Belgian Makers & Marks
Drapeau Liegeoise
Liege and Herstal on the Meuse river, and Forêt, Fraipont, and especially Nessonvaux in the Vesdre valley, were the major gun and barrel making centers.
Nov. 30, 1895 Sporting Life
“The Gun Making Industry How Shot Guns Are Made and the Process Through Which They Pass Fully Explained”
The beginning of the manufacture of a gun is the barrels, and it is generally known that no barrels are made in this country except the rolled steel, which is used on the Winchester gun. All gun barrels are now imported, although an attempt was made a few years ago to produce them in this country, but with only partial success. England, Germany and Belgium supply most of the barrels, the latter country doubtless producing the larger quantity. All gun barrels, whether imported direct from the makers in Belgium, or through an importer in this country to the gun manufacturer, are received in rough tubes, which very much resemble a couple of gas pipes, but being somewhat larger at one end than at the other. These barrels or “tubes” as they are called, are merely tied together in pairs, with small wire and 40 to 50 pairs are packed in a box.
Parliamentary Papers, Volume 122 Great Britain Parliament House of Commons 1905
http://books.google.com/books?id=ErkOAQAAIAAJ&source=gbs_navlinks_s
Liege produced 850 tons of Damascus barrels; 100 tons for export, and 156,000 double barrel shotguns.
“Machine-made (steel) barrels were either sold in their rough state or after being finished off. The annual production in Belgian factories is about 1,500,000 barrels, of which a large part is exported to America.”
Hearings, Vol. 14, United States 60th Congress 2nd Session, November, 1908.
http://books.google.com/books?id=XW0vAAAAMAAJ&dq
We further request that shotguns barrels in single tubes forged rough bored…be continued on the free list as at present, because their manufacture or production can not be economically undertaken in this country.
Hunters Arms co., Ithaca Gun Co., Parker Bros., Lefever Arms Co., J. Stevens Arms & Tool Co., N.R. Davis & Son, Baker Gun & Forging Co.
Field & Stream May, 1909 “The Parker Gun” by Harry Palmer
http://books.google.com/books?id=6B5YAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA21&dq
In the first place, the material that goes into the Parker is the best that the market supplies, the steel that is used in the frame and forend being a special stock made to conform to a physical test, which every bar received from the steel mill must stand, or be rejected. The gun is made entirely in the well-equipped factory, with the exception of the rubber butt-plates, and the tubes for the barrels, which are imported.
Thomas Hunter and W.A. King (Parker Bros.) confirmed before Congress in 1912 that all their barrels came from Belgium
Report on Duties on Metals and Manufactures of Metals, United States Congress. Senate Committee on Finance, “Testimony regarding the Payne-Aldrich and Dingley Tariff Bills”, 1912
http://books.google.com/books?id=QDkvAAAAMAAJ
http://books.google.com/books?id=QDkvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA879&dq
STATEMENT OF MR. THOMAS HUNTER, OF FULTON, N. Y., REPRESENTING THE HUNTER ARMS CO. AND OTHERS
The Chairman - Will you state the companies you represent, Mr. Hunter.?
Mr. Hunter - The Hunter Arms Co., the Baker Gun & Forging Co., Parker Bros. Gun Co., Hopkins & Allen Arms Co., A. H. Fox Gun Co., Lefever Arms Co., H. & D. Folsom Arms Co., Ithaca Gun Co., N. R. Davis & Sons, and Harrington & Richardson Arms Co.
Senator McCumber - Does the American manufacturer use the unfinished importation?
Mr. Hunter - He uses what are designated in the present bill as “gun barrels rough-bored.” That is what we import.
Senator McCumber - To what extent do you use those?
Mr. Hunter - Entirely.
Senator McCumber - You do not manufacture any of them?
Mr. Hunter - No, sir. We have no facilities for making shotgun barrels...
The testimony of W.A. King representing the Parker Gun Co.
http://books.google.com/books?id=QDkvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA893&dq
Mr. King - I can speak only for our own company in so far as wages go. For instance, on the question of barrels, Mr. Hunter informed your committee that some years ago some of the manufacturers of this country attempted to make barrels. We made some barrels: we built an addition to the factory, put in some up-to-date machinery, and brought some men from Belgium to show our blacksmiths how to do it. We had to pay our blacksmiths not less than 32 cents an hour, up to 40 cents, and we gave it up, because the highest wages paid the Belgian blacksmiths for exactly the same grade of barrel are 11 cents per hour. That is what is paid to the highest-priced man employed.
