Revised - 12 Pages of Bee Questions

BEE QUESTIONS FROM ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PARTICIPANTS

“PollinatorLive” 2010 (http://pollinatorlive.pwnet.org/)

How are bees and wasps alike?

Wasps and honeybees are cousins, but far in the past honeybees chose to get all their protein from plant pollen, while wasps get theirs from hunting other bugs. That’s why wasps sting over and over, and much more than bees do – it is a part of how they feed their families!

Do Bees only live in certain places?

Honeybees live in a wide variety of places, and people keep them many ways. Scientists have learned that honeybees prefer to live in cavities in hardwood trees at least 15 feet up in the air!

What would the world be like if we didn't have pollinators?

Pollinators are important because every plant that makes a flower does this because it needs help to make seeds for a new generation. Without pollinators, people would lose about a third of the food they eat, but the entire planet would face an ecological crisis as many other living things lose their way of life.

Are honeybees predators to the monarch?

No! Honeybees are not predators at all!

What is the most popular way for a nectavore to pick up pollen and nector?

Nectavores have long tongues that can reach far down into a flower’s “nectaries” and suck out the sweet stuff. In fact, many pollinators have tongues that are adapted to “fit” the very long or narrow shape of specific flowers!

Are bees prey of another animal? What is the population of the honey bee?

Honeybees can be hunted by members of the wasp family, by spiders, by Praying Mantises, and even birds. This is OK, because this is just another way that honeybees fit into the cycle of life. I don’t know how many bee colonies there are in the world, but a normal beehive can have from 40,000 to 100,000 family members, depending on the time of the year and location of the hive!

What is in the bee's stinger that they cannot live without?

A honeybee’s stinger is attached to venom sacs in the honeybee’s abdomen. Because a honeybee’s stinger has a little hook (we call it a “barb”) on the end, when she stings and pulls away, these parts of her body stay attached, and she passes away.

How fast do the bees eat in a day or how much do they eat?

One of the things about nature is that things change a lot from season to season, and place to place. Bees are really active in warm weather, so they eat more then. I can tell you this: in the wintertime here in Washington DC, 40,000 bees will eat 75 pounds of honey between November and February! That’s about .03 ounce or 850 milligrams.

About how many bees live in one nest?

This varies, too, but I usually see at least 40,000 and at most 80,000 bees in each of my hives. Remember, each on has JUST ONE queen!

How fast can bees travel?

Scientists say about 15 miles an hour. Arizona bee scholar Stephen Buchmann figured out that honeybees get about 5 million miles to the gallon of honey!

Are honeybees Competing Consumers to the Monarch?

There is little evidence that honeybees compete directly with Monarchs or any other pollinator, in part because honeybees are able to go to a wide variety of plants, and do not depend on any one plant on which another pollinator might depend. Honeybees are not territorial, and will simply go somewhere else rather than drive out competitors.

Question: How do bees get across from one flower to another without dropping pollen?

Honeybees are covered (even their eyes!) in special “plumose” hairs that attract pollen! The honeybees’ front legs comb the pollen off of the hairs, and the middle legs pack it onto little spikes (pollen baskets”) on the rear legs. If you watch honeybees working, you can often see these brightly colored packs right on the bees!

How many types of pollinators are there? Are there any bees that DON'T pollinate?

There are dozens of types pollinators in the insect, bird, mammal kingdoms, some that need pollen as their main protein or nectar as their main energy food, and many that use plants as just one source of these foods. In the insect world, there are literally thousands of different pollinators, and we are still identifying unknown ones from time to time. Most pollinators have co-evolved with specific plants and live near those plants. Honeybees are “generalists” and can go to many plants, which is important for our farmers.

Question: Should we stay away from bees because they have stingers?

Honeybees are interested in flowers, not people. People and bees have been agricultural partners for thousands of years, so most of us, most of the time, do not need to be afraid! This might seem scary, but you are probably near all kinds of bees all the time during the summer. People with allergies have special concerns, but less than one person in one hundred has such an allergy.

Question: Why do bees buzz?

Bees buzz for two reasons! The first is that their wings make a buzzing noise when they flap back and forth quickly in order to fly. The bigger the bee, the lower the buzz! Second, BUMBLEbees use a very loud buzz in order to shake the pollen out of plants like tomatoes and peppers.

