Pyxine cocoes (Swartz) Nyl. as a bioindicator/biomonitor of aerial pollution in ASIA: a chronology of scientific events. [Pyxine cocoes is also utilized for atmospheric pollution study in Colombia (South America) Ref: IAL9 Brazil- August 2021]. Please see below.
Philippines
The discovery of Pyxine cocoes as a bioindicator/ biomonitor for atmospheric pollution in 2003 by Isidro A. T. Savillo:
2003- P. cocoes is recommended by Prof. Isidro T. Savillo as a suitable bioindicator/biomonitor for atmospheric pollution. They are abundant and could tolerate aerial pollution.
Publication: The Common Abundance of Pyxine cocoes (Swartz) Nyl. in district Parks of Iloilo City, Philippines *
Documentation: BiologyBrowser (Thomson Reuters) Published Page of The Common Abundance of Pyxine cocoes (Swartz) Nyl in district parks of Iloilo City, Philippines
* (extracted statement from the article) .......... Pyxine cocoes being abundant, may serve as a good bioindicator and further cellular analysis would reveal its actual physiological characteristics (implying its biomonitor function).
2009- P. cocoes was found to be ubiquitous in all their study sites of Lichenologist Dr. W. Gruezo and team. P. cocoes was able to harbor pollutants in its tissues. Savillo is cited in their publication.
Publication: Archive Link
2010- A summary of current data: Pyxine cocoes Nyl. - A Foliose Lichen as a Potential Bioindicator/Biomonitor of Air Pollution in Philippines: An Update Archive Link or Archive Link 2
INDIA
2010- Arsenic and Flouride analyses using P. cocoes in coal based thermal powered plant.
Publication: Article Link
THAILAND
2010- Pyxine cocoes used as a bioindicator in Thailand at
2011- Pyxine cocoes against arsenic stress; an abstract
2012- Additional Supportive Findings for P. cocoes as a bioindicator/biomonitor of atmospheric pollution or as an ecological indicator In ASIA.
-P cocoes’ applicability as an ecological indicator and the effects of the toxic metals in its tissues. Savillo is cited in their publication.
Publication: Article Link
Why Pb (lead), Cd (Cadmium)? Paper (2012) of Bajpai, R. and Upreti, D.K. above cited in a study (2014) from China- Article Link
-P. cocoes (using transplanted thalli) can be utilized for active biomonitoring of arsenic pollution.
Publication: Article Link Why arsenic? Article Link
Pyxine cocoes is common and abundant species could tolerate polluted areas and would be a good ecological indicator for the environment’s ecotoxicology
-2012- P. cocoes has the highest frequency [Saipunkaew and team (Thailand)]- Book of Abstracts (7th IAL, Thailand) Article Link
-2013. P. cocoes can be found in abundance in highly anthropogenic and non- anthropogenic affected areas.
Publication: Article Link
-2013- P. cocoes as the dominant lichen in all their study sites; 2007, 2008 and 2010 dated references (Shukla and Upreti; Bajpai et al) favor P.cocoes for biomonitoring and being more toxitolerant
Publication: Article Link
Pyxine cocoes being used for active biomonitoring-
-2014 Accdg to V Shukla, DK Upreti, R Bajpai - Lichens to Biomonitor the Environment (Book), 2014 - Springer “In India till date biomonitoring studies which have been conducted have employed Pyxine cocoes (Swartz) Nyl. in active biomonitoring studies.”
-2014 Pyxine cocoes transplanted in various areas of Kolkata City, India to assess atmospheric pollutants. A summary on the use of Pyxine cocoes as an accumulator and biomonitor of aerial pollutants in India and its being continuously utilized. Savillo is cited in this publication-
Extracted statement from the article:
“Such lichens have applications in biomonitoring studies. In Europe the lichen species Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl. is recognized as a common pollution tolerant species for air pollution studies, whereas in tropical Asia Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. turned out to be effective pollution accumulator and monitors [6].”
Ref: [6]Savillo, I.T. 2010. Pyxine cocoes Nyl. - A foliose lichen as a potential bioindicator / biomoinitor of air pollution in Philippines: An Update. Enviro News, 16(1), 8.
INDONESIA
-2014 Savillo cited in a graduate thesis in Indonesia.
-2015- Pyxine cocoes as toxitolerant- the result of this study may be used as a model for genotoxicity evaluation
-2015- Paper on New records of Fruticose Lichens in Joram Top, Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh informs that lichens are bioindicators for atmospheric pollution and cites Savillo for this.
-2016- Pyxine cocoes having the highest frequency …. (Northern East Region of Thailand)
MALAYSIA
-2017- Pyxine cocoes mentioned first among pollution tolerant lichens in this research article from Malaysia
-2018- Role of lichens in monitoring and conservation of Himalayan Environment; Savillo is cited.
-2019- Pyxine cocoes used to assay aerial pollutants in Assam, NorthEast India
-2019- Pyxine cocoes as a Biomonitor of air pollutants in Brahmaputra Valley plain in the Eastern Himalayan region
-2020- Pyxine cocoes as the most pollution tolerant lichen in Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia.
-2022- Physiological Alterations and Heavy Metal Accumulation in the Lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl. of Mandi District, Himachal Pradesh.
-2022- Potential of Epiphytic Lichen Pyxine cocoes, as an Indicator of Air Pollution in Kolkata, India.
-2022- Unraveling the ameliorative potentials of native lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.) Nyl., during COVID 19 phase.
**Pyxine cocoes (Swartz) Nyl. as a bioindicator/biomonitor of aerial pollution in South America: a chronology of scientific events.
COLOMBIA
-2021- Evaluation of the cytotoxic effect of lichens bioindicators of particulate matter, heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Medellin (Colombia); Pyxine cocoes having high level of tolerance.
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** Pyxine cocoes, a bioindicator and a biomonitor for atmospheric pollution in South/Southeast Asia/Tropical Asia (Please scroll up to the top most information) is being used as a Lichen Bioindicator for particulate matters in Colombia (South America). Therefore, a new fact sheet is dedicated to them.
***Bold names of countries represent for the first time that they published information about Pyxine cocoes as a Bioindicator or Biomonitor (or both) for atmospheric pollution.