Senator Smoot - In Belgium?
Mr. King - In Belgium: yes, sir. That is where all of our barrels are imported from, with the exception of our very high-grade Whipple (probably a typo for Whitworth) steel barrels.
Brief submitted by J.G. Riga, Feb. 15, 1913 to the Tariff schedule hearings before the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives
http://books.google.com/books?id=BCIuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA5979&dq
Shotgun barrels are not made in this country and they can not be bought, and all the small gun manufacturers are obliged to buy all their barrels abroad and this duty would really work a great hardship to all the double-barrel gun manufacturers, such as the Hunter Arms Co., Fulton, N. Y.; Ithaca Gun Co., Ithaca, N. Y.; Baker Gun & Forging Co., Batavia, N. Y.; Lefever Arms Co., Syracuse, N. Y.; the Crescent Fire Arms Co., and the Hopkins & Allen Arms Co., of Norwich, Conn.; A. H. Fox Gun Co., Philadelphia, Pa.; N. R. Davis & Sons, Assonet, Mass., etc. All the above manufacture double-barrel guns, which is a real sportsman's gun.
Winchester Arms Co. and Remington Arms Co. manufacture mostly rifles, and automatic shotguns...which are called “game destroyers”; these latter two manufacturers would not be affected by the duties, as their barrels, being single barrels and heavy, are made by themselves.
Thanks to Walt Snyder who provided this quotation from Harry Howland regarding c. 1920 Ithaca Gun Co. barrels
“We were getting all our barrels forged, rough drilled and rough turned from Belgium. We were purchasing them from either Samuel Buckley & Co. or from J. Riga & Co. and it was not until two or three years later that we began purchasing those barrels from the Flannery Bolt Co.”
Tariff Information Survey, 1921
“Practically all the raw materials are obtained from domestic sources, with the exception of...the barrels for shotguns, which are imported by the smaller makers, as a rough bored forging. The production of this component of the gun requires an investment in equipment too large to allow of profitable manufacture on a small scale. All but one of the firms which imported barrels before the war reported (1920) that they intended to again import as soon as possible, although one of them took up their manufacture during the war, and statistics of importations in 1920 indicate that this practice has been largely resumed. The most of the larger companies make their own barrels. These rough forgings have been obtained chiefly from Belgium, a few of the highest grade coming from England.”
Resources
Quatre Siecles d'Armurerie Liegeoise by Glaude Gaier
Four Centuries of Liege Gunmaking English translation by F.J. Narris, 1976 ISBN: 0856670286
Shotgun Identification, Proof Marks, and Dating
The Banc d’Epreuves de Liege proved 233,526 double barrel smoothbore guns in 1889, the majority for export. In 1899 alone, the U.S. firms of Hartley & Graham and Simmons Hardware bought 90,000 shotguns, rifles, and handguns from Liege gunmakers. Most of the Belgian guns imported before WWI were not of high quality when new, and NO vintage shotgun should be fired, with any load, until examined by a double gun specialist smith.
Belgian makers
http://www.littlegun.be/arme%20belge/a%20a%20site%20belge%20gb.htm
The gentleman who operates this site will provide (for a fee) a written opinion as to the Belgian maker: alantrigger01@hotmail.com
Belgian Liege Makers by Alain Daubresse
http://www.hlebooks.com/daubres/li01.htm
Guide pour l’ identification des marques Belges https://mallorquina.pagesperso-orange.fr/source/page0index.htm
Le Banc d'épreuve des armes à feu de Liège https://mallorquina.pagesperso-orange.fr/source/page2.htm
Poincons Officiels du Banc D'Epreuves de Liege
http://shotguns.se/html/belgium.html
Lee Kennett “A History of Proof Marks: Gun Proof in Belgium” in the 32nd edition of The Gun Digest (1978), p. 129-138.
Please note that marks may be inconsistent in the period of 1899-1904.