Question: What kind of trees do bees make nests in?

Honeybees’ favorite hive locations in the world are cavities in tall hardwood trees, 15 feet or more above the ground. Near here, such trees include Tulip Poplar, Maples, Oaks, and Lindens.

Question: Are bee stings worse than wasp stings? Does the bee die after it stings someone?

The worst sting is always the one you just got! I find wasp stings hurt more, but that is because I am used to working with my bees and getting stun sometimes – my skin no longer reacts very much. But every person is different, and what you are used to matters! Honeybees die when they sting, wasps do not..

Question: How do bees pollinate?

When bees enter a flower, looking for pollen or nectar, their fuzzy little bodies get covered in pollen grains. As they go from flower to flower, some of these grains rub off and connect with the ovaries of a different flower, helping it to make a seed.

How much pollen can a bee collect?

Honeybees have little “pollen baskets” on their rear legs that can hold a clump of pollen about the same size as a small grain of rice on each rear leg.

How much pollen do bees need to build their hives?

Pollen is needed to feed young bees, but the number of young bees being raised changes with the seasons. In the winter, for example, there are no young bees growing up. One study says that each worker honeybee larva needs about 2 mg, or around 2,000 pollen grains, in order to develop into an adult.

Question: How long do bees live? Can I have a bee hive in my neighborhood backyard?

A worker honeybee – the ones that do all the work – lives an average of 41 days. A queen bee can live up to 5 years, but mostly lives only up to 2. Drones – the males – are said to live 40-50 days, but get kicked out of the hive before winter starts!

The best way to learn whether beekeeping is permitted in your neighborhood is to contact a local beekeeping club. Your state association may help!

Question: Approximately how much pollen can one bee carry?

Honeybees have little “pollen baskets” on their rear legs that can hold a clump of pollen about the same size as a small grain of rice on each rear leg.

Question: How do bees take the pollen away from the flower?

Question: Where do honey bees carry nectar?

Honeybees have TWO stomachs! One is a normal one for eating and digesting food, but her OTHER one – a “honey stomach” – is a place inside where she can store almost 70 mg of nectar, weighing almost as much as she does! It is separate from her digestive system.

Question: How do bees hear?

Honey bees do not hear sounds, but sense vibrations, especially of particles in the air. They “listen” with the Johnston's organ at the base of each antenna that pick up a range of frequencies of vibrations!

Question: How do bees communicate with other insects?

Honeybees communicate with each other using dances or “pheromones” (special smells), but do not communicate with other non-honeybee insects. The honeybees use dances to tell their sisters the direction, the distance, and the quality of food they have found, so everyone can share. Pheromones are used inside the hive to help organize things like care of the young and defense of the hive. Beekeepers can actually smell “alarm pheromones” if they handle a hive roughly!

Question: What kind of flowers do bees take pollen from the most?

Just like the environment is different from one place to the next, the plants that you find where you are are different from those my bees might find. Therefore, the answer to your question depends on where you live, and beekeepers near you probably investigate this, too. There are some basic rules, though: honeybees see plants that are white to pink to pale blue or lavender better than dark colors, and their tongues can only reach a short way into the flower. In my area, the most important honey plants are trees! If you think about it, a daisy in your garden might have a few flowers, but the trees above our heads can have a million each – one for every acorn or whirly bird or fruit!

Question: How does the pollen stick onto the bees?

Question: How old are bees when they start pollinating?

Honeybees usually start foraging when they are about 3 weeks old. They spend the first three weeks of their lives inside, being house or nurse bees, or both!

Question: Do bees have venom?

Honeybees have venom sacs attached to their stingers at the very tip of their abdomen. If a honeybee DOES sting, these sacs separate from the bee’s body, and she dies. If a honeybee stung you, you would probably see these sacs stuck to your skin, and you should scrape them off to make the sting hurt less.

How many species of bees are there?

There are more than 20,000 kinds of bees, of which our honeybees are just one species that behaves very differently from the others! There are more than 2,000 known kinds of bees in North America, and they are all very different.

Question: The trees we have in our area are pine. Trees with leaves are scarce. What material can we use instead of leaves (to smoke bee hives)?

Pine needles are GREAT for smoking bee hives! I prefer them to tree leaves.

In a hive there are combs and they are used for different purposes. Is each comb used only for one purpose, like laying eggs or holding honey or are the combs uses interchangeable?

