Psychology w/Mr. Duez                                                                               “Confusing Pairs”

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Structuralism (wanted to understand the components of the mind based on introspection) vs.

Functionalism (wanted to explore what the mind could do & they focused on behavior mostly)

Independent Variable (what is tested. Ex: a drug) vs.

Dependent Variable (what is measured. Ex. the effects of the drug)

Experimental Group (group that is tested) vs. 

Control Group (compared to the experimental, receives the placebo in a drug experiment)

Descriptive Statistics (how are they alike-mean, median, mode & how they are different- variance, range, sd) vs.

Inferential Statistics (infer conclusions from a sample to an entire population)

Random Assignment (assigning participants to groups; used in EXPERIMENTS;

randomly assigning participants to either the experimental or control) vs.

Random Sample (choose who will participate in the experiment. Used in SURVEYS; every person in the group

has an equal chance of participating; the “group” must first be a representative sample)

Corpus Callosum (divides the brain) vs. 

Cerebral Cortex (cover the brain)

Autonomic nervous system
(part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands & the muscles of the internal organs (ex: heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms.)

Sympathetic Nervous System (fight or flight) vs.

Parasympathetic (calming-parachute)

Neurotransmitters (in the nervous system - text message fast; chemical & electrical message) vs.

Hormones (in the endocrine system - snail mail slow; the endocrine system within the bloodstream)

Lateral Hypothalamus (stimulates hunger; stimulate the “LAT” makes you fat) vs.

Ventromedial Hypothalamus (suppresses hunger;  stimulate the “Vin” makes you thin)

Broca’s Area (left hemisphere; speech production; makes words; “brocan” speech) vs. 

Wernicke’s Area (left hemisphere; understanding speech; comprehends words; “werks” out someone’s speech)

Identical twins (same fertilized egg) vs.

Fraternal twins (two separate eggs)

Afferent neurons (sensory, body at brain; nerves send information to the central nervous system) vs. 

Efferent neurons (motor, exit brain to body; blinking follows an efferent pathway)

Assimilation (Piaget: fits new info into existing schemas; all four legged animals are “doggies”) vs.

Accommodation (Piaget: changing schema; “doggies” are different than “kitties”)

Concrete operations (Piaget, ages 7-12: logical thinking; sign of adult-like thinking) vs.

Formal operations (Piaget, final stage: philosophical thinking; abstract reasoning)

Sensation (bottom-up processing; starts at the sensory input, the stimulus;

an approach wherein there is a progression from the individual elements to the whole.) vs.

Perception (top-down processing; a cognitive process that initiates with our thoughts,

which flow down to lower-level functions, such as the senses)

Left Brain Hemisphere (generally - language & logic) vs. 

Right Brain Hemisphere (generally - creative & spatial)

Central Route of Persuasion (concrete made up of evidence, facts, figures, rationality, & logic) vs.
Peripheral Route of Persuasion (uses emotional appeals, appearance & likeability)

Normative Social Influence (a change of behavior or belief in order to fit in with a group) vs.

Informational Social Influence (informational conformity occurs because of the desire to be correct)

Delusions (bizarre ideas without foundation) vs.

Hallucinations (Perceptions of things that are not actually present) vs.

Obsession (anxiety-inducing urges, thoughts, or images that arise repeatedly, persistently & uninvited) vs.

Compulsions (people may attempt to rid an obsession by performing a compulsion: perform repetitive behaviors)

Schizophrenia:

Positive Symptoms (behavioral deficits: flattened emotion, social withdrawal, apathy, impaired attention) vs.

Negative Symptoms (behavioral excesses: hallucinations, delusions, bizarre behavior & wild flight of ideas)

James-Lange (physiological arousal first, then interpret arousal; after interpretation -experience emotion) vs. 

Cannon-Bard (experience both physiological arousal & emotional at the same time, but gives no attention to the role of thoughts or outward behavior)

Bottom-up Processing (components of a stimulus are combined in brain and prior knowledge used to make inferences about patterns -analyze parts of something then conclude) vs.

Top-down Processing (previous experience and conceptual knowledge are applied in order to recognize nature of a whole and deuce components of that whole - proceed pattern first then analyze parts)

Applied Research (designed for a specific & immediate use) vs.

Basic Research (may have application but the primary purpose is to add to a body of knowledge)

Quantitative ("hard data" is most common & easily understood; is useful in telling what people think) vs. 

Qualitative ("soft data" is a descriptive record of participants' observations; explains the why to the what)

Rods (blacks/whites; scotopic or night-time vision; more rods than cones; location in retina: in the periphery) vs.