Banc D'Epreuves Des Armes a Feu De Liege (Proof House for Firearms of Liege) https://books.google.com/books?id=5fxGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA52&lpg
All weapons were marked with the Perron (tower) indicating inspection at Banc d’Epreuves de Liege (Liege proof house)
First Obligatory (Provisional) Proof Load for “Double-Barreled Breech-Loading Sporting Guns” - breech plugged tubes
Marked with Script EL AND a controller’s identification mark.
Second Obligatory Proof - joined barrels, fine bored and finished.
Third Obligatory (Definitive) Proof - finished barrels attached to finished action.
ELG mark in an oval; Crowned after 1893 (for breechloading guns) AND a controller’s identification mark.
After 1891 shotguns may have been voluntarily proved with Smokeless powder and would be marked with a Lion over PV, EC (“E.C.” Bulk Smokeless), M (Mullerite), SCH (“Schultze” Bulk Smokeless), and later “E.C.” No. 3.
Smokeless proof was mandatory after 1924.
If there is no Lion over PV, the gun was NOT proved for smokeless powder.
NOTE: it is not uncommon for pre-WWI shotguns intended for export to the U.S. not to carry Smokeless Powder proof
Controller’s marks prior to 1878 would be crowned
Please note that controller’s marks pre- c. 1930s can NOT be used to date a gun related to a fire in Liege, possibly at the L'école d'Armurerie de Liège/School of Liege Gun Makers
Proof using “E.C.” No. 3
(A 33 grain = 3 Dr. Eq. Bulk Smokeless Powder introduced in 1904)
The stylized lion over PV dates to about 1906.
The usual c. 1900 Belgian 12 gauge bore would be 18.4 mm = .724"
Conversion table: 1 millimeter = 0.039 inches
http://www.convertunits.com/from/mm/to/inches
After 1810 bore was measured at 22 cm = 8 2/3” and was stamped in .2 mm gradations; after 1894 .1 mm gradations.
1878 - 1897 - NON POUR BALLE - choked (at least .2 mm = .008")
unrifled bores.
1898 - 1910 – Bore in mm (22 cm from breech) and muzzle (choke constriction)
appear next to each other after ‘CHOKE’
1910 – 1924 – Bore in mm is under muzzle dimension BUT may be found on
guns as early as 1898, usually without Smokeless Powder proof.
For instance: a 12g barrel with 18.3 under 17.8 has a .720” bore & a muzzle diameter of .700”, or choke constriction of .020” (Modified).
If marked only with one number & the word ‘CHOKE’, then it indicates bore size only and has at least .2 mm (.008”) of choke constriction. “CHOKE” may not be marked despite muzzle constriction, if < .008".
The bore and choke marks were placed with the First Obligatory Proof https://books.google.com/books?id=5fxGAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA53
It is not uncommon however to see 2 bore measurement marks placed after the Second Obligatory Proof - joined barrels, fine bored and finished. .1 mm = .004” difference was allowed for the Second Obligatory Proof, and the barrels remarked.
OR the barrels may have been reproved after honing.
Prior to 1924 the gauge would be indicated within a diamond.
Post-1924 - A 12-70 in an Omega lying is the gauge and chamber length in mm., and would indicate the gun is chambered for 12ga 70mm = 2 3/4” length shells.
Many Belgian guns will be chambered for:
2 1/2” = 63.5 mm 20g
2 9/16” = 65 mm 16g
and 12g may be 2 5/8” = 67 mm
But were usually marked 65 mm
2 3/4” = 70mm
Usually ‘P1K355.5’ - Barrel weight at the time of Smokeless proof, but before final fit and finish. 1.3555 Kg = 2.99 lbs.
Reproof was obligatory if there was loss of more than 3% of that weight.
Date of Proof codes– Lettres Annales used after 1921
Les lettres de l'alphabet lower case cursive script
Greek lower case letter codes
It was not until 1891 that the U.S. required the country of origin to be clearly marked on an imported gun.
“Made In Belgium” appears mostly after the 1930 Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act
Proof Mark Interpretation Examples
Pre-1921 Ferdinand Drissen
P 1 Kg indicates the weight of barrels: 1.90 Kg = 4.2 lbs.
D=65/18.7 - 65 mm chamber with .736” diameter (not bore) and used
1892-1924, and only with smokeless proof.