Combs are re-used, and are often moved around, but we try to think about it. In the brood nest part of the hive (usually down below) a single comb on a frame can contain brood (baby bees), pollen, nectar, and honey. The bees will move resources around on a comb, and will even use an area that once had brood in it to store nectar, if space is short. A single cell on a comb can be used for many generations of honeybees to develop. The honeybees tend to store their surplus honey (food for the winter) above the brood combs, and beekeepers try to manage those combs to be used only for honey, though the bees are willing to recycle them for any purpose they need right now!

Question: When bees pollinate do they go all around the world?

Honeybees tend to stay within 4 miles or so of their hive when they work: if they go farther than that, they use up more energy to fly than they get from the pollen and nectar they gather!

Question: Do bees see color?

Honeybees do see in color, but they see a different part of the color spectrum than we do. What looks red to us is black to them. Some scientists have found that bees see orange, yellow and green all as yellow, and blue, violet and purple are all blue.

Question: How many kinds of bees are there?

There are more than 20,000 kinds of bees, of which our honeybees are just one species that behaves very differently from the others!

How old are bees when they start pollinating?

Honeybees usually start foraging when they are about 3 weeks old. They spend the first three weeks of their lives inside, being house or nurse bees, or both!

How long do honey bees usually live?

Question: How big are bees when they are first born?

Worker (female) honeybees don’t change size once they emerge from the cells where they pupate! They are ½ inch to 2/3 of an inch long. Drones are larger: slightly more than ½ inch to ¾ inch long, but wider than a worker. The queen is the biggest of all, she can get almost an inch long, but is usually a bit smaller.

Honeybees spend part of their lives as foragers, exploring the natural world around them. They check out flowers in the part of the color spectrum which they can see (white to pink to yellow to pale blue), and when they find something good, they fly back home and give the other bees directions to the flowers with a special “waggle dance!”

Question: How do bees get pollen?

Question: I would like to know how they suck the pollen up?

Question: Are bees different colors when they are born?

Inside the hive, every bee is different: there are no twins, no clones! The bees also vary in color for that reason: some are much yellower than others, some are very dark. They are mostly dark brown and gold, and COVERED In furry hairs! When a bee first comes out of the cell where she hatched, she can look kind of pale, but as she dries out she becomes her normal color.

Question: What do bees use to make their hives?

Honeybees are able to use just the resources they get from plants to build their hives! Honeybees not only use nectar to eat and feed their families, they can covert it (using glands in their bodies) into flakes of wax that they form into hexagonal honeycombs. They also collect sap from plants, which we call propolis, and they use this to clean their hives and also to stick things together and patch up holes and cracks!

Question: Do bees ever stop making honey?

Honeybees are only able to make honey when there is A LOT of nectar available in the environment! The honey is made from the nectar the bees collect but do not need to eat right away. Also, it takes 5 pounds of nectar to make 1 pound of honey, so honey takes a lot of work to make. Near Washington DC, there are only one or two times a year when there is enough extra nectar to make honey. When winter comes, the bees can’t make honey, and eat it instead

Question: Do bees only live in certain places? States? Regions?

Honeybees are really versatile, and you can find beekeepers from Alberta, Canada all the way through the US down to the tip of South America. The key to their success is their ability to store extra food in the form of honey to get through difficult seasons.

Question: Are bees prey of another animal? What is the population of the honey bee?

Question: From Stephen - What is in a bee's stinger that they cannot live without?

Question: How can we help the bee population increase?

First, remember that honeybees are versatile, calm creatures that people have lived around for thousands of years, and be supportive if someone in your community would like to keep bees. Second, consider minimizing the amount of your yard given to just grass, and try to include a variety of plants in your gardens, and try to minimize the use of pesticides.

Why do bees have stripes?

Stripes are nature’s warning signs to other creatures that say “Stay away!” Creatures that have stripes really stand out, and are making the statement that they can defend themselves. Some creatures imitate the stripes of bees and wasps in order to look tough when they are not!

Why do queen bees make hives?

While every hive needs a queen, she is actually not in charge of hive making and running decisions! She does one thing: lay eggs. The worker bees decide when it is time to expand a hive, or start a new one. They might do this because their original hive got big and strong and crowded, so they decided to split into two with some bees going to a new place. Sometimes something goes wrong at the original hive – like a bear keeps bothering it – so they decide to move.

