Revising Study Material for CBSC NET Exam

BY

P.KASIMANI

LIBRARIAN AND INFORMATION ASST,

ANNA CENTENARY LIBRARY,

CHENNAI.

ALL THE BEST

Information service

Meaning

        Giving Information to user in anticipation / in demand is known as information

Aspect of information service

•         Provision of information on anticipation
•         Provision of information on demand

Type of information service

•            CAS
•            Condensation type (Abstract, extract and technical digest)
•         Location types (Index, bibliographies, Hand book and Date service )
•         Evolution types (State of Art Report and Trent Report)
•          Condensation and Repacking type (Review and Handbook)

• Reference type (Readers Guidance, ready references and referral service
• Maintenance service (Training of Documents and Consultation)                                                                                                                

REFERENCE SERVICE         Definition:         Dr. S.R.Ranganathan defines reference service as “the process of establishing contact between a reader and his document in a personal way”

Need and Purpose of Reference Service:

        (i) It gives relevant information to the enquirer

        (ii) It saves the time

3. It is a valuable service for the Research Scholars

Functions of Reference of service

1. The supervision function
2. The information function
3. The Guidance function
4. The Instruction function
5. The Bibliographic function
6. Appraisal function

REFERENCE SERVICE

Types of Reference Service 

        1.Ready Reference Service; (very short time)

        2.Long Range Reference Service

ALERTING SERVICE

Types:

            1. Group Alert Service

2. Individual Alert Service

i)    Group Alert Services: Group Alert Service are those which aim at alerting a group of individuals. These can be categorized into two: Multidisciplinary services and Discipline based services

        a)   Multidisciplinary Services

        b)   Discipline Based Services

        These are in the form of current titles’, ‘abstract-bulletins’ etc.

II) Individual Alert Services: These services are aimed at providing specific information to an individual’s exact requirement in an expeditious manner. ‘Selective Dissemination of Information’, liaison service, etc. fall under this category

Current Awareness Service

Dr S.R.Ranganathan defines, CAS as “listing the documents appearing during the period covered, and without being selected to suit the requirements of a particular reader or a specific topic under investigation. This is of the nature of a general appetizer. It endeavors to keep the clientele informed promptly of all the nascent thought created in their fields of work and related fields.”

 Forms and Formats of CAS

Dr S.R.Ranganathan defines, CAS as “listing the documents appearing during the period covered, and without being selected to suit the requirements of a particular reader or a specific topic under investigation. This is of the nature of a general appetizer. It endeavors to keep the clientele informed promptly of all the nascent thought created in their fields of work and related fields.”

 Forms and Formats of CAS

1.Journal-Circulation         2.List of Periodicals Received   3.Current content Service

 Current Awareness List (CAL): International and Local

        1. Library Bulletins

        2. Announcement of Research – in- progress

        3. Notification of Forthcoming meeting Daily intelligence service

     4.Newspaper Clipping Service

SELECTIVE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION (SDI)

Hans Peter Luhn (1950) Strauss and its collaborators have defined   “ SDI as a refinement of the current awareness idea… that is designed to serve the individual scientist directly “

Characteristics of SDI

1. Keep its user abreast of the latest development
2. Users having identical information needs
3. SDI is exactly tailor to need the specific information needs of each user
4. Quick service which provides pin-pointed information;

Steps involved in SDI system

1. Maintaining a file of profiles
2. Maintaining a file of entries for documents
3. Matching the specific subject interest of the individual;
4. Selecting the recipients of the service and the items of information to be notified         through appropriate matching;
5. Connecting the right recipients with the right items of the information;

6.        Entertaining the responses of the recipients as to the degree of interest about the         information notified and also do their decision on notifying others;

7.         Adjusting the profiles according to the reaction of the recipients;

8.        Responding to the specific document needs of the recipients;

9.         Notifying others according to the instructions of the recipients;

10. Keeping the file of profiles always representative of the living interests of the         recipient

5. REFERRAL SERVICE

Reference service is provided by directing the enquirers to a document available in the library.   The information sought is also supplied in addition to the document that may carry the required information.  On the other hand, the referral service provides only source to information and no more.

Referral Centre

It directs users for information and data to appropriate sources such as Libraries,Documentation centers, Information centers

BIBLIOGRAPHIC SERVICES

Bibliography

According to Louis shores “It is a List of written, Printed or otherwise produced Record of  Civilization, which may include books, serials, pictures Manuscripts and any media of communication”

Compilation of Bibliography:

Planning and Preparation

Types

Enumeration : Examination of individual books in order to assemble the resemble. Like         incunabula, Universal, National, Trade.

Analytical (critical)

                Like Descriptive,   Textual,     Historical,            Documents as objects of art

INDEXING SERVICE

Index:

        According to  G.S. Born, “ Index is a detailed alphabetical list of the names, terms, topics, places, formula “

 Importance:

1. Guides the user to document
2. To create specialization of the author
3. To retrieve the reference for research
4. To save time

Types

1. Name index  
2. Author index ,  
3. Subject index
4. Document index,
5. Book periodical,
6. News index Bibliographical index
7. Classified index
8. Alphabetical index ,
9. Specific and Relative index
10. Current and Retrospective index,
11. Citation index

Indexing service 

        Providing of index to the user community.

