Luther Leads the Reformation

Slide 1:

1. Renaissance placed emphasis on the secular and the individual, which challenged the church’s authority
2. Some rulers began challenging the church for power as well.
3. Northern merchants were also tired of paying church taxes to Rome.
4. A new movement for religious reform begins in Germany and spreads through Europe

Slide 2:

1. Critics of the church complained that its leaders were corrupt
2. Popes during this period supported the arts and spent extravagantly on personal pleasure. And they fought wars
3. Pope Alexander VI fathered several children.
4. Lower clergy had problems too. Some were poorly educated and could barely read, let alone teach people.
5. Some drank, married, or gambled

Slide 3:

1. Martin Luther was a monk and teacher
2. Taught scripture at the University of Wittenberg in the German state of Saxony. His goal was to be a good christian
3. 1517, he takes public action against a friar named Johann tetzel who was raising money to rebuild St. Peter’s Cathedral in Rome
4. He did this by selling indulgences: which was a pardon, releasing a sinner from a sin

Slide 4:

1.  Tetzel was giving the impression that you can buy your way into heaven.
2. Luther wrote the 95 Theses, or formal statements, attacking the pardon merchants.
3. posted these on the church in wittenberg and invited other scholars to debate him over the issue.

Slide 5:  

1. His words were copied and distributed all over Germany.
2. His actions began the reformation: a movement for religious reform
3. Soon he decided he wanted full reform

• People could only win salvation through forgiveness: church taught faith and good works were needed for salvation
• All church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the bible. Pope and church traditions were false authorities
• All people of faith were equal. Did not need priests to interpret bible  

Slide 6:

1. Church thought Luther was just a rebellious monk until he got popular
2. Luther suggested the people drive the pope out by force
3. Pope Leo X threatened to excommunicate Luther. He threw the letter in the fire in front of his followers
4. He was then excommunicated

Slide 7:

1. Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, a devout catholic, also opposed Luther's teachings
2. Summoned Luther to stand trial in 1521. Was told to take back his words. He refused
3. Charles then issued an imperial order known as the edict of Worms, which declared Luther an outlaw and heretic

Slide 8: 

1. According to this, no one was to give Luther food or shelter and all of his books were to be burned.
2. Prince Frederick the wise of saxony disobeyed the emperor and kept Luther in one of his castles.
3. Luther translated his work into German while staying there
4. Luther would return to Wittenberg in 1522. Instead of seeking church reforms he started his own religious group called… (ask what...Lutherans)

Slide 9:

1. German peasants put Luther’s revolutionary ideas to practice.
2. Wanting an end to serfdom, bands of angry peasants went about the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging and burning.
3. Revolt horrified Luther.
4. Wrote a pamphlet urging the German princes to show the peasants no mercy
5. Prince’s army crushed the revolt, killing up to 100,000 people, people would reject luther's ideas after this.

Slide 10:

1.  Northern princes in Germany supported Lutheranism.
2. Some liked his ideas for selfish reasons.
3. Saw his teachings as a good excuse to seize church property and to assert their independence from Charles V

Slide 11:

1. German princes who remained loyal to the pope agreed to join forces against Luther’s ideas.
2. Princes who supported Luther signed a protest against that agreement
3. Those protesting princes came to be known as protestants
4. The term protestant was applied to christians who belong to non-catholic religions

Slide 12: 

1. Charles V went to war against protestant princes
2. Even though he defeats them, they won’t go back to the catholic church
3. 1555 he was tired of fighting and ordered all princes, protestant and catholic, to meet in the city of Augsburg

Slide 13:

1. Princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state
2. Became known as the Peace of Augsburg
3. Churched faced another challenge to its authority, this time in England.

Slide 14:

1. Henry VIII became king of England in 1509 and was catholic
2. He wrote attacks on Luther, which the pope gives him the title” defender of the faith”
3. But this soon changes because Henry needs a male heir to the throne
4. Henry's father became king after a civil war. He feared one too if he doesn’t have a replacement

Slide 15: 

1. He and his wife had one child, daughter named Mary, but no woman had successful held the throne up until this point
2. Henry, convinced his 42 year old wife will have no more children wanted a divorce and a younger wife
3. Church, however, did not allow divorce.

Slide 16:

1. Pope could annul, or set aside, his marriage if proof could be found that it had never been legal in the first place
2. 1527 Henry asked the Pope to annul his marriage, but the Pope said no.
3. Pope did not want to offend Catherine’s powerful nephew, the Holy Roman emperor Charles V

Slide 17:

1. Henry tried to solve his marriage problem himself.
2. Called parliament into session and asked it to pass a set of laws that ended the pope’s power in england
3. This is known as the reformation parliament.
4. He then secretly married Anne Boleyn (BUL-ihn) who was in her twenties

Slide 18: 

1. Parliament legalized his divorce.
2. Parliament also passed the Act of Supremacy: called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce
3. And accepting henry, not the pope, as the head of England's church

Slide 19:  

1. Some like Thomas More criticized the church and king.
2. Henry had him arrested and imprisoned
3. Before he was found guilty of treason and executed

Slide 20:

1. Henry did not get a boy from anne.
2. So she was charged with treason
3. She was imprisoned in the tower of london
4. Found guilty and beheaded
5. He finds a new wife in Jane Seymour

Slide 21:

1. She gave birth to edward.
2. His wife died two weeks later though.
3. He married three more times, but had no more children

Slide 22:

1. When henry died in 1547, his three children ruled England in turn
2. This created religious turmoil
3. Edward became king when he was 9.
4. He was guided by advisors who were protestant and introduced protestant reforms

Slide 23:

1. Edwards reigned for six years.
2. Mary took the throne in 1553, she was catholic and returned church rule to the pope
3. It was meant with protestant resistance, so she had them beheaded.
4. She died in 1588
5. Anne boleyn’s daughter then inherited the throne

Slide 24:

1. Elizabeth I wanted protestantism
2. Set up the church of England or anglican church with her as the head
3. Only legal church in England
4. To please protestants, priests in the church of England were allowed to marry
5. Could deliver sermons in English too
6. Rich robes as well

slide 25: 

1. She brought some religious peace to England
2. Some protestants wanted her to make more reforms
3. Catholics tried to overthrow her and replace her with her cousin Mary Queen of scots
4. also faced threats from Philip II of Spain (Catholic)

Slide 26:

1. Money was a problem too
2. Wanted to build an American empire but no income
3. Colonies strengthened England economically but did not enrich queen directly
4. Her need for money carried over into the next reign and leads to conflict between monarch and parliament