How much honey can a Queen bee make in a lifetime?

While every hive needs a queen, she is actually not in charge of honey making and hive running decisions! She does one thing: lay eggs. The drones are no help, either! The worker bees make honey, and scientists tell us that each one makes an average of 1/12 of a teaspoon in her life. This varies A LOT though, because some bees who are winter bees don’t make honey (they eat it), and some summer bees make quite a lot!

How does the queen bee make the eggs inside of her?

The queen bee can lay 2,000 eggs a day in the summer months, and this is possible because she is born with special organs inside. Her ovaries make eggs, and her spermatheca contains material that she gets from 12 to 25 drones during her one and only mating flight. When she lays eggs, she actually moves around the hive, measuring the empty cells If she finds a small cell, she can mix the eggs and male material to lay a worker egg. If she finds a big cell, she just lays one of her eggs all by itself, and it develops into a drone.

Do all bees make honey?

Honeybees are pretty unique in their honey making activities, but many kinds of bees make some honey. Honeybees need lots of honey because they spend the whole year, including the winter, in a very large family of tens of thousands of bees. Most other kinds of bees just send their mother, a fertile Queen, or some stored eggs through the winter, and these have just the little bit of food they need to survive on their own.

Why are queen bees the only bees that lay eggs?

The queen’s body is the only one with a very long abdomen that can hold all the material necessary to lay 2,000 eggs a day. The queen has to be able to lay lots and lots of eggs to replace the workers that pass away. Her job is specialized to do this as fast and efficiently as possible. The queen also makes scent signals called “pheromones” that the workers carry around in order to recognize that they are all members of the same family – if there were many queens making many smells, the honeybees would not be able to figure out who was in their family!

Do bees fight back to wasps?

Honeybees will fight back against a wasp (or anything else) that tries to get inside their hive and steal their resources. Beekeepers learn special techniques about how to dress and move and use a smoker that keeps this from happening to us!

How do bees make combs?

Honeybees are able to eat flower nectar and convert it into beeswax using special glands on their abdomen. The bees take these little flakes, and shape them into combs with hexagonal cells where they raise their young and store their food.

How big are wasps?

Wasps can get pretty large: in the United States, the biggest wasp is the Cicada Killer, Sphecius speciosus, up to 2 inches long. It is not known to sting people. Some wasps are much smaller than honeybees, and these can be much fiercer!

How long does a queen bee live?

A queen bee can live up to 5 years, though usually she does not last more than 2. A worker bee lives only 41 days, and all this difference occurs just because the queen is fed Royal Jelly her whole life!

Wasps can pollinate, but not even close to as well as bees. Wasps have very little hair for pollen to stick to, and they get most of their food from other bugs, not flowers.

Question: How much venom is in a sting of a bee?

A tiny tiny amount! 5-50 micrograms!

Question: What do bees eat?

Honeybees get everything they need to eat from flowers: nectar is their carbohydrate, pollen is their protein. Honey is just stored flower nectar! Sometimes beekeepers feed the bees sugar water or pollen substitute if they are having a difficult season, but mostly the bees are able to find what they need from flowering plants!

Question: How do bees make honey?

The honeybees gather lots of flower nectar – some scientists say they need to visit an average of 2 million flowers to make one pound of honey – and they bring it back to the hive. Flower nectar is mostly water with a little sugar, so the bees then put it in cells, and evaporate almost all the water away by fanning their wings. When the nectar has less than 20% water, it is officially honey, and the bees cover the cell where it is stored with wax in order to preserve it for months and years!

Question: how much pollen can a bee collect in a day?..

The amount of pollen a bee collects depends on what season of the year it is, how many flowers are blooming that day, how close the hive is to the flowers, and what the weather is like! A forager bee usually starts working when the sunlight reaches the hive in the morning, and flies back and forth from the hive to the blooming flowers all day. She can bring back two small pellets on her rear legs with each trip. If the flowers are far away, or there is a lot of wind, it takes the bee longer to get back and forth. If there are lots of flowers really close to the hive, the bee can make lots and lots of trips.

How many flowers can it pollinate?

Depending on the factors mentioned above, this can mean that a honeybee visits as few as 50 and as many as 1,000 flowers a day.

