Psychological Types: Simplified Translation

Originally written by: Ren
Reformatted by: Clyde (@clyd3nce)
PDF Version: Psychological Types Simpler Translation (Jungian)

Editor’s Note:

Bullet points were situated to convey the main tenets of Jung’s types, rather than the unessentials, and it also might make the descriptions altogether easier to read. This is accompanied by statements that were bolded, which point out the most salient points in each type.

The very last pages consist of an even simpler translation of this translation, and insights from other Jungians who contributed and elucidated the loopholes of Jung’s typology. These insights can be used as short, Jungian definitions to rely on. Feel free to cite anything in this translation.

Contents of Table

Extraverted Thinking (Te)

Extraverted Feeling (Fe)

Extraverted Sensation (Se)

Extraverted Intuition (Ne)

Introverted Thinking (Ti)

Introverted Feeling (Fi)

Introverted Sensation (Si)

Introverted Intuition (Ni)

The Auxiliary and Inferior Function

A Summary of Jung’s Typology

The Other Jungians

Extraverted Thinking

Extraverted Feeling

Extraverted Sensation

Extraverted Intuition

Introverted Thinking

Introverted Feeling

Introverted Sensation

Introverted Intuition

The Types Summarized

1) Extraverted Thinking

2) Extraverted Feeling

3) Extraverted Sensation

4) Extraverted Intuition

5) Introverted Thinking

6) Introverted Feeling

7) Introverted Sensation

8) Introverted Intuition

Extraverted Thinking (Te)

Extraverted judgment’s criteria is directly represented by objectively perceptible fact, or expressed in an objectively valid idea.
The orientation towards the object makes no essential change in the thinking function and the logic of thought; only It's appearance is altered.
Whenever thinking is brought under the influence of objective data, it becomes attached to objective facts.
Te’s constant aim — as it is a pure type — is to fulfill It's total life-activities in relation with intellectual conclusions, which are always oriented by objective data, whether it be objective facts or generally valid ideas.
It gives deciding weight to an objectively oriented intellectual formula or method for It'self and It's environment.
Because this formula seems to correspond with the meaning of the world, it becomes a world-law which must be achieved or applied at all times and places, both individually and collectively.
In Te’s eyes, the formula is the purest conceivable formulation of objective reality, and therefore must also be generally valid truth.
All that which concerns feeling will become repressed in this type, as for instance, aesthetic activities, taste, artistic sense, the art of friendship, etc.
Illogical forms, such as passions and the like, are often obliterated even to the point of complete unconsciousness.
Since feeling is the first to oppose and contradict the logical formula, it is affected first by this conscious inhibition, and therefore it is intensely repressed.
For example, conscious altruism, may be crossed by a secret self-seeking, and which gives the impression of intrinsically unselfish actions with the stamp of selfishness.
[As a result of inferior Fi] it is authorized by the formula that the ends justify the means.
When Te is extreme, all personal considerations are lost sight of, even those which concern the individual’s own person.
Personal sympathy with others must be impaired, unless they too chance to be in the service of the formula.
Unconscious feeling is highly personal and oversensitive, giving rise to certain secret biases:

For instance, a readiness to mistake any objective opposition to their formula as personal hostility.
Or a constant tendency to make negative assumptions regarding the qualities of others in order to invalidate their arguments beforehand in defence, from their own susceptibility.

As a result of this unconscious sensitivity, Te’s expression and tone frequently becomes sharp, bitter, aggressive, and insinuations grow exponentially.
The logical formula undergoes a characteristic change as a result of this personal sensitivity: it becomes rigidly dogmatic and tyrannical.