Cones (color vision & sharpness; photopic or daytime vision;location in retina: more centrally located -fovea)

Classical Conditioning (involuntary, innate response to a stimulus; reflexive; stimulus/response) vs.

Operant Conditioning (voluntary; association is made between behaviors & consequences; punishment/reward)

Primacy effect (first items remembered) vs.

Recency effect (last items remembered)

Proactive interference (loss of the new info) vs.

Retroactive interference (loss of the old info)

PORN: Proactive Old (Interferes w/New), Retroactive New (Interferes w/Old)

Anterograde amnesia (memory loss for information since the accident) vs.

Retrograde amnesia (memory loss for information before the damage occurred)

Implicit memory (usually physical; stored in cerebellum, detailed motor movement; non-declarative; skills) vs.

Explicit memory (declarative-we can say them. Facts recalled & bring to memory. Stored throughout the brain)

Recall memory (no cues; fill in the blank) vs.

Recognition (some hints; multiple choice)

Algorithms (step-by-step; problem will be solved, but may take time) vs.

Heuristics (rule-of-thumb; a guess to get to the solution quickly; may not work)

Representative Heuristics (stereotypes) vs.

Availability Heuristics (based on available info)

Content Validity (Ability to appropriately sample the content taught & accurately measure the extent to which students understand the content; extent to which test content is consistent with curriculum objectives) vs.

Construct Validity (Logical connection w/area it is designed to measure; determined by professional assessment)

Phonemes (Language: basic sound units) vs.

Morphemes (Language: basic units of semantic meaning)

Fluid Intelligence (processing speed; fluid: non verbal, culture free, memory of digits) vs.

Crystallized Intelligence (acquired knowledge; crystallized: acquired skills/ culture education...vocab)

Validity (truthfulness: test measures what it should) vs.

Reliability (consistency: same scores on a retest)

Achievement Test (measures: what you’ve learned; earned skill - ACT, AP Tests) vs. 

Aptitude Test (measures: potential; predictive - SAT)

Latent Content of Dreams (what the dream symbolically represents) vs.

Manifest content (what actually happened in dream)

Intrinsic Motivation (for personal satisfaction) vs.

Extrinsic Motivation (for rewards)

Internal locus of control (you control the environment; one accepts responsibility for their own behavior) vs.

External locus of control (environment controls you; credits/blames fate, chance, others, or task difficulty)

Lithium (treats bipolar) vs.

Librium (treats anxiety)

Type A (high stress; highly driven, impatient, aggressive; feel rushed and pressured; achievement oriented)  vs. 

Type B (low stress; more relaxed; focus on - quality of life; less ambitious, pace themselves)

Self Serving Bias (We won because of ME, we lost because of YOU!) vs.

Self Fulfilling Prophecy (rise or sink to the expectation)

Agonist (drugs that mimic neurotransmitters & make the neuron fire; fits on to dendrites) vs.

Antagonist (drugs that bind onto receptor sites on a neuron & prevent firing)

Foot-in-the-door technique (you say yes to something, you will probably say yes later to another) vs.

Door-in-the-face technique (start big & go smaller; ask for a car - but really want a bike all along)

Fundamental Attribution Error (attribute behavior of others to dispositional or internal causes) vs.

Actor Observer Bias (or effect) (likelihood to attribute others behavior to dispositional or internal causes while attributing our own behavior to external or situational causes - YOU are in the situation!)

Reuptake (the absorption by a presynaptic nerve ending of a neurotransmitter that it has secreted) vs.

Reuptake inhibitors (drugs - bind to the axon terminal branches prevent the axon terminal recycling of excess neurotransmitter left over in the synapse, causing an excess. Cocaine: reuptake inhibitor for dopamine)

Syntax (Rules: set of rules that govern the formation of phrases) vs.

Semantics (Meaning: govern the meaning of words)

Systematic Desensitization (associates pleasant relaxed state w/gradually increasing anxiety-arousing stimuli) vs.

Aversion Conditioning (type of counterconditioning; associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted condition)

Alpha Waves (normal healthy adult waking activities: associated with relaxation & calmness) vs.

Delta Waves (during deepest most relaxed state: generally 1 or 2 hours after sleep - slower & more irregular)

Beta Waves (alert; conscious) vs.

Theta Waves (deep relaxation; problem solving)

Habituation (alert; conscious) vs.

Sensory Adaptation (deep relaxation; problem solving)

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