Question: How are different "types" (clover, etc) of honey made- are they artificially flavored after bees produce them, or, are they different flavors because that is the only plant that the bee used for pollination?

Clover honey – or buckwheat or orange blossom or any other – comes from honeybee visits to those exact plants. Honeybees tend to forage on the plant that is blooming the most at any given time, so when we put honeybees in clover fields or blueberry fields we know those plants’ nectars are being turned into honey. Beekeepers can go in right afterward and collect just that honey. The differences in flavor and color come from the plants, not the bees!

Question: Just exactly how do bees sting you?

A honeybee will usually give you a warning (like flying around your head) before a sting, but if she decides to sting you, she will land on you, bend almost in half, and then extend her stinger into your skin – this can happen very quickly! Her stinger will stick in place and separate from her body, and she will fly away to die. If you are stung by a honeybee, you will see the venom sacs attached to the stinger on your skin, and you should quickly scrape it off with a finger nail. You will feel the sting, and probably get some swelling and itching at the place where it happened. This is normal.

Question: Are there any particular flowers that Bees do not like... that will keep them away?

There are lots of flowers that do not attract bees, such as dark red flowers or hybrids that do not produce nectar or pollen. I don’t know of any plants that repel bees.

Question: do the different species of Bees understand each others dances that they use to tell where to go for pollen?

Scientists have found that different species of bees make different motions and sounds during the waggle dance, leading them to believe that there are different languages or even different senses (sound, vision, smell) used by different species to communicate.

Question: What time of year do the bees produce the most honey? When can you harvest the honey and do the least disturbance to the bee hive?

Every place has slightly different seasons and plants, so the best way to find out when the bees produce honey near you is to ask a local beekeeper! In Washington DC, bees make most of their honey in May and June. We usually figure out whether there is enough extra honey to take in the weeks just after the honey is made, and we try to do this well before the winter, so we do not take honey that the bees need right away. There are many ways of taking the honey, but mostly we open the hive, shoo the bees off of the honey combs, close the hives, and then take the combs away to bottle.

Question: Do Bees ever migrate?

Honeybees do not migrate on their own, but there are professional beekeepers who move their hives all over the country to help pollinate different crops in different places at different times.

Question: What affects do Hurricanes have on the Bee population in areas where hurricanes have come through causing damage to the land?

Hurricanes tear apart beehives just like human houses, and those colonies are usually destroyed. The beekeepers, and the bees, have to start over, usually by purchasing new bees and equipment from beekeepers in other places.

What's the average life span of a bee?

Why can't boy bees sting?

Drones – boy bees – are born without a stinger! A stinger is developed from the egg-laying mechanisms inside a bee, and boys don’t lay eggs!

Why do bees sting?

Honeybees sting for only one reason: self- defense. Mostly they only sting to defend their hive! I like kids to think of this fact: while wasps have to sting every day to feed their families, less than one in 10,000 honeybees ever stings in her whole life.

What do you have to do to get a bee sting you?

If you bother the hive – banging on it, poking it, or trying to open it without proper preparation. You can be assured that you will be stung. I get stung sometimes when bees get trapped in my clothes, if I don’t put my veil on correctly!

Are bee hives and wasp hive different? How are they different?

Honeybee hives are usually large, permanent wooden, and on the ground (except for the wild ones, which are usually in holes way up in trees). Wasp nests only last one year, and can take many forms, like a paper circle hanging in a tree, clay tunnels built on a wall, or a nest burrowed in the ground.

Why do bees sting other people?

Why do bees die when they sting?

Why is it that only girl bees sting?

Drones – boy bees – are born without a stinger! A stinger is developed from the egg-laying mechanisms inside a bee, and boys don’t lay eggs! Even worker honeybees, who are girls that don’t lay eggs, have this body part.

Do bees come in different colors?

There are many kinds of bees that come in a whole rainbow of colors. Honeybees can vary somewhat in color. They all tend to have dark brown and golden stripes, but some are quite pale, and others are quite dark. They are very fuzzy!

When a bee stings you why do they all go after you?

When a bee stings, part of her body stays stuck in your skin, and it releases a warning smell that tells the other bees that she thinks you are a danger to the family. They follow that smell and will tend to sting because they think they are defending their family. For this reason, you should remove the stinger and if possible wash the site as soon as possible after a sting.