17.2 = .677” right bore (‘overbored’ 16g) and used 1910-1924.
16.3 = .642” left muzzle constriction (16g full choke.)
Crown over M - inspector's stamp.
16 over C in diamond - 16g choked used 1898-1924
Lion over SCH - Optional smokeless powder (with “Schultze”) proof used
1891-1924. (Lion over EC used for “E.C.” & over “M” for Mullerite powder)
Note no lettre annale
Post- 1924 marks
‘p’ = 1937 Lettre Annale - Date of Control.
16-70 in an Omega lying - post 1924 gauge and chamber length in mm = 2 3/4”
Smokeless powder proof – stylized lion over PV
Barrel weight at the time of proof 1.287 Kg = 2.84 lbs.
(Barrels are considered out of proof if > 3% less)
Damascus Makers
L.C. Smith: Bauduin Doyen, Heuse-Riga Fils, Henri Heuse-Riga & Ernest Heuse-Lemoine
Baker: Charles Spirlet, Joseph Juleinond of Nessanvaux & Arthur-Delvaux-Heuse
Lefever: Arthur-Delvaux-Heuse, George Laloux & ‘JDH’ (unknown maker)
Ithaca (Flues): Heuse-Riga Fils
Colt Patent Firearms Mfg. Co.: Plunger-Riga & Heuse-Riga Fils
Sears/A.J. Aubrey/Meriden Fire Arms: Lucient Clement, Heuse-Riga Fils, and Henri Pieper.
Remington:
Named patterns used by Remington were London (Stub Twist), Twist, Laminated, Boston N. (“Horse-shoe”), Boston 2 S.J. (2 Iron Crolle), Oxford 2 & 4 S.J. (2 & 3 Iron Crolle in several different patterns), Chain J., Etoile 3. B.P., Legia P. (“Herring-bone”), Washington N 3. B.P., Chine P, Ohonon 6 S.T., and Pieper P.
Remington damascus barrels with possible Belgian maker's marks include ‘HP’, frequently found on Oxford 4, likely Henri Pieper. Oxford patterns are used from the Model 1876 to the 1900 KED.
Henri Pieper used a HP, Crowned HP, Crowned P, Intertwined EP, or EK with antlers
Nouvelle page 0 (littlegun.be)
Pieper supplied “Finest Damascus” for Remington Model 1894 EE Grade guns and “Oxford 4 S.J.” barrels have been identified with ‘HP’ marks.
In 1887, Henri Pieper joined a gunmaking consortium which included Jules Ancion, Dumoulin brothers, Joseph Janssen, Pirlot-Frésart, Laloux & Co, Albert Simonis and brothers Emile and Leon Nagant.
Anciens Etablissements Pieper, often known simply as AEP, succeeded Etablissements Pieper, itself a successor to Henri Pieper & Companie, in 1905. At the time, premises were being occupied at 24 rue des Bayards in Liege, with a barrel making factory in nearby Nessonvaux. In 1907 a new factory was opened in Herstallez-Liege and the operations were consolidated.
A fused ‘JP’ has been found on Remington 1894 Etoile pattern Pigeon Trap and an Oxford 2 S.J. A grade; possibly the mark of J. Pire & Cie, the barrel maker Jules Pirard-Ancion, or simply a Remington production/inspection mark
Nouvelle page 0 (littlegun.be)
The significance of ‘S.J.’ (Boston 2 and Oxford 2 & 4) is uncertain, but could be Simonis-Janssen
‘J’ could also be one of the Janssen families, Dumoulin or Eugene Joris of Fraipont.
The meaning of ‘B.P.’ (Washington N and Etoile) is unknown.
Crowned ‘E over HL over Cie’ - E. Heuse-Lemoine
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Claude Gaier's Four Centuries of Liege Gunmaking discusses the connection between US and Belgian firms. Ernest Heuse-Lemoine (1834-1926) from Nessonvaux was a major barrel maker in the Vesdre Valley maintaining agents in London, Birmingham, and New York. Every 3 years he would travel abroad and upon his return, would be met by a band in celebration because he always came back with more orders than his own firm could handle. He would then distribute some of the work to smaller barrel makers. Gaier states that Heuse-Lemoine supplied damascus barrels for at least 50 years to US makers, and that he invented the names of “Boston” and “Washington” damascus especially for the American market.