ABSTRACTING SERVICE

Meaning: Essence of summary of a document is loosely called abstract

        Type of abstract

        1. Indicative Abstract

        2. Informative Abstract

        3. Indicative and Informative Abstract

        4. Slanted Abstract

        5. Critical Abstract

        6. Titular Abstract

        7. Author Specialist Abstracter

        8. Article, patent Standard and Bibliographical Abstract etc..

TRANSLATION SERVICES

Meaning

To express the information in another Language systematically retaining the original                    -Webster

Objectives

To provide document in user Language

To Promote the Use of document and cultural understanding

Types of Translation 

Literal                         (Without changing the Literary Meaning)

Free Translation         (Translators apply his own words)

Transposition         (Translators apply his emotional)

Translation Pools

1. International Translation Centre (ITC)
2. Established in John Creter Library, Chicago in 1953
3. European Translation Centre (ETC)
4. 1960 by the name European Translation Centre (ETC)
5. National Translation Centre(NTC)

     6.  Agencies in Britain British Library is a big stockist of translations

Specialized Pools

a) Transtom: It is established as an information office with cooperation of     EAEC (European Atomic Energy Community) and US Atomic Energy

b) Index Translationum: It is a big information source and bibliography of translated of books published by UNESCO. ITS publication is regular since 1947

REPROGRAPHIC SERVICES

The word reprography was first used in 1954 as a generic term for all types of facsimile reproduction of documents, including in its scope processes and techniques associated with photocopying, micro copying, blueprinting, electrocopying, thermocopying, dye line reproduction, etc.,

        Bose defines “it is a group of mechanical devices whereby one or multiple copies of a document  can be prepared through copying and duplicating processes.”

Petrographic Techniques

a) Photographic:        Two Steps

     1.        Exposure to  the original document (Direct Contest Method, Contact/reflex Method)

2. Develop image into a readable process

b) Non – Photographic:                

The Non –photographic petrographic techniques are: (1) Manual and (2) Mechanical.

1. Manual techniques
2. manual transcription
3. Typewriter
4. Electric Typewriter’
5. Flexowriter

2. Mechanical techniques:

        The relief and intaglio methods are not used for making copies in modern reprography, therefore, these will not be dealt with here. The following methods, however, are discussed under the mechanical techniques:

1. Stencil duplicating process
2. Offset duplication process
3. Hectographic processes

Fathers

1.         Who is the Father of Scientific Management FW Taylor

2.        Who is the father of modern management Henri Fayol

3.        Who is the Father of Encyclopaedia Aristotle

4.        Who is the father of Documentation Paul Otlet (1868-1944)

5.        Claude Elwood Shannon (1916-2001) American engineer and mathematician, by many regarded the father of information theory

6.        Bellary Shamanna Kesavan is the first National Librarian of independent India. He is also known as Father of Indian National Bibliography as it was first brought out in its leadership on August 15, 1958.

7. On March 7, 1948, in the present of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India and many other officers, Sri Maurice Gwyer honored to the Dr. S.R. Ranganthan "Father of Indian Library Science" and presented him to Governor General, Lord Mountbatten, Chancellor of the University of Delhi

8.        Konard Gasner is known as the father of Bibliography?

9.        India’s first library was Asiatic Society of Bengal (1784) started a library and opened to public in 1820

First and invented

1.        The impact factor was invented by Eugene Garfield

2.        The first fax machine was invented by Scottish mechanic and inventor Alexander Bain. In 1843

3.        Punched cards was invented by ---- in -Herman Hollerith, 1890

4.        Uniterm indexing system was invented by Mortimer Taube

5.        BIT ("Binary Digit") Short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a computer. The term was first used in 1946 by John Tukey.

6.        KWIC / KWAC / KWOC KWIC index; keyword in context index, a kind of automatic indexing developed in 1958 at IBM by Hans Peter Luhn.

7.        "Bradford's law of scattering" first formulated by Bradford (1934, 1948) and coined so by Vickery (1948) is a particular bibliometric

8.        "Coordinate indexing" as a concept and as a method is founded by Mortimer Taube in 1951.

9.        Indian copyright law is governed by the Copyright Act, 1957

10.         James Duff Brown at Clerkenwell (London), and there Brown had pioneered, in 1894, a safeguarded open-access system, the first in Britain

11.        Who established the first school of library science in USA started? – Melvil Dewey in 1887

12.        First Library Journal was “Library Miscellany” in three languages, English, Gujarati and Marathi in 1912.

13.          First printed book Diamond Sutra A copy in the British Library dates to 868 CE

14.        Where was the first public library setup in India? Calcutta.

15.        The term "bibliographic coupling" was first introduced by MM Myer in a paper published in 1963

Derived word from which language

1.        The term ‘Bibliography’ was derived from Greek word

2.        The term ‘Thesaurus’ has its origin in Greek word. This means storehouse of knowledge.

3.        The origin of the word ‘Vocabulary’ is from the Latin word ‘Vovabulariam’

4.        The word "Classification" is derived from the Latin word ‘Classis’ which means groupings

5.        The word 'Communication' is derived from the Latin word ‘Communis’

6.        The term ‘Dictionary’ is derived from the Latin word ‘Dictionarium’ 

7.        The etymology for the word ‘Index’ is derived form Latin

8.        The term ‘library’ is made of the word ‘libra’ Latin word

9.        Who used the word bibliography first? Louis Jacob de Saint Charles

10.        The term ‘Initiation programme to new user’ was coined by S.R.R

11.        The term 'Reprography' was first used in the year 1954

12.        Who coined the term Bibliometrics Alan Pritchard in 1969 who defined it as “the application of mathematical and statistical methods to books and other media of communication”.