Extraverted Feeling (Fe)

The extravert’s feeling is always in harmony with objective situations and general values. It is under the spell of traditional or generally valid standards of some sort.
For example, Fe may feel obligated to use the predicate ‘beautiful’ or ‘good’, not because they find the object ‘beautiful’ or ‘good’ from It's own subjective feeling, but because it is fitting and tactful to do; and fitting it certainly is, inasmuch as a contrary opinion would disturb the general feeling situation.
A feeling-judgment such as this is in no way a simulation or a lie — it is merely an act of accommodation.
There is a benevolent intention in Fe to create a pleasant feeling-atmosphere, to which end, everything must be felt as agreeable.
Such feelings are governed by the standard of the objective determinants.
The values resulting from Fe either correspond directly with objective values or at least harmonize with certain traditional and generally known standards of value.
Without this feeling, a beautiful and harmonious sociability would be unthinkable.
It is of the highest importance for Fe to establish an intense feeling of rapport with the environment.
But this beneficial effect is lost as soon as the object gains an exaggerated influence. When Fe draws It'self too much to the object, It's initial charm completely fades. ‐ Fe then becomes cold and untrustworthy.
It no longer makes an agreeable impression which usually accompanies genuine feeling; instead, one suspects a facade, or that the person is acting.
Every conclusion, however logical, that might lead to a disturbance of feeling is rejected from the start.
Hysteria is the principal form of neurosis with this type.

Extraverted Sensation (Se)

Those objects which release the strongest sensation are decisive for the Se’s psychology. ‐ The result of this is a pronounced sensuous hold to the object.
It is only concrete, sensuously perceived objects which excite sensations in the extraverted attitude.
Exclusively those which everyone in all times and places would sense as concrete. The orientation of such an individual corresponds with purely concrete reality. Their life is an accumulation of actual experience with concrete objects.
What they experience serves at most as a guide to fresh sensations; anything new that comes within their range of interest is acquired by way of sensation.
Sensation for them is a concrete expression of life—it is simply real life lived to the fullest.
Their entire aim is concrete enjoyment, and their morality is oriented accordingly.
This doesn’t mean that they are just sensual or gross, for they may differentiate their sensation to the finest pitch of aesthetic purity.
Se frequently has a charming and lively capacity for enjoyment; such types are at times jolly, and often a refined aesthete.
Everything essential has been said and done by what it senses.
Conjectures that transcend or go beyond the concrete are only permitted on condition that they enhance sensation.
But the more Se predominates, the more unsatisfactory this type becomes.
Either they develop into a crude pleasure-seeker or they become an unprincipled hedonist.
Repressed Ni begins to assert It'self in the form of projections upon the object, in which the strangest conjectures arise.
Phobias and compulsions also emerge.

Extraverted Intuition (Ne)

The primary function of intuition by It'self is simply to transmit images, or perceptions of connections between things, which could not be transmitted by the other functions, or only in a very roundabout way.
Since Ne is directed predominantly to objects, it actually comes very close to sensation; indeed, the expectant attitude to external objects is just as likely to make use of sensation.
But just as Se strives to reach the highest pitch of actuality, so Ne tries to apprehend the widest range of possibilities.
It seeks to discover what possibilities the objective situation holds in store. Every ordinary situation in life seems like a locked room, which Ne must open. It is constantly seeking outlets and new possibilities in external life.
In a very short time, every existing situation becomes a prison for Ne; a chain that has to be broken.
For a time, objects seem to have an inflated value, if they should serve to bring about a solution, a deliverance, or lead to the discovery of a new possibility.
Facts are acknowledged only if they open new possibilities.
Ne is always present where external possibilities exist.
It has a keen nose for anything new and filled with future promise.
Because it is always seeking out new possibilities; stable conditions suffocate it.
It seizes hold of new objects and new facets, sometimes with extraordinary enthusiasm, only to abandon them as soon as their potential is fully known and no further developments can be envisioned.
When the intuitive dimension dominates, repressed Si breaks out in phobias and compulsions.
Hypochondriacal and compulsive ideas, and inexplicable bodily sensations may result.

