Kah phonology was designed with the primary objective to be familiar to native speakers of most of the world's languages as it allows a large number of allophones. This approach resulted in a phoneme inventory counting 22 consonants, 5 vowels and a small number of possible combinations such as vowel sequences and a limited number of possible syllable structures. One important sidenote was to end up with something simplistic enough to allow speakers of most world languages to be able to pronounce it, yet not too simplistic since this would affect the recognizability of word roots.
The Kah orthography includes the following letters:
Upper case: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Z Lower case: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p r s t u v w y z |
Kah has 22 consonants and five places of articulation as summarized in the table below in romanized state:
| labial | alveolar | palatal | velar | glottal |
plosives | p b | t d |
| k g |
|
affricates |
|
| ch j |
|
|
fricatives | f v | s z | sh |
| h |
nasals | m | n | ny | ng |
|
liquids | w | l | y |
|
|
rhotics |
| r |
|
|
|
A guide to their pronunciation and possible allophones are listed in the table below:
Consonant | Example | IPA-value | Allophones (IPA) |
b | French "beau" | b | bh ɓ |
ch | Spanish "churro" | tʃ | ts |
d | Spanish "dar" | d | dh ɖ |
f | French "faire" | f | ɸ |
h | English "high" | h | x |
g | English "good" | g |
|
j | English "joke" | dʒ | dz |
k | Spanish "como" | k | k' kh |
l | French "lire" | l | L ɭ |
m | Spanish "mal" | m | ɱ |
n | Spanish "no" | n |
|
ny | Spanish "señor" | ɲ |
|
ng | English "bang" | ŋ |
|
p | Spanish "por" | p | p' ph |
r | Spanish "rey" | ɾ | r R ɻ ɣ G ʁ |
s | French "sel" | s | ʂ |
sh | English "she" | ʃ | ç ɕ |
t | French "tu" | t | th ʈ t' |
v | English "veil" | v | β |
w | English "we" | w | ʋ |
y | Spanish "yo" | j |
|
z
| French "zero"
| z
| ʐ
|
Furthermore, Kah phonology allows for four combinations of consonant + glide:
Combination | Example | IPA-value |
py | Korean "Pyongyang" | py |
kw | English "quarter" | kw |
mw | Swahili "mwalimu" | mw |
sw | Swahili "Swahili" | sw |
b
Kah uses the five most basic vowels:
Vowel | Example | IPA-value | Allophones (IPA) |
a |
Spanish "mal" | a |
æ ɑ |
e | Spanish "el" | ɛ | e ei |
i | Spanish "si" | i | y ɪ |
o | Spanish "no" | ɔ | o ɔu |
u | Spanish "su" | u | ɯ ʊ |
Kah has no true diphthongs. It does have a number of possible vowel combinations in which each vowel is pronounced separately thus creating two syllables:
dia bua kai | [di.a] [bu.a] [ka.i] |
All vowel combinations allowed in Kah are:
Combination | Example | IPA-value | Allophones (IPA) |
ai | English "bye" | a.i | ai |
au | English "how" | a.u | au ao ao |
ea | Swahili "endelea | e.a |
|
eo | Swahili "kipepeo" | e.o | eo eu |
ia | Spanish "dias" | i.a |
|
io | Spanish "dio" | i.o | |
oa | Swahili "ndoa" | o.a |
|
oi | english "koi" | o.i | oi |
ua | Swahili "jua" | u.a |
Kah allows a limited yet diverse number of syllabic structures. The basic patterns are: V, CV, CGV, VC, CVC, CGVC with a very limited number of consonants that can occur in the coda (only m, n, ng, l and s) and even fewer that can occur as a glide after the initial consonant in the onset (only y or w). This can be summarized as (C/CG)V(C).
An extensive description of possible syllable structures along with examples can be found in the following table:
Structure | Description | Example |
V | one vowel in rhyme | e |
VN | " " " " plus nasal stop in coda | en |
VL | " " " " plus l in coda | al |
VS | " " " " plus s in coda | is |
CV | consonant in onset, vowel in rhyme | tu |
CVN | " " " " plus nasal stop in coda | bon |
CVL | " " " " plus l in coda | kal |
CVS | " " " " plus s in coda | sus |
CGV | consonant plus glide in onset, vowel in coda | pyo |
CGVN | " " " " plus nasal stop in coda | kwan |
CGVL | " " " " plus l in coda | mwel |
CGVS | " " " " plus s in coda | pyus |
Some more consonant clusters in word-medial position bring a great deal of audible diversity to it:
mb nd nj ng mp nt nch nk nz ns nsh mw lp lt lk sp st sk |
Note the occurrence of the cluster ng which represents a velar nasal [ŋ] when it appears at the end of a word (song), but is expresses [ŋg] in word-medial position (tengi). This slight irregularity is permitted in order to sustain the legibility of the romanization, since most readers are familiar with this phenomenon already through the spelling of languages like English, Spanish and so on.
The stress always falls upon the penultimate syllable, unless the final syllable is "heavy" because the rhyme is filled by a vowel sequence or ends with a consonant in the coda. This was realized to allow for some variation in the rythm and feel of the language:
Word | Pronunciation (IPA) |
luba | ['lu.ba] |
aka | ['a.ka] |
bua | ['bu.a] |
huan | [hu'an] |
papau | [pa'pau] |
weyun | [we'yun] |
okwan | [o'kwan] |