14.        Scientific Management was coined in 1910 by Loues Brandois

15.        The term "hypertext" was coined by Ted Nelson in 1963. "Hyper" is a concept from mathematics, where it is used about hyperdimentional rooms.

16.        The term IR was introduced by Calvin Mooers in 1951

17.        The term ‘Descriptor’ was introduced by Calvin Mooers in 1950.

Place and Organizations

                                1. Brussels

International Council of Scientific Union (ICSU)

                                2. California

DIALOG

                                3. Canada              

    Development Science Information System (DEVSIS)        - Canada

                                4. Chicago                

        1. National Translation Centre (NTC)

        2. American Library Association (ALA)

                                5. Delft (Holland)      

         European Translation Centre (ETC) now known as Interntl TC (ITC)

                                6. Geneva                  

        International Standard Organization (ISO)

                                7. The Hague                

        1. International Federation of Library Associations And Institutions         (IFLA)- 1929

        2. International Federation for Documentation (FID) -                 1936

                                8. London                

1. Library Association (UK)                        -                         18772. 2. 1.          2.Association for Special Libraries and Information Buraux (ASLIB)            

3. changed Association for Information Mgt        -                 1926

                                9. Lagos.                

Commonwealth Library Association (COMLA)                -         1972

                                10. New York1.                

Special Libraries Association (SLA)- New York   1909 H W Wilson Company, New York

                                11. Ohia1.                

Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC)- Ohio                1967

                                12. Paris, in France

1. International Serial Data System (ISDS)                        - Paris
2. UNIDO Industrial Information System (UNIDO-IIS)        -         1977
3. United National Educational Scientific Cultural Organisation - 1946

                                13. Rome                        

International Information System for Agricultural Sciences and Technology (AGRIS)- 1971

                                14. Viena        

1. International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)
2. International Nuclear Information System (INIS)        -           1969
3. World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO)            
4. International Patent Documentation Centre (INPADOC)        - 1972
5. UN AGRIS processing Unit                                         1947        
6.         The Bureau of Indian Standards was established in the year      1947

2.        Calvin Mooers approached the system in some other way by representing the document with card. The system is known as Edge-notched card system in1947.

BNB – Subject headings

1950 to 1984 – Chain Indexing

1984 to 1990 – PRECIS

1990 to 1996 – COMPASS is an acronym for Computer Aided Subject System, a subject indexing system developed by the British Library.

1996 to till date – LC Subject headings

Bibliographical Databases:

a.        INSPEC - covering Physics, Electrical & Electronic, Engg, Computer Science, Control                                 Technology and Information Technology

b.        BIOSIS - covering Biological and Life Sciences

c.        CA-SEARCH - covering Chemistry

d.        GEOREF - covering Geology

e.        MATASCI - covering Mathematical Sciences

f.        COMPENDEX - covering Engineering

g.        MEDLINE - covering Medicine

h.        METADEX - covering Metals, alloys and materials

Numerical Databases:

a.        EMIS - covering Electronic materials

b.        NBS THERMO - Thermodynamic properties-organic and inorganic materials

100. HAZARDLINE - details of more than 10,000 hazardous substances.

Databases                                Printed Equivalent

1. MEDLARS                                Index Medicus
2. INSPEC                                Science Abstracts
3. CHEMABS                                Chemical Abstracts
4. SCISEARCH                        Science Citation Index
5. Sociological Abstracts                Sociological Abstracts
6. ERIC                                        Resources in Education
7. COMPENDEX                        Engineering Index
8. Psychological Abstracts                Psychological Abstracts

Classification

Derived from  “Latin” word “Classic” Meaning          Process of grouping

1. Putting together (un) like entities
2. Arrangements of ideas /objects in a
3. systematic order

Arrangement of documents in the most helpful and permanent order

To classify the subjects of the documents        

Definitions

Arrangement of books on shelves or description of them in the manner which is most helpful to those who read         - W.C.B Sayers

“Classification in its simplest statement is, the putting together of similar things or more fully described, it is the arranging of things according to likeness and unlikeness”

                                           - Margaret Mann

Translation of the name of specific subject of a books into preferred artificial language of ordinal numbers – S.R.Ranganathan

Numbers

Cardinal numbers        Used for counting purpose

Ordinal numbers        Used for arranging or ordering things (Library classification                 uses ordinal numbers)

Notation                  Ordered serial of symbols representing terms Pure        - DDC

                                 Mixed        - UDC, CC

Structure of Subjects

Dichotomy                          Division into two (Binary classification – 0,1)                          Further divided into two         (Tree of porphyry)

                        Living Organism

Plants                 Animals

  Non-Flowing   Flowering          Vertebrates        Invertebrates        

Decachotomy : Division into Ten   (DDC, UDC)

Polychotomy : - Division into Many        - CA Cutter introduced in expensive classification

             (S R Ranganathan’s CC)

Decachotomy : - Continuous growth of new subjects- Dynamic

Classification Base:

Pattern of Library Classification

1. Analytico Synthetic Classification  (or) Faceted

        a. Rigidly faceted         - CC upto 3rd ed.