Introverted Thinking (Ti)

Ti, always at the decisive points, is orientated by inner ideas.
External facts are not the aim and origin of this thinking, although this type would often like to make it so appear.
In the presence of new facts, It's chief value is indirect, because new ideas rather than the knowledge of new facts are It's main concern.
It formulates questions and creates theories, but in the presence of facts it exhibIt's a reserved demeanour.
Facts are collected as evidence or examples for a theory, but never for their own sake.
What is of paramount importance is the development and presentation of the inner intellectual idea.
It’s aim, therefore, is never concerned with a logical reconstruction of measurable fact (Te), but with the forming of that dim image into a luminous intellectual idea.
It's desire is to reach reality, and to see how external facts fit into the framework of this idea.
This thinking creates an idea which, though not present in the external facts, is the most abstract, theoretical expression of the external facts.

It’s task is accomplished when the idea it has formed seems to emerge so inevitably from the external facts that they actually prove It's validity.
But no more than Te can wrest a sound inductive idea from concrete facts or create new ones can introverted thinking translate the initial image into an idea adequately adapted to the facts.

Ti shows a dangerous tendency to force facts into the shape of the idea, or even ignore them altogether.
The Ti type restricts themselves to a critique of knowledge in general.
For the idea derives It's convincing power from the underlying archetype, which as such, seeks to have universal validity and everlasting truth.
Theories are created for their own sake.
Ti’s judgment appears cold, inflexible, arbitrary, and inconsiderate, because it relates far less to the object than to the subject.
Courtesy, amiability, and friendliness may be present, but often with a particular quality suggesting a certain uneasiness, which reveals an ulterior aim.
When the Ti type communicates their logical ideas into the world, they never introduce them like a mother concerned for her children, but simply dumps them there and gets extremely annoyed if these ideas fail to thrive on their own account.
In the pursuit of their ideas, the Ti type is generally stubborn, head-strong, and quite unamenable to influence.
Because the Ti type thinks out a problem to It's logical limit, the Ti type complicates it and constantly gets entangled in their own doubts.
However clear to themselves the inner structure of their thoughts may be, they are not in the least clear where and how they link up with the world of reality.
It is difficult to persuade themselves to admit that what is clear to them may not be equally clear to everyone else.
Ti’s style is contained by all sorts of accessories, qualifications, saving clauses, doubts, etc; all which come from It's exacting precision.

Inferior Fe over-compensates as forms of too little or too much emotivity and touchiness; and they begin to confuse their subjective idea with their own person.
They break out with bitter and personal retorts against every criticism, however just. Thus their isolation gradually increase.

Introverted Feeling (Fi)

It's aim is not to accommodate the objective fact, since It's whole unconscious effort is to give reality to the underlying ideals.
It is continually seeking an ideal which has no existence in reality. It strives after an inner intensity.
This type is usually silent and difficult to access.
With sensitivity, it shrinks from the brutality of the object, in order to expand into the depths of the subject.
Everything [prominently] stated of Ti refers equally to Fi, except only here everything is concerned with values while there it was logic.

[What is of paramount importance to Fi is the development and presentation of the inner intensity.]

The fact that logic can generally be expressed more intelligibly than feeling, makes feeling demand a more artistic capacity, so that the real wealth of this feeling can be even approximately presented or communicated to the outer world.
It inevitably creates the impression of sentimental self-love.
The proverb ‘Still waters run deep’ is very true of such a type.
They are mostly silent, inaccessible, and hard to understand, and their temperament is drawn toward melancholy.
Their outward demeanour is harmonious and inconspicuous; Fi reveals a delightful repose, a sympathetic parallelism, which has no desire to affect others, either to impress, influence, or change them in any way.
A superficial judgment might well be shown, by a rather cold and reserved demeanour, into denying all feeling to this type.

Such a view, however, would be quite false; the truth is, their feelings are intensive rather than extensive. They develop into the depth.

Where as an extensive feeling of sympathy (Fe) can express It'self in both word and deed at the right place, an intensive sympathy (Fi) gains a passionate depth that embraces the misery of a world.
Fi may possibly express It's aim in intimate poetic forms.
Inferior Te displays a trace of domineerance; a tendency to overpower or coerce the object once openly and visibly with the thing secretly felt.
Wherever unconscious Te is under the influence of the ego, the power of the Fi type is transformed into arrogant ambition, vanity, and a desire to dominate.
The power of the object is felt, and consciousness begins to feel ‘what others think.