E. Bernard & Cie may have acquired Heuse-Lemonine after 1900
‘ADH’ - Arthur-Delvaux-Heuse de Fraipont
On Lefever, Syracuse Arms, and Baker Gun & Forging-Twist and Batavia-Damascus.
‘BD’ possibly the mark of Bauduin Doyen of Fraipont. Found on Smith guns. ‘W&R’ is a presumed importer’s stamp.
‘CC’ - Lucient Clement, also shows marks as CC AA & CC LC. On guns made for Sears.
‘Crown over FD in a diamond’ - Ferdinand Drissen
‘GDH’ - Gilles Delcour Herket de Fraipont
‘Crown over GL’ - likely George Laloux.
Gaspar Lejeune of Forêt was a member of the Syndicat des Fabricants de Canons de Fusil de la Vesdre.
‘JDH’ - Unknown. On Lefever G & F grades.
‘JD’ - ‘JD’ could be Jean Delcour-Dupont, Joseph Delcour or Jules Delheid - all barrel makers and members of Syndicat des Fabricants de Canons de Fusil de la Vesdre.
J.J. in an oval, two letters one with the top of the other and being separated from a horizontal bar and Crowned JJ - Joseph Juleinond and Joseph Joiris were both barrel makers in Nessonvaux and members of Syndicat des Fabricants de Canons de Fusil de la Vesdre.
‘JJ’ has been found on a Baker Gun & Forging Twist barrel and a R grade Damascus barrel.
Crowned JJ and JV
Joseph Vandalem was a barrel maker in Chaudfontaine
‘JJ’ on a J.B. Ronge with “American Flag” damascus
‘J.F.’ - Janssen Fils & Cie
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On a 1905 Torkelson with Twist barrels and Belgian proofs
‘J.L.’ - usually on the wings of a ladybug, was one trademark for Joseph Janssen.
Pieper “Original Diana” with crowned JL
Jean Lejeune of Nessonvaux is known to have supplied “Oxford Superfine” and “Boston” damascus.
‘H.R.F.’ of Heuse-Riga Fils and ‘HHR’ of Henri Heuse-Riga
Henri Heuse died in 1908 and the Nessonvaux barrel making business was continued by sons Joseph, Léopold and Henri until 1955
http://heuse.spahistoire.info/
http://www.littlegun.be/arme%20belge/artisans%20identifies%20h/a%20heuse%20riga%20gb.htm
http://www.littlegun.be/arme%20belge/artisans%20identifies%20h/a%20heuse%20dynastie%20gb.htm
On Ithaca Flues (including “American Flag” pattern), c. 1910 L.C. Smith hammer and hammerless, and A.J. Aubrey / Meriden Fire Arms.
J.G. Riga also supplied barrels to Forehand & Wadsworth, Colt, Bacon Arms, and C.S. Shattuck.
1913 Grade 1 Ithaca Flues with Twist barrels
1911 L.C. Smith No. 1 2 Iron Crolle
‘LD’ possibly Lambert Dumoulin.
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“J. Manton & Co.” Belgian hammergun with “Royal Damascus” barrels
‘P’ - Jules Pirard-Ancion de Foret
‘Crown over SC’ - possibly Charles Spirlet, who also used a Crown over CS and Crown over S. On Baker
Steel Barrel Makers
‘LLH’ - Laurent Lochet-Habran
Nouvelle page 0 (littlegun.be)
Found on 1914-1948 L.C. Smith and Hunter Arms Fulton and “Ranger” for Sears, Lefever Arms Co., Fox, Ithaca (Lewis & Flues marked “Smokeless Powder Steel”, NID, Lefever Nitro Special, Lefever M-2 single barrel and Westernfield Deluxe/Western Arms Long Range), Baker (marked “Nitro Rolled Steel”), and Crescent Fire Arms double and single barrel guns (“Fluid Temper Steel” or un-named).
‘ACL’ - Acier Cockerill Liege. Both ‘LLH’ and ‘ACL’ are found on Belgian guns, Baker S grade, Armor, London, Crown and Nitro Steel L.C. Smith, Ithaca Flues No. 1 Special, and Crescent tradename guns.