        b. Almost faceted        - Bibliographic classification (Bliss), - UDC

        c. Almost freely faceted        - CC - 6th   - 5th   - 4th

        d. Freely faceted        - CC         - 7th        

2. Enumerative Classification

        a. Almost enumerated        - DDC 21st

                                - Subject classification (Brown)

        b. Fully                - International Classification (Rider)

        c. Purely                - LOC Classification

Schemes of Library Classification

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION

Mnemonics        

                                Derived from ‘Greek’ word

                                Meaning - Aids to memory

Types        1. Alphabetical           (CC)         D5135 Y  Yamaha Motor Cycle)        

                2. Schedule          (DDC)    378.54  Higher education in India

                                        331.2954  Wages in India

                                (CC)        L17:4        Diseases of neck

                                        L185:4        Diseases of eye

                3. Systematic        (Guiding principles)  

                                Helpful sequence (order)

                4. Seminal                  (Use one and the same digit to denote seminally

                                equivalent concepts in whatever subject they may                                 occur)

(CC) Disease & social pathology represented by 4

Devices of Library Clasification

1. Alphabetical Device

                5135 Y        Yamaha Motor Cycle

                L9C        Child Medicine

2. Chronological Device

                0111,2J64        - Shakespeare        

                    1564        - Year of birth of Shakespeare

                2:51M76                - DDC (1876)

                2:51N33                - CC (1933)

         3. Geographical Device

                CC        - V44        - History of India

                DDC        - Criminal law of Modern India – 345.54

        4. Subject Device

                DDC        - 026.61        Medical Libraries

                CC        - 24(Z)        Law Libraries

        5. Super Imposition Device

                (CC)   1.           L18-7        Nervous System of Head

                                (Isolate numbers taken from the same foci)

                     2.             V44-56  British Territory in India

                            (This device not used in DDC)          

COMMON ISOLATE

                       An isolate ideas denoted by the same isolate terms and represented by the          same isolate number

                  DDC

                 Standard subdivisions

                  320.03  Dictionary of Political science

                 336.240954  Income tax in India  

                CC

                ACI

                PCI

DDC

1st ed.        1876 Melvil Devil  (43 pages)

        12 - prefatory matter, 12 table, 18 index

2nd ed.        1885   (314 pages)

11th ed.        988 pages

14th ed.        1927 pages

15th ed.        1952 Standard edition

16th ed.        1958  2 volumes (Table, Index)

17th ed.         1965  2 volumes

18th ed.         1971  3 volumes

19th ed.        1979  3 volumes

20th ed.        4 volumes (First)

          1 Introduction & Auxiliary Table

          2, 3 Schedules

          4  Relation Index

Divided into 10 large classes (1st summery)  

0  General

1  Philosophy

2  Religion

3  Social Science

4  Language

5  Natural Science

6  Useful Arts

7  Fine Arts

8  Literature

9  History

Auxiliary Tables

1  Standard Subdivision

2  Arts

3  Subdivision of Individual literature

4  Subdivision of languages

5  Retail, Ethic, National Groups

6  Languages

7  Persons

UDC

1st ed.                1904 (French Language)

                1905 First complete edition

                Based on DDC (MC)

                Common Auxiliaries (Form, Place etc)

                (035) Handbook   (540) India

                        Special auxiliaries (Listed in some places)

  Parallel Division  Same notation to denote a given concepts in more

                than one place. (Mnemonics)        

        Decimal point (•)  placed after every 3 digits for visual aid

        Relative Index

CC

        1st ed.        1933

        Colon upto 3rd ed. (only connecting symbol used)

        2nd ed.        1939

        3rd ed.        1950

        4th ed.        1952

        5th ed.        1957

        6th ed.        1960

        7th ed.        1987

        15 Indicator digits

        4 New digits (* + “ &)

Fundamental Categories

        P  ,   (Comma)        

        M  ;  (Semi colon)        

        E  :  (Colon)        

        S  .  (Dot)        

        T  ’  (Inverted comma)

Rounds (in P,M,E)

        [E]  [2P] :  [2E]  [ 3P]

        Repetition of time  [P, M, E]

Levels         Only in personality facet

        King Lear

             0  111,   2    J64,   K

       language    Form    Author     Work

Basic Laws (6)

1.         Law of Interpretation
2.         Impartiality
3.         Symmetry
4.         Parsimony
5.         Local Variation
6.         Osmosis

Concept of management

“Management” The term is derived from the  verb which can mean: to organise, to control,  to handle, to carry out for a purpose etc. Development of management can be called as  Schools of thought.

Hitt and others  (1979) classify management  theories into three broad groups

1. Classical management theory (1880s-1920s)
2. Neoclassical management theory (1920s-1950s)
3. Modern management theory (After 1950s)

Classical management theory (1880s-1920s)

a) Scientific Management

Time and-motion study and piece-rate incentives are two major managerial practices developed by scientific management theorist and widely used even today. – FW Taylor

b) Administrative Management

Time and Motion study - Lillian Gilberth

14 principles of management as general guidelines for management practice. – Henry Fayol

c) Bureaucratic Organisation

Bureaucracy: It means authority and control.  Authority and control comes from higher level to lower level. – Max Weber

Neoclassical management theory (1920s-1950s)

a) Human Relation

Elton Mayo: Workers are not just concerned with money but could be better motivated by having their social needs met whilst at work. Howthrone effort is related to Human relation.

b) Behavior School

Motivational factor – Abraham Maslow ‘Theory of human motivation’ and also “Need Theory”

Douglas McGregor         i. X and Y theory:- Theory X Suggest Authorization with subordinates to finish a work.  Theory Y suggest about human behavior.

