REVIEWER IN PE

INDIVIDUAL SPORTS - promotes a desire for physical fitness, lifetime physical activity, and healthy leisure time habits through individual activities, sports, and games.

Good sportsmanship, respect and responsibility are incorporated in Individual Sports.

DUAL SPORTS - Compared to individual sports, there aren’t as many dual sports out there but dual sports can take several different forms.

In one form of dual sports, a single athlete competes against another single athlete; there’s no team, just two athletes against each other in a one-on-one match.
Dual sports can also involve two athletes on the same team competing with two athletes of the opposite team, known as two on two.

Badminton - is a sports racquet that is played with a shuttlecock or birdie as a projectile and where the players are separated by a net that divides the court into two equal parts.

Points - are scored by landing the shuttle on your opponent’s side of the court.

Badminton is played as an outdoor sport in several parts of the world. However, to fully enjoy its potential, badminton should be played indoors where the wind cannot compromise the flight of the shuttle.
The history of badminton is not fully clear and some parts of it remain a mystery.
Badminton appears to be an evolution of a game called battledore and shuttlecock, whose origins go way back in time.
Invented and developed by the British in the middle of the 19th century
The most widespread theory is that it was invented in British India and then went back to England, where it became popular very fast.
The Badminton Association of England, founded on September 13, 1893, was the first national badminton association created and it organized the first badminton competition in 1899.
The competition, called All England Open Badminton Championships Brief History of Badminton

General Rules

● Winner of the first game must serve first in the next game.

● Teams change sides after each game.

● Any shuttle landing on the lines are good.

● During a rally, if the shuttle touches the net and goes over it is good. Scoring

● Points are scored only by the serving side.

System of Play (Doubles)

Side by side - defensive positioning. Each player is responsible for one side of the court. Good positioning to defend against a smash.

Up and back - offensive positioning. One player in front half the other in back half. This allows the team to put pressure on the other team.

Combination - combination of both systems, When a team hits the shuttle in the air, they assume side by side position to defend against the smash. At other times they are in up and back positions.

BASIC FOOTWORK IN BADMINTON Basic Equipment

● Ready in position; 1. Racket

● Side step (chasse) 2. Shoes

● Lunge 3. Shuttlecock (birdie)

● Scissor Kick 4. Net and poles

● Crossover step and three-step to mid court. 5. Sportive outfit

7 FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS OF BADMINTON

1. Grip

a. Back Hand - Push the thumb forward
b. Forehand - Push the index finger forward

2. Stance - he stance is how you stand while playing badminton, both in between a rally and before the serve. A stable and correct stance will bring a huge change in the results due to easier movement.

a. Attacking Stance
b. Defensive Stance
c. Net Stance

3. Footwork

a. Move only 2-3 steps backward.
b. Shuffle only 1 step sidewards.
c. Move only 2-3 steps front

4. Serve

a. High Serve - High serve aims at the back-end corner of the opponent’s court. a good high serve results in the shuttle dropping steeply downwards at the back end of the court. In fact, a high serve is presented to opponents having the ability to execute a strong smash. You can always expect a lob or a drop from your opponent as a reply to a properly executed high serve.
b. Low Serve - Unlike high serve, the low serve aims to the front of the court. The objective is to let the shuttle fly just above the net landing in the front corner of the court. In this case, your opponent has the opportunity to dash forward and smash the shuttle to you if the execution is poor.

5. Smash - Smash is the most potent and powerful stroke in badminton which naturally turns out to be the most familiar term to all. The shot is basically to hit the shuttle powerfully towards the opponent’s body or downward on the court. A perfectly executed smash has no defense. This badminton skill is the most aggressive and technical one.

a. ForeHand Smash - The forehand is an overhead smash which is similar to the action of throwing a ball. You shouldn’t have a problem playing this stroke if you can throw a ball well. This skill in badminton acts as a game-changer for beginners.
b. Back Hand Smash - This is one of the toughest strokes in badminton, and even experts face difficulty in playing the stroke. Still, it is important to practice and get the technique to rise in the skill level. To execute this stroke, getting the backhand grip is extremely important.
c. Jumping Smash - A forehand smash with a timed jump added to it counts under jumping smash. This skill in badminton is the most glamorous of all.

6. Dropshot - Among all the basic skills in Badminton, the drop shot is the most technical one. Badminton Drop Shots are delicate badminton shots that can win you points that aim at scoring points in deception. Played with both backhand and forehand, these are used to move the opponent to the frontcourt. This creates space in the midcourt and backcourt for you to exploit. There are slow and fast drop shots, played judging the situation.

