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The Reformation Continues
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The Reformation Continues

Slide 1:

  1. Queen Elizabeth kept the anglican church practicing similar ceremonies and doctrines of the Catholic church, even though they were protestant
  2. Martin Luther launched reformation in Germany.
  3. Reformers were at work in other countries as well, such as Switzerland
  4. A new branch of protestantism emerged, founded by John Calvin, a follower of Martin Luther

Slide 2:

  1.  Religious reform in Switzerland starts with Huldrych Zwingli (HUL-drykh ZWIHNG-LEE in Zurich
  2. He was attacked for believing in the reforms by Christian Humanism of Erasmus and Luther
  3. Zwingli wanted a return to the more personal faith of early christianity. wanted believers to have more control over the church.

Slide 3:

  1. Zwinglis reforms were adopted in Zurich and other cities
  2. This causes a war to break out between swiss protestant and catholics
  3. Zwingli will die during this.

Slide 4:

  1. When Martin Luther published his 95 theses in 1517, John Calvin was 8.
  2. Calvin would grow up to have as much influence as Luther did on Protestantism.
  3. In 1536, he published Institutes of the Christian Religion.
  4. Book talks about God, salvation and human nature. Summary of Protestant theology

Slide 5: 

  1. Wrote men and women are sinful by nature.
  2. Believed you cannot earn salvation and God chooses which ones he will save.
  3. Called these people the “elect”
  4. Believe God known since the beginning of time who will be saved. This is known as predestination.
  5. Religion based on his teachings is known as Calvinism.

Slide 6:

  1. Calvin believed the ideal government was a theocracy: a government controlled by religious leaders.
  2. Calvin was invited to Geneva Switzerland to lead their city.
  3. Geneva was a self governing city of 20,000 people
  4. Ran the city according to strict rules

Slide 7:

  1. Everyone attended religion class
  2. no one was allowed to wear bright clothing or play card games
  3. authorities would imprison, excommunicate, or banish those who broke the rules
  4. anyone who might teach a different doctrine could be burned at the stake.

Slide 8:

  1. John Knox visited Geneva and took many of the ideas back with him to Scotland.
  2. Each community church was governed by a group of laymen called elders or presbyters (PREHZ-buh-tuhrs)
  3. Followers of Knox became known as Presbyterians
  4. Protestant nobles, led by Knox, made Presbyterianism Scotland’s official religion

Slide 9:

  1. They also deposed Mary Queen of Scots, who was catholic, for her infant son James
  2. Swiss, Dutch and French reformers adopted Calvinist form of church organization.
  3. Calvin is so influential because many protestant churches trace their roots to his beliefs.

Slide 10:

  1. In France Calvin’s followers are known as Huguenots,
  2. Huguenots and Catholics would often clash in violence
  3. Most violent was August 24th, 1572. Known as the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre
  4. Catholic mobs hunted for protestants and murdered them.
  5. Spread to other cities and last 6 months. Over 12,000 huguenots were killed.

Slide 11:

  1. Protestants taught the bible is the source of all religious truth
  2. People should read it to discover those truths
  3. New protestant groups formed over differences in beliefs
  4. One group baptized only people who were old enough to decide to be Christian.

Slide 12:

  1. If you were baptized as a child, then you should be re-baptized as an adult.
  2. Called anabaptists. Greek meaning “baptise again”
  3. Taught the church and state should be separate and refused to fight in wars (Pacifist)
  4. Also shared possessions

Slide 13:

  1. They were viewed as radicals who were a threat to society. shunned by catholics and protestants.
  2. They survive and become the mennonites and the amish.
  3. Their teachings influence Quakers and baptists when they split from the Anglican Church

Slide 14:

  1. Women played a big role, especially during the early years
  2. Francis I, Marguerite of Navarre, protected John Calvin from being executed when he lived in France
  3. Noble women would protect reformers.

Slide 15:

  1. Wives of reformers also had influence
  2. Katharina von Bora was Luther’s wife.
  3. She was a nun, but fled the convent.
  4. Had six children, managed the family finances, cooked, and supported her husband's work.
  5. She argued they should be equal in marriage
  6. Males would discourage women from being leaders in the church.

Slide 16:

  1. There was a movement inside of Christianity as well.
  2. known as the catholic reformation. it tried to convince catholics to remain loyal.
  3. also referred to as the counter reformation.
  4. important leaders were Ignatius (ihg-NAY-shuh) of Loyola, who founded new religious orders, and two popes (Paul III and IV)

Slide 17: 

  1. Ignatius was injured in a war and during his healing process he thought about past sins and about jesus
  2. Daily devotions he believed cleansed his soul
  3. Wrote a book called Spiritual Exercises that laid out a day by day plan of medication, prayer and study.
  4. Like a spiritual and physical exercise

“Just as walking, traveling, and running are bodily exercises, preparing the soul to remove ill-ordered affections and after their removal seeking and finding the will of God with respect to the ordering of one’s own life and the Salvation of one’s soul are spiritual exercises”

Slide 18:

  1. For 18 years, Ignatius gathered followers.
  2. Pope would create a religious order of his followers called the Society of Jesus
  3. Members were Jesuits (JEHZH-oo-ihts). focused three activities
  4. Founding schools throughout Europe (teachers were well-trained in both classical studies and theology)
  5. Convert non christians to catholicism (sent missionaries out in world)
  6. Stop the spread of protestantism.

Slide 19:

  1. Pope Paul III took four important steps to reform the church in 1534-49
  2. Had a council investigate indulgence selling and other abuses
  3. Approved Jesuit order
  4. Used the Inquisition to seek out heresy in papal territory
  5. Called a council of church leaders to meet in trent. Found in northern italy

Slide 20:

1545-63 the Council of Trent bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines

  1. Church’s interpretation of the bible was final (anyone who said otherwise was a heretic
  2. Christians needed faith and good works for salvations (were not saved by faith alone)
  3. Bible and church tradition equally powerful authorities for guiding christian life
  4. Indulgences were valid expression of faith (false selling banned)

Slide 21:

  1. Pope IV carried out these degrees
  2. Drew up a list of books considered dangerous to the catholic faith
  3. Known as the index of forbidden books
  4. Gathered these up and burned them. 10,000 books in one day

Slide 22: 

  1. Reformation had a long lasting impact socially and politically as well as religiously
  2. Set the stage for the modern world
  3.  Roman Catholic church became more unified as a result of the reforms.
  4. Catholics and protestants gave more emphasis on education in promoting their beliefs
  5. This led to the founding of parish schools and new colleges and universities throughout Europe

Slide 23:

  1. Women reformers wanted to see status of women change in society or in church
  2. Remained the same under protestantism and roman catholicism
  3. Women limited to the concerns of home and family

 

Slide 24:

  1. As the catholic church’s moral and political authority declined (see just didn’t happen recently!)
  2. Monarchs and states gained power
  3. Led to the development of nation states
  4. Rulers of nation states would seek more power and expansion of their countries through warfare, exploration and expansion.
  5. Also sets the groundwork for the enlightenment