Chris Argyris                ii. Immaturity and maturity:- the work will be                                 passive and dependent

Henry herzberg        iii. Two Factor Theory (Motivation:-hygiene theory)-                                 considered motivation is one factor and Hygiene as                                 another  factor. (1968)

Rensis Likert, Kurt Lewin, Chester Barnard, Mary Parker Follest, George- Homans and Warren Bennis.

Modern management theory (After 1950s)

a)System Theory

Systems theory has come up as via media with an  integrated and holistic approach to management  problems. Chester Barnard, George Homans, Philip Selznick and Herbert a).Simon  are some of the  advocates of the systems theory.

b)Contingency Theory

c)Organisational humanism

d)Management Science

Objectives questions

• Max Weber was a pioneer in Classical school of management
• Bureaucracy concept by Max Weber
• Scientific Management was coined in 1910 by Loues Brandois
• Who is the Father of Scientific Management FW Taylor
• Who is father of modern management Henri Fayol
• Who is father of classical school of management Henri Fayol
• Who is father of neoclassical school of management Henry Fayol
• Theory of human relations- Elton Mayo
• Howthrone effort is related to Human relation by Elton Mayo
• Motivational theory by Abraham Maslow
• Theory X and Theory Y by Douglas McGregor in 1960s
• General System Theory was popularised by Bertlanffy
• The two-factor theory (The dual factor theory)was developed by         Frederick Irving Herzberg
• Who developed the Path-Goal theory of leadership- Robert House
• First lady of management Lillian Gilberth
• The Contingency Model of leader was developed by Lincert 

Henry Fayol’s 14 principles

Meanings

Unity of Command - This requirement implies that each position or employee in an organisation should be responsible to and receive orders from only one superior.

Delegation of Authority As an enterprise grows, it is neither possible nor desirable for any one person to exercise all the authority and control. It becomes necessary to delegate authority to subordinates for taking decisions within their assigned spheres of activity. Delegation of authority leads to decentralisation of management.

Scaler chain represents Top to bottom hierarchical order of the staff

Esprit de corps is a French word for Team spirit

Management Functions

        The five managerial functions are:

Planning - involves decision on the objectives to be pursued in         future and what to do to                   achieve those objectives;

Organising-refers to grouping activities, assigning activities, and providing the authority                        necessary to carry out flirt activities;

Staffing-covers forecasting human resource requirements, recruiting, selecting, training, selecting and developing human resources;

Leading - directing and channeling human behaviors towards        accomplishment of objectives;

Controlling - establish standards and measure performance         against objectives and take corrective measures, ifdeviations are there.

Planning: Koontz & O’Donail  formulated 7 steps of process of planning

Leading : Likert name is associated with style of leadership

Management Grid: Robert Blake and Jana Mouton  have  proposed a different type of management philosophy  called Managerial Grid.

Controlling : Feedback control – applied in SDI service

Functions – POSDCORB

Luther Gulch adopted Fayol’s ideas and restated the functions under the catchword ‘POSDCORB’. It coined in 1935. It stands for the following seven functions :

• Planning
• Organising
• Staffing
• Directing
• Co-ordinating
• Reporting
• Budgeting

Systems approach

Rensis Likert  developed four systems of  management

• Exploitive authoritative system (I)
• Benevolent authoritative system (II)
• Consultative system (III)
• Participative (group) system (IV)

Library as a System   Library can in fact be identified as a complex  system. Seven basic subsystems that make up  the library system, as identified by Hays and Becker , are acquisitions, serials control,circulation,control,cataloging, inter library loan reference and administrative planning.

SYSYTEM ANALYSIS AND LIBRARY AND INFORMATION SCIENCE

SYSYTEM ANALYSIS AND LIBRARY AND INFORMATION  SCIENCE 

Management by Objectives (MBO)

MBO process involves

a) Commitment to the programme

b) Top level goal setting

c) Individual goal setting

d) Participation of Subordination

e) Autonomous implementation

f) Review of performance

Handerson , who propounded the concept of  MBO

Management By Object by Peter Drucker  in  1954

Management Information System (MIS)

        It is the function of the Management Information System (MIS) to collect and transmit all relevant data pertaining to operations as well as information on managerial applications. In recent years, MIS function has become a part of the Electronic Data Processing (EDP) department.

Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information management methods tied to the automation or support of human decision making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert systems, and Executive information systems.

Financial Management

• Per capita method
• Cost of addition method
• Method of details
• Method of proportions
• Programmed Budgeting (PPBS, ZBB) and
• Budget justification procedures

Budget

• Budget is defined as “an estimate often itemized of expected income and         expense or operating results for a given period in future.
• Webster’s dictionary, “the budget is a plan of the amount of money available or         assigned to a particular purpose”.
• The word budget has been derived from a French work “Bougettee” denoting         a leather pouch in which funds are appropriate for meeting anticipated         expenses.

