicated with? How much time do you spend in the office? How well do you know the tasks of the position you are hiring for? Personality is key � yours and theirs. So take some time to do an assessment of your style, beliefs, and attitudes. You want to hire people who you mesh with. Don�t hire them for task and expect them to change to fit your style. That�s just asking for trouble. 3.��� Interview for depthI think it�s critically important to develop an interviewing process that is solid. It deserves some real time and attention before you ever advertise the opening. Craft your questions and put them in writing. These questions should not only shed light on the candidate�s skill, but on their beliefs and personality. You are trying to get to know them on a deeper level. You want to be sure you are hiring people who will fit with your culture. Have other employees interview them as well. Gaining the perspective of others, especially those who will be working with the candidate, can help you make the right pick. If you don�t currently have employees, ask your advisors, trusted colleagues, or coach to participate in the interviewing process. Take care to give hiring serious attention. Who you hire will have a huge impact on the success of your company. Making good choices when it comes to personality, drive, skill, and fit will save you grief and downtime in the future. You don�t want to be spending time dealing with staff issues if you can help it. And you can help it when you create a system to hire for success.

helpful tips when searching for access platforms for hire

It doesn’t matter the reason why you might need to hire an access platform. The one thing that you need to make sure about, is that you are going to know how to find the right place where you can hire the platforms. There are some safety things that you should consider when you are looking for these platforms for hire.You don’t want to risk your or your worker's safety by hiring an access platform that isn’t going to be safe and secure. With these tips, you will know for sure that you will be safe when you are working on the platform and that you will the work is done in no time.Know what type of access platform you will needFirst of all. You need to make sure that you know what type of access platform you will need. There are different types of platforms that you can hire. Different heights that they can go to. Some are small where only one person can fit on. Others are larger where a group of people can work on.Make sure that you know exactly what type of working platform you will need before you hire one. Otherwise, you are just going to waste money on hiring the wrong platform.Check the condition of the access platforms for hire Before you take the access platform and actually hire it, there are a couple of things that you should make sure about. You need to make sure about the condition of the access platform.Normally these platforms have standard safety features that should be in working order. So, this is something that you need to make sure about before you are hiring the platform. You need to check the overall condition of the platform as well. Does it look if the platform is well maintained, or is it a platform that looks if it can break at any given moment? You need to consider you and your, safe when you are working on the platform.Make sure about when last the platforms were servicedYou have the right to ask to see the access platform’s serviced papers. To make sure that it has been serviced on time and on a regular basis. If you are hiring an access platform and you are paying by the day, the last thing that you want is to have a platform that is breaking down. Then, you will need to pay more, at the end of the day.If the company doesn’t want to give you the information about the platform being serviced, then you need to walk away.When you hire the access platform, will you get an operator with it?This is something that you need to consider. When you are hiring the custom access platform, will you be able to operate it correctly? Or, will they be giving you an operator with it? Some companies are giving an operator with the right experience with the platform, to ensure that the platform isn’t damaged.However, this isn’t something that is always done. So, you need to make sure about it, before you are hiring the access platform if you know you can’t operate it safely.With these tips, you will be able to find and hire the best access platform for hire. You will know what to look for and what to consider when you are hiring a safe and secure platform. Don’t ever put your and your worker's safety in jeopardy, just to get a cheap platform for hire. Rather pay more for a safe platform that is in good condition and that will ensure your safety comes first.

car hire in dublin

If you are planning to come to Dublin you should hire your own car. Hiring your own car on a travel vacation makes all the experience more memorable and enjoyable. Your very own vehicle gives you complete control of your route and will allow you to enjoy every destination with full spirits. Car hire is now more popular as it is more comfortable and also provides privacy of being with friends and family. So, read on to know about Car hire and rental in Dublin and Ireland.