1914 Trap Grade with Crown Steel, ‘ACL’ and ‘LLH’-
1922 L.C. Smith Eagle Grade with Nitro Steel, ‘ACL’, and ‘LLH’
Laurent Lochet-Habran was apparently licensed to produce Siemens-Martin Acier Special in the 1930s.
Three-lobed ‘crown over a D’ - Jean-Baptiste Delcour-Dupont of Nessonvaux
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Jean-Baptiste was the father of Lucien & Oscar Delcour and had been a manager for Pieper & Cie before opening his own shop specializing in Damascus barrels. He received a patent for SxS barrels in 1910.
Canons Delcour S.A. was registered in 1921, and remained in business until about 1968 when they were acquired by Fabrique National de Herstal.
Canons Delcour also used a ‘DDN’ in a crowned oval (Delcour-Dupont Nessonvaux), MUNDIS STAHL, ACIER SECURITAS and ACIER MARTELE.
From l' Armureire Liegeoise
Found on Smith (“Crown Steel”), Fox, Meriden/Sears, Baker (“Homotensile Steel”), Ithaca NID (“Best Fluid Steel”) and Lefever Nitro Special & A-grades
A similar mark is that of Didier-Drevet Syndicat de l'epreuve 'a
Saint-Etienne but with a pointed crown, or ‘DD’ under a 5-lobe crown.
L under a five point star - Manufacture d'arms Lepage (c. 1790-1918) Primarily a manufacturer of revolvers, rifles, and later, automatic pistols.
Syndicat Liégeois Pour la Fabrication des Armes de Guerre appears to have mostly made military arms 1882-1886 and its members were Jules Ancion and Co., Laloux and Co., Auguste Francotte, and Pirlot & Fresart.
“SL”, “SL” in an oval, “Sl” in an oval, “S” in a rhombus, oval or square.
Syndicat des Pieces Interchangables
Nouvelle page 0 (littlegun.be)
François Dumoulin, Neumann Brothers and Janssen Bros. formed SPI in 1898.
Société Anonyme John Cockerill, later Cockerill-Ougrée was the major Belgian steel maker, equivalent to Krupp or Vickers. http://www.hfinster.de/StahlArt2/archive-CockerillLiege-en.html
Seraing is in the Wallonia region and lies along the Meuse River, 6 miles upstream from Liège. It was a hub of Belgium's iron, steel, and machine-building industries. In 1817 the English industrialist John Cockerill (1790-1840) founded in Seraing what was to become one of the largest ironmaking and machinery complexes in Europe, and was the first to use the Bessemer process in steel production (1863).
1898 https://books.google.com/books?id=Cbg_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA625&lpg
Acier Universel and ‘ACL’ - Acier Cockerill Liégeoise was the trademark of Cockerill of Ougree-Liege.
Manufacture d’Armes à Feu Liégeoise used this steel almost exclusively, and also labeled the steel Acier Special and Acier Excelsior.
‘ACM’ in a circle was also used by Manufacture Liégeoise
Some Browning patent Fabrique-Nationale-Herstal very early versions of the A5 shipped to the U.S. between 1903 and 1909 are marked Cockerill Steel. “Special Steel” began to appear on A5 barrels in the mid-1930s. The Sweet Sixteen, introduced in 1937, barrels were so marked after about 1948. The Superposed, introduced in 1928 also had “Special Steel” starting about 1948.
It seems likely that Krupp licensed Cockerill Sambre, as Fluss Stahl Krupp Essen marked tubes stamped with “Acier Cockerill” or with “LLH” of Laurent Lochet-Habran are found on some U.S. maker's barrels.
Prima Cockrell Stahl
Fabrique Nationale Herstal was established Oct 15, 1888 by Albert Simmonis, Jules Ancion, Dresse-Laloux, M.A.L., Dumoulin Freres, Joseph Janssen, Henri Pieper, Pirlot et Fresart, Credit General Liegeois, Nicolas Vivario, Auguste Francotte, and Emil et Leon Nagant.