Budgetary Techniques

• Line Item budgeting
• Lumpsum budgeting
• Programme budgeting
• Formula budgets
• Performance budgeting
• Zero-based budgeting (ZBB)
• Planning programming budgeting system(PPBS)

Budgetary Technique

• Time, space, material, and product budgets. . Capital expenditure budgets.  Budget: is a control tool that outlines how funds will be obtained and         spent in a given period. Harlod Koontz, Cyril O'Donnell, and Heinz. Weihrich
• PPBS was popularised by US Navy, PPBS was introduced by Charles Hitch in         1961.
•  He applied this technique in the department of defence in U.S.A. Some  libraries are              using PPBS or some kind of its modified form.
•  PPBS Technique of budgeting-Rand Corporation
• Operating Budget means – Statement of estimated revenues and expenditures for a given period of time

ZBB

1. zero Base Budgets was developed by Texax Instruments inc.

1. ZBB was pioneered by Peter Phyor.
2. ZBB was first prepared in 1970.
3. ZBB means- budgeting afresh.There will be no increase in expenses or income
4. There will no budget
5. The difference between income and expenditure is zero
6. Prepared without considering previous year's budget
7. concerned with the necessities of the future instead of the past of the workers
8. emphasises more on retrospective activities Performance Evaluation Techniques
9. PERT founder (Program Evaluation Review Technique) te = (a+4m+b) / 6 US Navy’s Polaris Project 1957-58
10. PERT and CPM are used in improving quality in modern management
11. CPM stands for Critical Path Method
12. CPM T[E] = te + te Dupont
13. CPM was developed by Du point in order to control complex industrial         project.
14. The TQM Concept

Total Quality Management is a philosophy and not a technique. It is based on two basic concepts: quality control and employee participation.

W. Edward Deming started his work on quality in 1940's. (PDCA cycle)

Joseph M. Juran (Triology)

Armand V. Feigenbaum - "Total Quality Control'. This term was later changed into "Total Quality Management'

Deming’s PDCA Cycle

Spiral of Scientific method

Ranganathan  has characterised the working of  the scientific method by a never-ending spiral  movement. The four cardinal points of the  cycle are denoted by SRR by the terms

• Nadir
• Ascendent
• Zenith and
• Descendent

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory

Origin and Developments

01.F.J.COLE and N.B.Eales (1917)

        The History of comparative anatomy

        Part I : A Statistical Analysis of Literature.

         They used the term Statistical Analysis. ( first Bibliometric Study )

        Source : Science progress Vol.11 P. 578-596

02.E.W. Hulme (1923).

        The purpose of Statistical Bibliography is to shed light on the process written communication and of the nature and course of development of a discipline, by means counting and analysis its various facets of written communication.

        Source: Statistical bibliography in relation to the growth of modern civilization, Butterworth, London.

3.Dr S. R. Ranganathan (1948 ) (Libermetry)

        Measurement of various Library activities and services using mathematical and statistical techniques.

        Source: Librametry and its scope, ASLIB Proceedings (1949 ) Vol.1.P.102.

04.Alan Pritchard (1969) (Bibliometrics )

        The application of mathematical and statistical methods to books and other media of communication.

        Source : journal of Documentation Vol. 25 P 348-349.

05.Nalimov and Mulchenko (1969) ( Scientometrics )

        The application of those quantitative methods which are dealing with the analysis of science view as on information process.

07.Otto Nacke (1979)

        Subfield of information Science dealing with mathematical- Statistical analysis of communication processes in Science (Includes text, hypertext, circulation, e libraries, models of information production processes and Information retrieval.)

08.Derek De Solla Price (1963 )

        Little Science and Big Science.

Bibliometric Laws

01.Alfred J. Lotka (1926).

        Frequency Distribution of Scientific productivity determined of scientific productivity determined from a decennial index. (1907-1916) of chemical abstract.

        The number (of r author ) making “n” contribution is about 1/n2 of those making one and the proportion of all contributors, that makes a single contribution is about 60%

2. Bradford (1934 )

     Frequency of distribution of  papers over journals.

If scientific journals are arranged in order of decreasing productivity on a given subject . They may be divided into a nucleus of         journals more particularly devoted to the subject and several groups or zones containing the same number of articles as         the nucleus when the numbers of periodicals         in the nucleus and the succeeding zones will be as

        1:b: b2

03.Zipf (1949)

                rf =c

        Where r is the rank of a word, f is the frequency of occurance of he word and c is constant.

Citation Index

        1873 – Shepherd’s citation index in Law

        1963 -------- SCI by ISI

        1973 ------- SSCI

        1978-------- A& HCI

        Parts   1. Citation index    2. Source index  3.  Permuterm Index.

Indicators

                                             world share of the country in a given field

        Activity index     =      ----------------------------------------------------

                                Overall world share of the country        

        Self Citation            1. Author        2. journal

                                        C        

        Impact factor (J)        -----------------

                                Pn-1 +Pn-2

        Cn          = Number of citations received in the year n by papers published in the journal(J)

        Total number of papers published in (n-1 and n-2 )

        Immediacy index

                                Cn

                        IIn (j) =   -----------

                                Pn

Bibliographic coupling

        Papers are  having common reference with another paper.

        Co –Citation

        If two citations are cited together in the later literature, they have a relationship among them.

Degree of collaboration

        Subramanyam  (1983 )

                    Nm

        C     = --------------

                     Nm +Ns.