how to choose between a self hire van or a man with a van

Moving can be a stressful time in anyone's life, but it doesn't have to be. Tick one thing off your list by booking your removal van hire.�You’ve found your dream home, now the next step is to move in! But how do you go about saving money during the move?�Obviously, the last thing you want to do is spend money on things you could have got cheaper, but you probably don’t have time to research and receive quotes from various companies around all the packing.�One thing that will certainly need doing and can end up being quite costly is the move itself. Removal companies can be a bit of a minefield- who do you choose to look after your most loved possessions and furniture? Can you rely on the company to be reliable? Have you looked into the various options for your moving day?�It might be that hiring a van yourself will be a more suitable option as this will enable you to choose your moving time and will allow you to get things done on your own schedule.�So, why choose a self-hire van?�Sure, hiring a van yourself will mean that you’ll be doing the heavy lifting but it also means that you won’t have to worry about other people’s reliability and timings.�Self-hire vans also offer complete flexibility and if you choose the right company, you’ll get it at a great price too.�Being able to choose your own hire times can relieve a lot of stress. Specifically, it means that you’re not relying on someone else for arrival and drop off times. In short, the move can be completely worked around you and your requirements.�On top of this, you can choose how long you would like your van hire for. Whether you’re working your move around your full-time job and need it for over a week, or you require your moving van hire for just a day, you can pick and choose what’s best for you.�Finally, you know how much you need moving. Self-hire removal vans give you the option to choose which van is right for you, which will, in turn, adjust the final cost. So, if you’re moving a small flats worth of furniture and need a smaller van, you won’t have to pay the price of an unnecessarily large van.�Of course, you’ll need to ensure that you’re licensed to drive a van. Not all licenses cover this and must be checked before you make a booking.���You also want to make sure that you’re confident at driving a large van if you are only used to driving small cars. You don’t want something to happen on the way to your new home with all of your belongings sat in the back.�Finally, you need to consider if you’ll have help during your move. It would be near impossible to move on your own. Lifting large items such as sofas and tables is by no means a one-man job. Make sure that you will have help on the week you’re planning to move before booking anything.��How about a removal company?�Removal companies are great if you don’t feel like you can do all the heavy lifting. They will take care of pretty much all of this for you. Some removal companies will even pack for you- bonus, right?�Of course, this all depends on your budget and cost.�If you’re moving on your own, then a removal company would be highly recommended. As previously mentioned, it would be near to impossible to pack and move everything on your own or with very little help.�The best part of hiring a removal company is that most of them are insured. If you choose to move on your own you could be in risk of damaging your furniture, simply because you don’t have the experience of heavy lifting and possibly driving a larger vehicle. However, with a removal company, they should be insured if anything was to happen to your possessions, giving you peace of mind during the move.�Whatever route you choose to take, make sure to always do your research.�With a self-hire company, you’ll need to know that the vehicle you have hired is in good condition and won’t break down on the way to your new home. As well as this, you need to ensure that the company is well known and highly reviewed. You really don’t need any bad customer service on top of everything else.�For the removal company, look up reviews to see if they are reliable, efficient and most of all, that they care! There is nothing worse than seeing your valuables being chucked around.Alongside this, double-check that the hire fee comes with insurance, this is a must for your package.�Finally, whichever option you choose, make sure to leave time for any bookings, then, just sit back and enjoy your new beginnings.�

bus hire how to make it a little bit easier for you

Searching for a bus hire can be time-consuming, especially if you always end up with the wrong one: a company that could not accommodate your request or one that doesn�t meet your standards. Drivers of the bus hire, moreover, are qualified to provide excellent transport and customer service to all their clients.

reasons to hire a professional roofer

If you are not sure whether to attempt roof repairs on your own or hire a roofer, consider the pros of the latter choice. You may find that it is worth your money to hire someone.