In such cases, others are thinking all sorts of immorality, scheming evil, and contriving all sorts of plots, secret intrigues, etc.

Elaborate counterplots are consequently produced by the Fi type.

Introverted Sensation (Si)

In the introverted attitude, sensation is definitely based upon the subjective aspect of perception.

What is meant by this, finds It's best example in the reproduction of objects in artistic expression.
For instance, when several painters attempt to paint the same landscape, with a sincere attempt to reproduce it faithfully, each painting will still differ from one another, chiefly because of different ways of seeing.
There will even appear in some of the paintings, a decided psychological difference, both in general mood and in treatment of colour and form.

It always looks as though the object did not penetrate into the subject, but as though the subject were seeing the object quite differently, or saw quite other things than other people.
Si seeks to make a definite inner impression.
It is concerned with dispositions of the archetypal experiences of objects.
Subjective perception as a whole Si and Ni is characterized by significance and meaning.
Si apprehends the background of the physical world rather than It's surface.
The decisive thing is not the reality of the object, but the reality of the impressions they release, i.e. the archaic archetypal images.
The reality of these inner impressions create an ideal mirror-world, or an alternate inner reality.
This reality represents things not in their known form (Se), but rather in an enduring and eternal form, somewhat as a million-year old consciousness might see them.
Such a consciousness would see the birth and passing of things existing in the present, and it would also see what was before their birth and what will be after their passing.
Si transmIt's an image which does not necessarily reproduce the object, but rather spreads over it the impression of age-old subjective experience as well as events that are still unborn [hence It's eternal nature].
Viewed from other people, whatever will make an impression and what will not can never be seen.
This type’s characteristic difficulty in expressing themself hides their irrationality.
They may be noticeable for their calmness and passivity, or for their stoic self-control.
The Si type can easily question why one should exist at all, or why objects in general should have any right to existence, since everything essential happens without the object.
Seen from the outside, it looks as though the effect of the object did not penetrate into the subject at all.
Subjective sensation can become so alive that it almost completely obscures the influence of the object.
The results of this are:

a feeling of complete depreciation of the object
an illusory conception of reality, which in extreme cases may even reach the point of a complete inability to distinguish between the real object and the subjective perception.

When there is no capacity for artistic expression, all impressions sink into the inner depths of consciousness.
Si lives in a mythological world, where people, animals, trains, houses, rivers, and mountains appear as benevolent deities or as malevolent demons.
Whereas pure Ne has a characteristic resourcefulness, and a ‘good nose’ for every possibility in objective reality, inferior Ne has an amazing flair for every ambiguous, negative, and dangerous possibility in the background of reality.
The real intentions of the object mean nothing to Si; instead, it sniffs out every conceivable dangerous motive underlying such an intention.
Repressed Ne releases possibilities about objects of the most perverse kind, resulting in a compulsion neurosis.

Introverted Intuition (Ni)

Whereas Si is mainly constricted to the perception of a particular impression, and does not go beyond it, Ni perceives the image which has really caused the impression.
Suppose for instance, each [introverted] perceiving type is overtaken by an impression:

Si is arrested by the peculiar character of this impression, perceiving all It's qualities, It's intensity, It's course, the nature of It's origin and disappearance in their every detail, without raising any suspicion concerning the essence of the thing which caused the impression.
Ni on the other hand, receives from the impression the driving force behind it; it peers behind the scenes, quickly perceiving the image or vision that gave rise to the impression.
This vision fascinates the intuitive activity; it is arrested by it, and seeks to explore every detail of it.
It adheres to the vision, observing with fascination, how the image changes, unfolds, and finally fades.