‘ACN’ – Neuprez Freres
‘CAP’ - Joseph Cap, both gun and barrel maker
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Jean Falla (1931-1954) offered Acier Comprime’ Cap, Compound Steel Cap, Siemens-Martin Martele’ Cap and Nickel Compound Cap
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Hammered fluid steel with C.J.C.J. or C.C.C.L., Compressed Steel, Acier Special, Acier Fondu, Acier Etoile, Acier Liegeois Extra Fin
In 1903 Clement Charles et Neumann Freres registered the mark: two crossed hammers with the inscription “Hammered Fluid Steel” and the letters ‘CJCJ’ in the angles of the hammers. Found on a Lefever.
Lucien Clement used:
Spangled steel, Special steel with two crossed hammers, CCNM, Compressed Steel with a marine wheel, Crucible cast steel with initial the DC interlaced, Decarburated Steel, Fluss-Stahl, Hammered Fluid Steel with two crossed hammers and initials DC AA or DC LC
Jose’ DeMoya Fluid Steel used by Tobin and Liege makers
In 1904 Jose’ de Moya of 297 Rue St. Gilles, Liege marketed Acier De Moya, De Moya Fluid Steel & De Moya Fluss Stahl.
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JNO. HY. ANDREW & CO. LTD. TOLEDO STEEL WORKS SHEFFIELD appears on high grade between the wars doubles of several Liege makers; including Verney-Carron, Jules Bury, Nicolas Lajot, L. Christophe & F. Thonon
Nouvelle page 0 (littlegun.be)
It is unclear if the tubes were manufactured in Liege or England.
https://www.doublegunshop.com/forums/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=450711
Patterns exhibited by P. Heuse and L. Mairlot, Fraipont in 1878
https://books.google.com/books?id=dsM7AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA117&dq
“Kelly's Directory of Merchants, Manufacturers and Shippers”, 1907 listed the following under “Damasked Gun Barrel Manufacturers”, Nessonvaux - Lez - Liege
https://books.google.com/books?id=YeLUwvEpfUEC&pg=PA508&lpg
Heuse-Lemoine
Ed Mairlot
Noirfalise Freres
H. Piper
R. Richelle
Stolwerck & Cie
J Tomsin Wasecige
1907 list of master barrel makers in the “Syndicat des Fabricants de Canons
de Fusil de la Vesdre”
Forêt
Gaspard Lejeune Louis-Joseph Meurice Mathieu Waauve
Albert Taxhet-Lejeune Walthère Baltus-Wilmotte Jules Pirard-Ancion
Joseph Baiwir
Fraipont
Arthur-Delvaux-Heuse Henri Heuse-Saive
Alexis & Francois-Emile Noirfalise (A. & L. Noirfalise Fils.)
Gilles Delcour-Herket Joseph Delcour Oscar Lahaye
Nicolas Nicolet-Delcour François Heuse-Méan
Jean Lahaye-Marbaise Bauduin Doyen
The 1867 City Directory of Birmingham listed Bouchez & Heuzé Frères Liège -
72 Bath Street and Fraipont
Nessonvaux
Edmond Mairlot Jean Delcour-Dupont J. Heuse-Lemoine
Émile Tomsin Henri Heuse-Riga Auguste Higny
Henry Regnier Joseph et Jacques Moray Servais Montulet
Étienne Joseph Richelle Lambert Maquinay
Jules Delheid of Scholberg & Delheid Noël Remacle-Hardy
Chaudfontaine
Joseph Vandalem Henri Lochet
Unknown
Louis-Joseph Meurice
Puraye lists the following as gunmakers who purchased barrels ready-made:
Joseph and Francois Baiwir Catherine Noirfalise
Gilles Delcour-Herquet Joseph and Dieudonne’ Delcour Bauduin Doyen Auguste Higny
Other Barrel Makers or Dealers
E. Heuse-Lemoine of Nessonvaux
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George Laloux
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Desire’ Mineur of Prayon
Jean Lejeune of Nessonvaux
Joseph Juleinond of Nessonvaux
Ferdinand Drissen of Liege
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Manufacture Liegeoise d’Armes a Feu
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Manufacture d’Armes J.B. Ronge’ Fils
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Henri Pieper & Companie and Etablissements Pieper
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Barrel makers, Henri Heuse-Riga of Nessonvaux, 1905
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Association of Hunting and Shooting Equipment Manufacturers - Liege, Belgium
https://ufa-belgium.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/1610329_UFA_FICHES8.pdf