car hire malaga

Offering car hire services for Malaga Spain. All inclusive holiday packages including golf tee times, car hire and hotel bookings.Malagain Spain is one of the most popular tourist destinations of the Costa del Sol in southern Spain. Malaga is the gateway to exciting costal resorts and cities like Marbella and Torremolinos along the Costa del Sol. The whole region enjoys a very pleasant climate all year round and has some of the best and most exciting tourist spots in the world. There is simply so much to see and visit here that a car is a must have so that you can enjoy the region in your own time in complete freedom. You can drive away in a hired car right from the airport as almost every car hire company has its desk at the Malaga airport. A car hire in Malaga affords you the best way to get around and get to know this fascinating city. �Malaga has it all- wonderful beaches, rich culture and history, magnificent monuments and Malaga is blessed with a wonderful Mediterranean atmosphere where you can spend the holiday relaxing away in its friendly and laid back lifestyle. With its amazing night life, restaurants, and bars, Malaga has always been the forerunners in the list of attractions for the visitors of Spain. And the towns and villages situated around Malaga make for nice day trips with your hired car. Soak in the beautiful countryside of Malaga surrounded with mountains and olive plantations dotted with the typical Andalucian white villages. Malaga is best enjoyed with a car at your disposal so that you don�t have to depend on local transportation. �Explore this fantastic city with your own time table and your own exclusive itinerary with easy and affordable car hire. �Here are a few things you should remember when you hire a car in Malaga.:�Almost all the companies offer car hire services from the airport arrivals. The services are prompt and include most basic services like �meet and greet� at the airport. Book your car online before you arrive, however. The summer months in Malaga are particularly busy and you don�t want to arrive at the airport without a car!! Reserving your car online before ensures that a car of your preference and make is waiting for you at the airport before you arrive. It also ensures that you get the best deal in terms of cost efficiency and personalised facilities. �It will well be advisable to do some research while you reserve a car. Almost all the companies on the internet advertise cheap car hire, but watch out for hidden costs or extra charges. Go for companies which have all their services and corresponding charges clearly spelled out on the website. Your car hire should cover breakdown assistance and insurance cover at no extra charges... Some companies have extra charges for an additional driver.�How long will you be hiring the car for? Some companies offer a better deal on weekly prices than a 4-5 day car hire. Be sure to ask for discounts if hiring for more than a week�s time. If you're booking online, read the restrictions carefully. �Always be sure to check out your selection of bargains before making any reservations. Make sure you understand the terms & conditions of your reservation. Is there a penalty for no-shows? Is there a fee for additional drivers and must their names be listed in the contract? Age limit of the second driver (For liability reasons, this is important.) If pertinent, ask about any restrictions on interstate travel. For your own protection in case of breakdown, be sure the company has offices in all the states/places on your travel itinerary. For one-way rentals, ask about drop-off charges. They can be very high. Always get a confirmation number. For airport rentals, be sure to give the customer service representative your flight number and scheduled arrival time. This will help protect your reservation if the flight is delayed. �Save by booking early as the prices are low during off-season. Also early reservation will give you the freedom to choose from many available cars. If you wait on until the season picks up, your options start getting very limited. �If you are traveling with children, book a child seat in advance as they are charged extra and can be in short supply during peak season. There is a range of cars that companies offer. Reserving early and online helps you in deciding on a car as all the car models and their rates are on display on company websites.For further information� log on tohttp://carhire-malaga-spain.com OR email us links@carhire-malaga-spain.com Key words: malaga car hire, car hire malaga, car hire malaga airport, cheap car hire malaga,car hire malaga spaincar hire malaga airport spain, car hire from malaga airport,budget car hire malaga, malaga car hire rental, malaga car hire company, malaga car rental, car hire spain