Just as Ne is continually seeking new possibilities, destroying what has only just been established in their everlasting search for change, so Ni moves from image to image, chasing after every possibility and insight in the abundance of the [collective] unconscious.
Ni apprehends the images which arise from the archetypes.
The archetype in this case would be the noumenon or essence of the image, which Ni perceives.
It can even foresee new possibilities in a relatively clear outline, as well as events which later actually do happen.
It's prophetic foresight is explained by It's symbolic relation with archetypes, which represent the laws governing the course of all experienceable things.
The morally oriented Ni type concerns themself with the meaning of their vision. They feel bound to transform their vision into their own life.
Since they tend to rely exclusively upon their vision, their moral effort becomes one-sided.
They make themself and their life symbolic, adapted to the inner and eternal symbols of events, but unadapted to the actual present-day reality (inferior Se).
They only profess and proclaim their vision [making their communication ambiguous].
Impulsiveness and unrestraint are the characteristics of inferior Se’s overcompensation, combined with an extraordinary dependence upon the sensuous object.
The form of neurosis is that of compulsion, but specifically exhibiting symptoms that are partly hypochondriacal manifestations, partly hypersensibility of the sensuous objects, and partly compulsive dosage to objects.

The Auxiliary and Inferior Function

Only one function can have primary deciding weight; this function is the dominant.
A secondary function can operate as a supporting one, if It's nature is different from but not opposed to the dominant function; thus a judging dominant function can have either of the irrational functions as It's auxiliary, because they are functions of perception, not of judging. [The same applies to the dominant perception function in relation to the auxiliary judging functions.]
This auxiliary function proves useful only inasmuch as it serves the dominant function.
The unconscious functions group themselves in patterns correlated with the conscious ones

For example, conscious thinking-sensation is met with unconscious intuitive-feeling, with feeling having a stronger inhibition [T-S-N-F].

An attempt to develop one’s most repressed or inferior function is foredoomed to failure, because it involves too great a violation of the conscious standpoint.

A Summary of Jung’s Typology

[Made by Ren, the document’s original writter]

Carl Jung came about the eight psychological types through a synthesis of what is termed the attitudes and functions.
Among Jung’s psychological research of individuals, he discovered amongst them, that they were governed by:

Two psychological attitudes, extraversion and introversion
Four psychological functions thinking, feeling, sensation, and intuition.

And he defined them as follows:

Extroversion: Prioritization of the object external to the mind.
Introversion: Prioritization of abstractions independent from the external object.
Thinking: Judgment of things via the intellect.
Feeling: Judgment of things via sentiments.
Sensation: Perceives the concrete nature of a thing.
Intuition: Perceives the speculative nature of a thing.

It was Jung’s assistant, Maria Moltzer who discovered the intuitive function. It was under Jung’s original impression that feeling was only extroverted, but his colleague, Hans Schmid-Guisan later discovered otherwise with introverted feeling. And fellow analyst Toni Wolff was the one who introduced Carl Jung to the sensation function.

“4 Little-Known Facts about Jung and Types – IDR Labs”

“Intellect” in this sense means the faculty of the mind that reasons out things to reach an objectively correct conclusion.
Jung himself, in Psychological Types, summarized the four functions as follows:

“Sensation establishes what is actually present [specifying, pinpointing], thinking enables us to recognize It's meaning [explanation, description], feeling tells us It's value [sentiment, taste, axiology], and intuition points to possibilities as to whence it came [source, insight] and whither it is going in a given situation [hypothesis, prediction].”

The Other Jungians

The later synthesis of the attitudes and functions led to Jung’s descriptions of the eight psychological types, as simplified above. But Jung’s definitions and descriptions seemed to be riddled with ambiguity.
So other Jungians specifically Jung’s student, Marie Louise Von Franz, and Jung’s colleague, J.H. van der Hoop decided to expound on Jung’s descriptions of the eight types, formulated by their own research.
Here is a summary of their additional insights:

Extraverted Thinking

Van der Hoop: "The [Te] type is guided by the structures and laws of thought, as these have been taught to him by his educator. … Facts are only thinkable for [Te] as parts of an organized reality. … The system according to which the extraverted thinker arranges their facts is also held to be objective… They order their facts critically and with great care… In addition, they also make use of their knowledge at an early age, so as themselves to be regarded as authorities"
Von Franz: "This type is to be found among organizers... [They] establish order... They put clarifying order into the outer situation. … The emphasis will always be upon the object, not on the idea. … Such a man might spend his whole life settling problems, re-organizing firms, and stating things clearly"

Extraverted Feeling

Van der Hoop: "The [Fe type] lives entirely for contacts of feeling with other people. … All the actions, thoughts, and observations of people of this type are governed by the effort to establish relationships of feeling with other people. … In their experience, feeling attitudes are things of objective value."
Von Franz: "The [Fe] type is characterized by the fact that their main adaptation is carried by an adequate evaluation of outer objects and an appropriate relation to them. This type will therefore make friends very easily; will have very few illusions about people... These are well adjusted, very reasonable people who roll along amiably through society... They spread a kind of atmosphere of acceptance, and it is agreeable.”

Extraverted Sensation

Van der Hoop: "[The Se type] very quickly becomes at home in the world of facts and things. If an object catches their attention, they at once seize hold of it... Facts perceived through the senses remain for people of this type the only reality. They are, to an extreme degree, realists. … They are thus strongly influenced by their environment, but are [nonetheless] not entirely passive within it..."
Von Franz: "Such people observe everything, smell everything, and on entering a room know almost at once how many people are present. … The [Se] type has the best photographic apparatus, as it were; he can quickly and objectively relate to outer facts. … Good taste is also generally present."

Extraverted Intuition

Van der Hoop: "The vision of the [Ne type] is directed chiefly on relationships in the external world… [They are] also readily able to grasp the views of others. Intuition sees in the external world all manner of connections in an original way, and is charged with a mission to realize certain possibilities."
Von Franz: "A sensation type would call this object a bell, but [an Ne type] would envisage all sorts of things you could do with it. … In everything there is a possibility of development. Intuition is … the capacity for intuiting that which is not yet visible … [inherent] in the background of a situation. The [Ne] type applies this to the outer world and therefore will score very high in surmising the future outer developments around them."

Introverted Thinking

Van der Hoop: "While the strength of [Te] lies in [It's] easy application of systematized knowledge, [Ti] is particularly good at comparing systems and principles. [The Ti type feels] at home among abstractions, and there are many fine shades of meaning in the world of their ideas. … At times such people will go to great pains to express themselves as clearly as possible, but sometimes they give up the attempt and simply present their views in the form in which they arose. … They aim at having, at least inwardly, a foundation of pure and definite principles for the ordering of their lives."
Von Franz: "The main activity of this type is not so much trying to establish order in outer objects; it is more concerned with [establishing order in] ideas. Someone who would say that one should not start with facts, but first clarify one's ideas, would belong to the [Ti] type. All philosophy is concerned with the logical processes of the human mind, with the building up of ideas, which is the realm where [Ti] is mostly at work. In science these are the people who are perpetually trying to … get back to basic concepts and ask what we are really doing mentally.”

Introverted Feeling

Van der Hoop: "The [Fi type] finds support and guidance by shaping [their] own feeling-attitudes in accordance with an inner ideal. Feeling aims more especially at an inner harmony. [Their inner security] leads to deep feeling, and to a strange mixture of inner tenderness and passionate conviction. [They will express themselves] when, in a state of high emotional excitement, they stand up for a threatened ideal."
Von Franz: "They have a highly differentiated scale of values, but they do not express them outwardly; they are affected by them within. … With a kind of silent loyalty, and without any explanation, they turn up in places where important and valuable inner [standards] … are to be found.They also generally exert a positive secret influence on their surroundings by setting [their own example]. … [Fi] types very often form the ethical backbone of a group.”