Relative Growth Rate

                Y2-Y1

                -------

                Y1

        Where Y2 =  Number of papers in current year

            Y1=  Number of papers in initial year

Indexing Concepts

Indicare   ---  to point out or to indicate

Steps

        Determination of subject

        Analysis of roles

        Display of terms

        Arrangement of entries

Types

        01.Pre co – ordinate Indexing

          Co- ordination at input stage

         Chain indexing, PRECIS, POPSI

02.POST CORDINATE

                  Coordination at output stage

                Term entry—Uniterm Indexing – Martimer Taube

                           (1953 )

                         Optical co incidence system- Peek a          boo system

                                W.E. Batten  - c cordonnier

                 Item entry  - Edge notched system, calvin moore

03. Keyword Index Andrea Crestadoro (1864 )

                        Key word in titles

                        KWIC  - H.P.Luhn (1960)

                        KWOC, KWAC,KWWC, KEYTALPHA

O4. Citation Indexing

Chain Procedure

Dr S.R.Ranganathan

        Definition

                Links

                False Link

                Unsought Link

                Sought Link

                        Entry Structure

Indexing Language

                Syntactic

                Semantic

PRECIS

        Derek Austin (1968/69).

        Principles

                one to one relation

        context Dependency

        Entry Structure

                Two lines, three parts (Lead Qualifier, Display)

                Role Operators

POPSI

        G. Battacharya  (DRTC) (1968 )

                Elementary Categories

                D-E-A-P

                Steps  

                    Analysis, formalization, standardization, modulation, Preparation,

           Approach term,  Added entry, Arrangement.

Vocabulary control

                Thesaurus

                Allen Kent

                BT-NT-RT

        Subject Headings

                LCSH  (1910-1914 )

                         Eg  Nuclear fusion  (QC 791 )

                                Sa Controlled Fusion

                                     Hydrogen bomb

                                     Neutron transport theory

                           x Fusion, Nuclear

                        xx Atomic energy

                                Nuclear reaction

SLSH

                Minie Earl Sears  (1923 )

                Eg  Subject Headings  025.3

                        See also Classification –Books

                                x Thesauri

                                xx Cataloguing; catalogs,  subject; Indexes

Evaluation of Indexing systems

Cranfield  I – ASLIB (1957 )  Cyril cleverdon

Alphabetical subject index

Faceted classification

uniterm indexing

UDC

                          a

Recall ratio  =   -------------  x 100

                              a + b

                a   =  Retrieved Relevant

                b   =  Not retrieved Relevant

                           a

Precision ratio  =   -------------  x  100

                                 a +c

   c= retrieved not relevant

PRECIS

(PRESERVED CONTEXT INDEX SYSTEM)

        PRECIS as designed by DEREK AUSIN in 196 and tested in the working environment of B.N.B.It is an alphaphetcal subject building   system. It is a computer manipulated mechanical approach to generate subject headings.

Objectives

• That the computer should generate all the index  entries
• That the index  entry  should be co-extensive with the subject of the document and all   entries are made as access points (entries should be expressive)
• that the entries should be meaningful within the normal frame of reference
• That the system should have entries supported by an adequate number of see and see also entries to link semantically terms.
• That it must be independent of  any classification scheme

Types of relationship in PRECIS

• Semantic Relationship –exits between all the terms in the machine held Thesaurus
• Syntactic Relationship- PRECIS string SIN is so constructed to show the syntactical (grammar)relationship existing between the concepts found in the document(RIN)

POPSI

(POSTULATE BASED PRMUTED SUBJECT INDEXING

        POPSI is a systematic procedure for deriving and organizing classification and also all possible associative classification. The author of the concept POPSI is Dr.Ganesh Bhattacharya

POPSI Table

• Analysis
• Synthesis
• Permutation

POST CO-ORDINATE INDEXING SYSTEMS

In Post Co-ordinate indexing system the co-ordination of term takes place at the out put stage. The “Term Entry” and Item Entry” are two types of Post Co-coordinating System.

UNITERM INDEXING SYSTEM

It was introduced by Mortimer Taube in 1953 to organize a collection acquired by the USArmed service Technical Information Agency.This system is based on each title o the documents that can be reduced for indexing purpose to a number of basic idea capable of being represented by uniterms.

KEYWORD INDEXING SYSTEM

Andra Crestadoro introduced keyword indexing system during 1856 and order the name ‘keyword in Title”

Hans P.Luhn of IBM received this system under the name of Keyword in Context(KWIC) in 1958.KWI was adopted by the American Chemical Society in 1960 for its publication of Chemical Titles. It has three parts

• Keyword
• Context
• Identification number or code

KEYWORD AUGMENTED IN CONTEXT (KWAC)

        KWAC stands for Keyword and Context .It provides for the enrichment of the keyword of the title with additional significant words taken either from the abstract of the document or its contents. The keyword with context indexing system does not repeat the full title with every keyword. Only that part of the title is given as the context, which is relevant to the keyword.

KEYWORD OUT OF CONTEXT (KWOC)

        In KWOC system, keyword or the access point is shifted to the extreme left at its normal place in the beginning of the line.

THESAURUS

Thesaurus is a terminological control device used in translating from the natural language of documents indexers and users into a more constrained system language  

In terms of structure, the standard says  “a thesaurus is a controlled an dynamic vocabulary  of semantically and generically related terms which covers a specific domain of knowledge.”

DEFINITION

The International Standards Organisaton defines a thesaurus on the basis of its structure and function.

