Table 1. Historical ecological regime shifts and social regime shifts in the Everglades SES.
Year | Trigger | Policy | Infrastructure | Institutions | Law |
1907 | Flood 1903 | Drain for Agriculture and Development | Canals | Everglades Drainage District | State |
1928 | Hurricane 1928 | Protect against Lake Okeechobee Floods | Hoover Dike | US ACOE Drainage District | |
1948 | Flood 1947 | Protect Flooding Define EAA, Conservation Areas, Channel Kissimmee River | Levees, Canals, pumps | Central and Southern Florida Flood Control District USACOE | PL 80-858 |
1949 | Conservation | Creation of Everglades National Park | Water delivery structures | US DOI, National Park Service | |
1960 | Fidel Castro assumes power in Cuba | Incentives to improve US sugar production | Local water control groups | Sugar price supports | |
1970 | Drought 1962, 66 | Minimum Flow to Everglades Park | Modify S-12 gates, regulation schedule | USACOE | PL 91-282 |
1977 | Drought 1972 | Water Supply, Water Quality | Saltwater dams, Water supply to urban aquifers | South Florida Water Management District | State Law? |
1982 | Algal blooms in Lake Okeechobee | Stop agricultural runoff from north and backpumping from EAA | SFWMD/State DEP | State Permit | |
1981 | Pollution in Lake Okeechobee | Dechannelize Kissimmee River | Adaptive remove structures | SFWMD | |
1983 | ENSO Flood | Open flow to ENP restore hydrology | Open Gates | SFWMD Everglades Coalition | PL-181 |
1985 | Lawsuit | Rainfall Plan | SFWMD | None | |
1988 | Cattail and nutrient pollution lawsuit | Water quality (Phosphorus) standards | Nutrient removal marshes (STA) | US DOJ vs State of Florida | |
1992 | Chronic environmental losses | Seek integrated water quantity/quality | AEAM workshops | None | |
1996 | AEAM workshops | Restudy of C&SF project, purposes and achievements | Review rules and infrastructure | USACOE | |
2000 | Restudy | Ecosystem Restoration | STA, Aquifer recharge | USACOE/ SFWMD | PL 106-541 |