7. Clear/Lob - The lob shot in Badminton can be imagined as a shot with an inverted ‘U’ trajectory. It is normally played from the forecourt with an aim to lift or ‘lob’ the shuttle over the opponent. The idea is to land it as near to the baseline as it is, at an angle that is impossible to clear. This is similar to the drop in challenging the opponent with sudden motion backward this time. It can also be executed by both backhand and forehand.

FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT

(Badminton)

1. Court

2. Net

3. Racket

4. Shuttlecock

TABLE TENNIS - Table tennis sometimes called “ping pong” is played on the table with a net in the middle, volleying a light ball

using rackets or paddles (sometimes called bats). There are several grips used for the sport.

1. Penhold grip - the position of the thumb and index fingers, similar to how one holds a pen.

2. Shakehand grip- the index finger and thumb are wide apart in the manner of handshake.

3. V-grip- the forefinger and the middle finger sandwiches the blade.

4. Seemiller grip - named after Danny Seemiller, when the thumb and the forefinger are placed on the same side.

In table tennis, strokes are classified into offensive and defensive.

1. Offensive strokes result in topspin

2. Defensive strokes result in backspin.

Size of a Racket

- 15 cm. across or 6 in.

- 25 cm. long (including the handle) or 10 in.

SAFETY PRACTICES IN SPORTS EXERCISES

Injuries are damaged tissues or organs which occur when it encounters trauma or physical force that is greater than what it can resist or absorb.

DIRECTION OF FORCES APPLIED TO MUSCULOSKELETAL STRUCTURES

1. Compressive forces - impact the center causing it to bend or fold.

2. Tensile forces - are those that act away from the center of the structure, causing a pull or stretch.

3. Shear forces - are opposing forces toward the different ends of the structure causing it to twist

Injuries can be classified into two:

1. ACUTE INJURIES have signs and symptoms (e.g., pain, swelling) that manifest immediately after force application.

2. CHRONIC INJURIES or overuse injuries occur after a long period of exposure to the force.

Overuse Injuries - are common among individuals who have been training for along period of time with minimal rest and recovery between sessions.

Factors that increase the risk of injury

1. Non-modifiable (i.e., age, gender)

2. Modifiable (i.e., tournament rules, apparel)

3. Intrinsic (i.e., Individual factors)

4. Extrinsic (i.e., Environmental factors)

STRAIN

A strain is defined as an injury to a tendon (tissues that connect your muscles and bones) or muscle.
It is a twist, pull, or tear of muscle or tendon ( a cord of tissue that connects the muscle to bone)
Strains can range from mild to extreme; and may mean your tendon or muscle has a partial or complete tear.

FRACTURE - A fracture is a broken bone.

It can range from a thin crack to a complete break.
Bone can fracture crosswise, lengthwise, in several places, or into many pieces.
Most fractures happen when a bone is impacted by more force or pressure than it can support.

DISLOCATION - A dislocation is an injury to a joint where two or more bones come together in which the ends of your bones are forced from their normal positions.

This painful injury temporarily deforms and immobilizes your joint.
Dislocation is most common in shoulders and fingers.

CONCUSSION - A concussion is a traumatic brain injury that affects your brain function.

Effects are usually temporary but can include headaches and problems with concentration, memory, balance and coordination.
Concussions are usually caused by a blow to the head. Most sports injuries can be prevented with adequate preparation and proper knowledge.

The following strategies can minimize the occurrence of these injuries.

1. Adopt a comprehensive training program.

2. Use protective equipment and practice correct technique.

3. Incorporate recovery strategies in the training program.

4. Follow rules and decorum during competition.

How can the possibility of getting injured while training be minimized?

-Fitness and training injuries can be prevented if an individual takes the necessary preparations and precautions on the ff. variables.

1. Proper attire. The attire should be appropriate for the chosen activity.

2. Proper Technique. An individual needs to consult a trainer and ask for proper instruction in performing the chosen activity or exercise.

3. Gym Etiquette. Individuals that subscribe to gym facilities should be aware of the rules and etiquette.

4. Proper environmental conditions. It is advisable to check the environmental conditions before the exercise session.

5. Adequate Recovery. The recovery period is just as important as the workout session.

SAFETY IS ALWAYS THE TOP PRIORITY