Introverted Sensation

Van der Hoop: "The attention of [Si] is not directed primarily to the source of sensation, but to It's so-called ‘feeling-tone’ [:the overall quality of an experience]. [Si] loves an environment with which they have become familiar. Anything strange or new has at first no attraction for them; but they offer little active resistance to it and soon learn to accept the good in it. … This lends to their lives a certain solid comfort, although it may lead to somewhat ponderous caution, if instinct becomes too deeply attached to all kinds of minor details. The advantages and disadvantages of this type are well brought out in the reserved and conservative farmer, with his care for his land and his beasts, and his tendency to carry on everything, down to the smallest detail, in the same old way. [Another example] of this type [is] the painter, who manages to express a deep [detailed] experience in the presentation of ordinary things."
Von Franz: "[Mrs. Jung, an Si type herself,] said that [Si] was like a highly sensitized photographic plate. When somebody comes into the room, such a type notices the way the person comes in, the hair, the expression on the face, the clothes, and the way the person walks. All this makes a very precise impression on the [Si] type; every detail is absorbed.”

Introverted Intuition

Van der Hoop: "It is not primarily their own personal inner life that they grasp [intuitively], but rather inner life in general; the inner nature of things. The aim of intuition here is to perceive the ideal essence of all things—animate and inanimate, and in their inter-relations. … The highest form of this function would imply a capacity for perceiving the deeper meaning of everything. … Their thought remains aphoristic, and is often expressed in paradoxes."
Von Franz: "In psychological language we should say that [the Ni type] knows about the slow processes which go on in the collective unconscious, the archetypal changes, and they communicate them to society. ... They generally are artists who produce very archetypal and fantastic material, such as you find in Nietzsche's Thus Spoke Zarathustra”

The Types Summarized

Based on the descriptions from Jung, van der Hoop, and Von Franz, the general descriptions of the eight psychological types can be synthesized accordingly and summarized as follows:

Extraverted Thinking

Goal: To realize an orderly system upon the outer environment.
Means: The assessment and arrangement of objective data.
Analogy: Science. the practical activity dealing with measurable and systematically arranged facts showing the operation of general laws

Extraverted Feeling

Goal: To realize an atmosphere of shared sentiments upon the outer environment.
Means: The assessment of what is objectively valued by others; a universal ideal.
Analogy: Sociology. the study of what binds and separates people as individuals and collectives; the collective behavior of organized groups of humans.

Extraverted Sensation

Goal: To experience the highest pitch of concrete reality.
Means: Actively observing, capturing, and appreciating the “facts and things” at hand.
Analogy: Existence. the totality of things which occur in the present and physical reality.

Extraverted Intuition

Goal: To apprehend the widest range of possibilities, insights, and connections.
Means: Realizing and experimenting with objects that have the most potential.
Analogy: Divergent/Lateral Thinking. solving problems by indirect approaches, typically through viewing and exploring the problem in new and unusual ways, and making unusual or unexpected connections between ideas; typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing, "non-linear" manner.

Introverted Thinking

Goal: To reach a detached frame of reference, abstracted from the external facts.
Means: Forming theories, clarifying ideas, establishing definite noetic principles.
Analogy: Metaphysics. the branch of philosophy that deals with first principles intended to describe or explain all that is, including abstract concepts like being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, etc.

Introverted Feeling

Goal: To reach harmony with an inner ideal; an inner intensity.
Means: Shaping and exploring personal sentiments.
Analogy: Romanticism. a movement in the arts and literature that originated in the late 18th century, emphasizing emotion, inspiration, imagination, melancholy, subjectivity, and the primacy of the individual.

Introverted Sensation

Goal: To establish a definite, concrete impression of a phenomenon.
Means: Absorbing every detail of a phenomenon and using this experience as an archetype to rely on.
Analogy: Information Science. the storage, retrieval, and indexing of recorded knowledge and of it’s uses.

Introverted Intuition

Goal: To gain insight on the essential meaning of all experienced phenomena.
Means: Pursuing inner archetypal images.
Analogy: Mysticism. a doctrine of an immediate spiritual intuition of truths believed to transcend ordinary understanding or intellect; “a central visionary experience […] that results in the resolution of a personal or religious problem.”