use car hire cardiff airport for instant transportation

Read this article to find out interesting information about Cardiff Airport. It also provides some facts about car hire Cardiff Airport. Car hire Cardiff is the best way to start your trip.Cardiff Airport is situated 19 km west of the city centre. That makes it very accessible with a car hire Cardiff Airport. It is an international airport and a hub for a lot of destinations throughout the UK. The airport receives around two million passengers each year and is a nice place to pick up a car hire some of its most popular domestic service within UK is to Edinburgh, while its international flights are to Spain, Ireland and the Netherlands. There are several other transatlantic charter flights to the USA and the Caribbean. The best way to transport yourself once you have arrived is by a car hire Cardiff Airport. There are many quality companies that are ready to give you the mobility you always wanted. Visitors can avail a wide array of facilities that would be expected in such a nice airport. There are ample opportunities to exchange currency and many phone services available. The baggage reclaim hall meant for inbound passengers provides passengers with any assistance if there is a problem. Visitors wanting of doing duty free shopping can do it from the Nuance Tax and Duty Free store which has great deals on fragrances, alcohol, cosmetics, candy, clothing and electronic items. You can also see WH Smith stores that are located before going through security and in the departure lounge. As far as eating out is concerned at the airport there is Burger King offers the selection of breakfast meals and main meals and also Caf� Ritazza is located in the departures lounge.The city has got many tempting sights which can be easily visited by a car hire Cardiff Airport. Drive towards Cardiff Bay which is home to a large freshwater lake. Visitors can enjoy sailing and water sports during the summer and a relaxing atmosphere any time of year. There is also a stylish five-star St David�s Hotel and Spa along with Mermaid Quay, where visitors can find Italian to Turkish cuisine. Drive with car hire Cardiff Airport to see Cardiff Bay Visitor Centre �The Tube�, which displays exhibitions on the history and development of Cardiff Bay. Stroll around the 2000 year old Cardiff Castle which has picturesque castle gardens. Why not visit the Castell Coch or Red Castle with Cardiff car hire and enjoy the by-product of a vibrant Victorian imagination. It is a fact that the middle Ages enthralled the Victorians as much as the Victorians fascinate us today.

moving to hire or not to hire

You've stumbled upon one of the longest debates of moving people around the world. Should you hire someone to help you move, or do it yourself?

bus hire for sydney five benefits you can reap

When it comes to finding a way to get around Sydney, there's no doubt that a bus hire is perfect for tour groups and large families. A company that provides bus hire Sydney services can provide you with reliable.

244442 real estate sales contract for sale by owner

I have a Rental i decided to sell , The comps in the area are 175 to 180k . My loan balance is only 100k , the payment is 745 per month , the buyer wants to take over payments and give me 80k cash, but the Loan will still be in my name. I investors do this all the time , what are the simple steps i should take to close the deal.

734762 how to find off market properties

Hello All,Currently I'm working full time and my side investing consists of note investing. I'm at the very beginning stages of venturing off into multi family rentals. I've heard a lot about finding deals that are off market. Now every now and again when I issue a new loan or start a foreclosure related to my note investing, I'll get something mailed to me asking to purchase my loan.My question for you all is this, How do these people find out my name and address?  I'm sure they get it off public record, but I'm looking for something more specific.  Like a step by step example of how someone does this.  I'm looking to use the same concept for finding properties and mailing out offers to owners.  I'm assuming you can't just mail something to a rental property, as the real owner most likely will not be occupying the facility.Or if you have any other tips to find off market properties, throw it at me.Thank you.

134553 car magnet vs car wrap

If any of you wonderful BP members can give me your insight on this I would deeply be so humble.  I purchased a car magnet sign and place them on to my car doors. I been driving all over Los Angeles, Inland Empire and even through coastal area.  I have yet to get a bite. My true leads are usually from direct marketing or social networking.  Has anyone during time of 2014 had a success rate getting calls from car magnets?  I am already thinking of doing something different like a full body car wrap now.  Just to be loud and obnoxious with my company branding.  Any input would be great.

129417 central air or wall unit

My rental unit has a 500 cash flow each month , the central air fan motor went out , eventually I may need to replace the entire unit a/c and furnace which is about 3 k, the house also has a swamp cooler , edison installed the unit for 80 dollars and it cools about 1200 sq feet , the bill is only 25 dollars per month using the swamp cooler it was put on a window compare to 300 dollars for the central air. The house is only 930 sq feet . I was considering installing ac unit on the wall with of course the back of it being outside through the wall.(like the one's you put through a window) I was thinking of doing this because the cost of ac will only be 500 versus the central ac costing 3k and it will cool 1200 sq feet .. plus it only uses 1200 watts versus 3500 watts on a central a/c and I do plan on keeping the house for at least 5 years or more, maybe when i sell it I can install a new central air or ductless system. The reason I am considering doing this is because #1 the house has a swamp cooler and the bill is cheap eah month 2) the ac for the wall is only (500) dollars will only be used july and aug 3) the maintenance 0 compared to central air.5) the house is for low income but never the less I have nice tile on the floor .laminate , granite counter tops., oh and new windows and fresh exterior paint. The question is: central ac now?? or when I sell it , and just put a 22000btu wall unit , and the added bonus it has a swamp cooler now, giving the tenants options to use either one. thanks your advice is appreciated.

