Biology I Semester II Exam Review

Things to study:  (you may use one 4x6  inch note card, front and back on the final)

The functions of the different body systems: digestive, circulatory, skeletal, integumentary, immune/ lymphatic, endocrine, nervous, excretory, respiratory, reproductive, muscular.

1. What organs make up each of the above systems?

2. How do the hormones from the endocrine system travel to the correct place in the body?  Endocrine gland vs. exocrine gland?

3. What is lymph?

4. What is the path that food takes from the mouth to the anus?

5. Where does mechanical digestion take place? Explain how that works.

6. Where does chemical digestion take place?  Explain how that works.

7. How do nutrients get delivered to the body cells? ______________  What does a noodle or a banana get broken down into during digestion? __________________

8. Where in the lungs does the exchange of gasses occur?  What gases do we breathe in and out?

9. Types of neurons: sensory, motor, interneurons: what’s the difference?   What path does an impulse travel from your sensory receptors all the way to your effectors?  

10. What is the purpose of neurotransmitters? What are they?

11.  What are vaccinations?

12. What is homeostasis?

13. Parts of the mammalian heart and what part pumps blood where:

14. First and second line of defense in the immune system.

15. Hormones: what are they? What are their roles?

16. How many chromosomes get put into each gamete for the reproductive system? ____ Why?

17. Body regions: Dorsal, ventral, anterior, posterior

18. What does the nose do for the respiratory system? List 2 functions minimum.

19. How would your body keep you in homeostasis if the level of insulin in your blood was too high?

20. What connects the ribs to the sternum? _____________ Why is it important?

21. Evolution : define it in genetic terms.

22. Darwin stated that these 4 things have to be present in order for natural selection to happen:

a.

        b.

        c.

        d.

23.  Natural selection-what is it?

24. What causes some organisms to become resistant to chemicals?

25.  Fitness – explain what this means and give an example, biologically speaking.

26. Define relative dating.  Also, how can you tell which organism became extinct first?

27. What is radioactive dating?

28. What element is used for fossils less than 60,000 years old? _________

29. What are homologous structures and what do they indicate?

30. What are adaptations?  Give an example of one in a marine animal.

31. How does an animal evolve an adaptive body feature?

32.  What 5 types of evidence support evolution?

33. What is geographic isolation?  

34. Geographic isolation causes what? ______________________
35. What is reproductive isolation?  

Give an example.

36. What are vestigial organs? Why do organisms have them (such as hind limbs in a whale)?
37. Draw a graph of disruptive, stabilizing, and directional selection. Explain what the graphs show.

38. When a taxonomist is classifying one insect from another, and deciding the genus and species that an animal goes into, what is one of the main characteristics that help them (nowadays…..not 1000 years ago).  _______________________________
39. If you are studying amino acid similarities between different organisms that are in different classes, what is the relationship between the # of differences and the level of relatedness?

40. Ecology – know how to read a food web.  Who are the primary consumers?  ___________________________________________ _________________________________  Which ones are both primary and secondary consumers? ___________________________________________________________ Which one is the producer? _______________________________________________

41. What would happen to the cod if the seal population went down?

42. What would happen if the producers in the ecosystem were to decrease?

43. What kind of relationship does the krill and cod have? Choose one: predation, competition, or mutualism. Use the food web to help you.

44. Different levels of organization (such as: biosphere, biome, ____________, community, population, _____________)
45. mutualism, parasitism, commensalism (define all and give an example)

46. What is ecological succession?  

47. What are pioneer species?     Give an example.

48. What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

49. What are decomposers? Give an example.

50. What affects birth rates in a population?

51. What affects death rates?

52. Draw the cycle between plants and animals. Label what processes are occurring and what gases are being given off by each organism.

53. What is the primary role of photosynthesis in the carbon cycle?  What adds CO2 to the atmosphere?

54. Energy pyramids…what’s at the top, what’s at the bottom?

55. What is the difference between immigration and emigration in a population? Give an example of each.

56. Greenhouse effect: what is it?

57. What gases contribute to it?

58. Taxonomy: what is it?

59. List the classification groups in order starting with the largest:

60. Arthropods/Insects: characteristics of the phylum

61. Types of symmetry in animals:  Know the difference.
62. Genetic engineering: what is it?  

63. Restriction enzymes do what?

64.  DEFINE ALL: DNA fingerprinting, Hybridization, Transgenic, inbreeding, Selective breeding

b.

c.

d.

e.

65. Ch. 14: What is a karyotype and who uses them? Did you make one?

66. What is nondisjunction and when does it happen?

67. Give 3 disorders or syndromes caused by nondisjunction and describe what happened to cause this disorder.

a.

b.

c.

68. What is a pedigree?

69.  Be able to read a pedigree                       .

On the albino pedigree, how did the 2 grandchildren inherit Albinism if their parents were not Albino?

70. Who can inherit a sex-linked trait easier (male or female)?  Why?

71. What are 3 examples of sex-linked traits & what chromosome are they located on?