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Cell Chemistry and Cell Processes (3.1 & 3.2) Study Guide/ Notes

• Re-read sections 3.1 & 3.2 in the textbook (pgs 68-81); note-taking guide
• Learn important terms
• Think about examples from class; visuals and demonstrations
• Review previously corrected homework in portfolio/binder
• Use my blog; there are great youtube videos and animations!

Chemistry of Life

Atom: smallest unit of matter.  “Everything Matters”

• Can exist in the forms of solid, liquid, gas, plasma
• Made up of protons (+), neutrons (0), and electrons (-)

Oxygen atom

Element: A pure substance consisting of one type of atom.  Ex: Carbon(C), Oxygen(O), Gold(Au), Sodium(Na)

• Periodic table of elements
• Common elements make up 99.9% of the human body: CHNOPS
• 6 common elements of the human body: CHNOPS is an acronym for: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

Compound: Pure chemical substance consisting of two or more different elements.  Ex: Sodium Chloride (NaCl), Dihydrogen Monoxide (H2O), Methane(CH4)

Molecule: Smallest part of a molecular compound; electrically neutral. Ex: H2O or C6H12O6

• Organic Compounds: Compounds or molecules that contain Carbon and Hydrogen.
• 4 Classes of Organic Compounds that make up living things:

• Carbohydrates (CHO): Main source of energy, sugars found in all plant materials.
• Proteins (CHONS): Used to repair tissue and cells; found in meat, and legumes(beans and peas).
• Lipids (CHOP): Long lasting energy source; waxes, oils, fats; used to store vitamins and for cell membranes.
• Nucleic Acids (CHOPN): Store important coded information; DNA, RNA

• Inorganic Compounds: Compounds or molecules other than Carbon. Ex: NaCl, H2O

Mixtures: Combination of substances in which individual substances retain their own properties.  Can be separated by ordinary means.

• Homogeneous (also known as Solutions):  Solvents dissolve and solute is what is dissolved.  Ex: lemonade, kool-aid, salt water, coffee, tea.  An alloy is a solid solution.

• Heterogeneous (some are Suspensions):  Suspensions settle out over time; snow globe, italian salad dressing, blood.  In Heterogeneous mixtures we can see individual parts; salad, trail mix, bag of skittles.

Water:  All chemical reactions take place in water and living things consist mainly of water; up to 60-70%.  Living things use water to transport materials through cells.

• Tonicity: Hypertonic, Hypotonic, Isotonic

Moving Cellular Materials

• Cells have a selectively permeable membrane.  That is they allow some things in and some things out.

Passive Transport: Movement of materials without the use of energy.  Three types:

• Diffusion: Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Ex: Balloons, Perfume, Rice and iodine experiment.

• Osmosis: Special type of diffusion of water into and out of a cell membrane.  Ex: Eggsperimenting with Osmosis Lab, carrots in salt water, strawberries with sugar on top, gargling with salt water to kill microbes causing a sore throat.

• Facilitated Diffusion:  Type of diffusion that uses carrier proteins (helpers) embedded in the cell membrane to move larger molecules through the cell membrane.  Ex:  Glucose

Active Transport:  Movement of materials with the use of energy.  For larger, heavier materials that need to be moved into/out of cells.  Ex: Copper, iron, calcium

Endocytosis and Exocytosis:  Transport that uses the cell membrane to surround a substance to bring it into or out of the cell.

                                                Exocytosis