394892 brrr strategy questions

Hi , have 5 properties free and clear , just refinanced them received about 350,000 I would like to buy as many properties is possible in the next year in my market using the BRRR formula my issue is that the lenders I know of all want one year from the time of purchase to refinance a rental based of the market value. otherwise they want to use purchase price plus repair costs . and I only do 70% LTV , is there a way around it , I know some people say they rehab a home put renters in for 2 months and refinance , but how do they go around the issue,  are there any lenders you know off that will do that? Otherwise I will eventually run out of cash as I am refinancing at 30% less than I spent.   I would appreciate any advice and tips. 

321156 reno nv

What can you tell me about living in Reno?  Looking for a temp. residence (friend just moved there).  Any particular areas, streets, neighborhoods, apartments, rentals which would be wise to stay away (relating to personal safety)?  I know this is not easy to answer but any info would be much appreciated.  Thanks!

pay off car loan

When people ask me about whether or not they should pay off their car, it always leads to an interesting discussion.Create an account today to get BiggerPocket's best blog articles delivered to your inboxWhy?As is super customary for me when writing articles, teaching, or speaking, I will not speak in theory or ideas but rather from personal experience.Why not create an asset that can then pay for your car or other toys? Here’s what I did at the end of 2018.Related: Why Getting Comfortable With Discomfort Is Key in Real EstateI wanted to purchase a winter vehicle so I would not have to drive my convertible in the cold. But I hate buying cars, knowing they depreciate the second I drive off the lot. I especially hate it if I’m paying with after-tax dollars or even money from my company.We were looking for a new office building in 2018. We found a property where the seller was willing to do owner financing. (This is one of three ways we buy—never using banks or signing personally on loans.)He also had two existing tenants in the building that were paying 20-year-old rental rates. Both wanted to stay.We structured a monthly principal payment that was a bit less than the total rent being collected the day we closed on the property. This meant it was cash flow positive immediately. That left us with two-and-a-half floors of space. Our company would take part, and we’d rent out the rest.So without even filling the building, we were looking at a $3,000 or so positive monthly cash flow.I then very conservatively went out and purchased a new Jeep for the winter so my convertible could remain in storage for the lovely New England winters. The Jeep payment is only $650 for 48 months. But with the positive cash flow from the building, we mail in an additional $250 principal. That way, we will pay it off sooner than the original amortization.Related: Owning Your Own Office Is Easier Than You ThinkDid we get an office building by sticking to our buying guidelines—not taking out a bank loan and not signing personally on any loans? Yes.Did we create a positive cash-flowing asset that then can be used to buy a toy (i.e., Jeep)? Yes.See, that’s what the wealthiest people do if you study them. They create assets to pay for their toys. They never pay for toys out of after-tax profits.Should you pay off your automobile loan early? No.Should your cash-producing asset pay off your automobile loan early? Why not?!If you learn how to buy on terms, you can learn how to create cash-producing assets that can pay for everything else.How much is your car payment? Are you trying to pay off your car loan early?Share in a comment below! 

190100 are there any lenders that will lend based on rental property history and performance

Hi Everyone, I own 5 properties free and clear , they have been rented between 2 years and 9 moths , people pay on time , no issues. Personal credit is not that great. and properties are purchased under LLC. I heard that some banks will use rental income alone without using personal fico score. mine is around 600 , down due small 25 dollar payments missed. I am looking for a lender that will do a mortgage in Illinois , I live in California , and properties are under LLC. Each property worth about 80 K , looking to cash out or do a equity line, I want to buy more properties with the money. help would be greatly appreciated .

308693 new how to buy older property

Looking for property in Dundee or Lakemont NY.  Most are very old. Without experience/knowledge how do I determine a good value/price for property. Also, how does one locate the property?  Thanks much!

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