Can you eat the fresh honey when you pollinate plants?

When bees get pollen and nectar from plants, the nectar is not yet honey! It is mostly water, and the bees carry it in a special “nectar stomach” back to the hive so other worker bees can “cure” it into honey. The stomach where the bees carry the nectar does not digest the nectar at all, it preserves and transports it.

Why is honey so thick?

Honey has almost no water in it – less than 20% -- and is full of sugar. Honey can actually be thicker or thinner depending on what plant it came from!

Why are there no king bees?

They used to believe that the big bee inside the hive was a King, but then they saw her laying eggs! And paying eggs is her only job. Unlike people, a queen bee only mates at one time in her life, so there is no reason for a special king bee to live in the hive. Remember, these are bugs, not people!

How many different kinds of bees are there?

There are more than 20,000 kinds of bees, of which our honeybees are just one species that behaves very differently from the others!

What's the difference between wasps and bees and do wasps die when they

sting you?

Why is there a queen bee?

The queen bee has one special job: laying up to 2,000 eggs a day to make sure that her family stays large and strong. Her body has to be so different in order to have all the parts to do this and to be protected from harm that it makes sense to have one special bee with a special body, and mostly worker bees with general-purpose bodies that can perform all the rest of the work!

Why do bees eat honey?

Honey is stored flower nectar, food for the bees to eat during the winter when there are no flowers. Honeybees are different from most other insects because they go through the entire year in one great big family. Honey is the way they store food for their winter family.

Why do bees have to be yellow and black?

Why do bees get nectar?

Nectar is the carbohydrate, the “energy food,” for the honeybees. They get all of their food from flowers, and flower nectar is meant to attract pollinators like bees to the flowers.

They sell "raw honey" in the store... isn't all honey "raw?"

Yes, it should be. Sometimes large packers might warm up the honey a bit to make it flow into bottles faster, but honey is ready to eat just as it comes out of the hive.

How do bees pollinate?

Do only bees make honey or do other pollinators also make honey?

Do bees have brains?

Bees have tiny brains the size of a single grass seed, and they are not built the same way human brains are. Bee brains are better at solving some problems, like calculating distances and directions, than people brains are, but not so good at many others!

How much pollen can a bee hold? How much pollen do bees need to build their hives? - Matt C.

Honeybees have little “pollen baskets” on their rear legs that can hold a clump of pollen about the same size as a small grain of rice on each rear leg.

Are bees different colors?

Do bees have hair, skin, and the same body parts that people do?

Honeybees are very different from people – they are arthropods: creatures with a skeleton on the outside! Honeybees have special hairs, called “plumose” hairs, that pollen sticks to, but they are not the same as ours!

Do bees ever get sick? How do they get sick?

Bees get sick many of the same ways that people do. They can eat food that has been contaminated with pollutants or which is naturally toxic, they can be bitten by parasites, they can get viruses and bacterial infections, especially if they have been bitten. Sometimes they have diets which are not healthy because they do not have access to enough of a variety of plants! So both kids and bees need lots of different vegetables to be healthy!

How are bees made?

The queen bee lays an egg inside a cell within a beehive, and that egg first hatches into a larvae, and then a few days later it spins a cocoon (just like a moth!) and for two weeks it is a “pupae.” The other bees feed and care for the eggs and the larvae, but when the bee spins her cocoon, they put a cap on the cell and leave her alone for a couple of weeks. About three weeks after the egg was laid, the adult bee chews her way out of her cooon, and emerges as a full-grown adult!

How is polllen created?

Plants produce pollen in order to be able to make the seeds that will grow the next generation. Plants that grow flowers put parts inside -- ovaries (which can make seeds) and anthers (which produce pollen, the stuff that fertilizes the seeds) – but the plants like it better if their pollen goes to another plant, and they get a different pollen to fertilize their eggs. Bees are great because they go from one flower to the next, spreading pollen from many individuals across a number of plants.

How do bees die?

Most bees simply wear out after 41 days of constant working. First they work inside the hive. For the first three weeks, they are house cleaner and nurse and builder and guard bees. After that, they forage outside the hive and fly back and forth, bringing food and resources. Usually they pass away outside the hive. If a bee dies inside the hive, her sisters will carry her outside, usually 10 feet or more away from the hive.