TYPES OF THESAURUS:

 The different varieties of the thesauri can be categorized as follows:

1. Source Thesaurus
2. Adjunct Thesaurus
3. Cumulative Thesaurus

SEARS LIST OF SUBJECT HEADINGS

It is used in AACRII for constructing specific subject headings due to its simplicity and flexibility.  Sears list of subjects headings is a simplified version of the Library of Congress List intended for small and medium sized libraries.  

Minnie Earl Sears prepared the first edition of Sears list under the title ‘ List of Subject Headings for Small Libraries’ .  Sears was responsible for the first three consecutive editions.  First edition in 1923, second edition in 1926, third edition in 1933.

Aim

• One form of subject headings , under which all documents possessed by a library on a given subject can be listed.
• Headings after X and XX which can be used to prepare see and see also subject references .
• Headings enumerated after see also which are used to select an appropriate subject heading for a document being catalogued.

RESEARCH

DEFNITION

          According to John W. Best research is “considered to be more formal, systematic, intensive process of carrying on the scientific method of analysis. It involves a more systematic structure of investigation usually resulting in some sort of format record of procedures and report of results or conclusion”.

          Research may be defined as the systematic objective analysis and recording of controlled observations that may lead to the developments of generalizations, principles or theories resulting in prediction and possibly ultimate control of events.

              Research means finding out a solution to a problem.  It is search for knowledge.  It is an art of investigation.  

              Research is defined as “a careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge”.  

RESEARCH DESIGN

According to Jahoda Research Design as the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine the relevance to the research purpose with economy in procedure. Simply called it as a Blue Print of research or advance planning of research  

NEED AND PURPOSE

• It helps in smooth sailing of the research process.
• It saves the money, manpower and materials.
• It helps the researchers for advance planning and avoid duplication.
• It helps to modify the research if any difficulties.
• It gives reality to research.

CHARACTERSTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN

1. It shoud be flexible
2. It should be economical
3. It should be unbiased
4. It should fulfill the objectives of the research
5. It should be more appropriate to all the aspects of research.

FUNCTIONS

Ay research design tells the researcher, as to what steps to follow? What things to be observed? how many observation should be made ? it helps to locate the variables and how to manipulate the variables.

Finally tells how to analyze the qualitative representations of the observations and outline the possible conclusions.

COMPONENTS

• Title of the investigation
• Purpose of the study
• Review of related literature
• Statement of the problem
• Scope of the investigation
• Objectives of the study
• Variables
• Hypothesis
• Selection of sample
• Data Collection
• Analysis of data
  

RESEARCH PROBLEM

Research problem in general refers to some difficulty which a researcher experiences   I the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants go obtain a solution for the same.

According to F.Kerlinger, a research problem ‘ an interrogative sentence that asks what relation exists between two or more variables. The answers to the question will provide what is having sought in the research.

CRITERIA

• Relation between variables expressed: The probe should express a relation between two or more variables.

• Clarity and unambiquity: The problem should be related clearly and unambiguously question form.

• Empirical  verification:   The problem should be such as to imply possibilities of empirical testing.

• Availability of guidance: Every research activity needs the patronage of guide and approval and sanction of a competence authority.

• Level of research: It is another criterion to help in the selection of a problem.  The nature and scope of a study will be determined.

• Experience and creativity:  Good research problem stem form a clear understanding of the theoretical empirical and practical aspects of the subject derived from personal experience and from a thorough review of the literature.

• Novelty: Originality is the basic credit point of any research.
• Interesting : The problem should be interesting for the investigator himself. It he is not interested in it, he will not be able to take and overcome the obstacle which comes at every step of research.
• Importance: It should be significant enough and involves an important principle or practice.

HYPOTHESES

Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research.  Its main function is to suggest new experiments and observations.

DEFINITION:

Hypotheses is generally defined as “an assumption or some supposition to be proved or disproved”.  But for a researcher hypotheses is a formal question that he intends to resolve. Goode and Hatt have defined Hypothesis as a” proposition which can be put to test to determine validity”

NEED

• It provides direction to research and prevent collection of irrelevant data.
• It enables the investigator to classify the information.
• It ensures the collection of data necessary to study the problem.

CHARACTERISTICS

• Hypothesis should be clear and precise
• Hypothesis should be capable of being tested
• Hypothesis should state relationship between variables, it if e
• Hypothesis should be limited in scope and specific.
• Hypothesis should activated be simple in terms, so that it is easily understandable by all the concerned.
• Hypothesis should be in consistent with most known facts.
• Hypothesis should be amendable to testing with a reasonable time.
• Hypothesis must explain the facts given to the need for explanation.

FUNCTIONS

• To test theory
• To suggest theories
• To describe social phenomena

TYPES

• Correlative Hypothesis: Correlative hypothesis is statement of relationship between two concepts.  For example there is a relationship between age and political awareness.

• Null Hypothesis: A null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference between two parameters. Parameter refers to the population value referred from ample value.

• Alternative Hypothesis: An alternative hypothesis states that there is a significant difference between two parameters.

DIFFICULTIES IN FORMULATION OF HYPOTHESIS

• Lack of clear theoretical background: Hypothesis do not have a clear cut and definite theoretical background.  Because of this weakness it is not easy to arrive at certain conclusions.

• Lack of Logical Background: it also lacks the logical use of the theoretical background.

• Lack of knowledge of Scientific Methods: It is always not possible to have complete information of and acquaintance with the scientific methods of formulation of hypothesis. This lack of scientific knowledge presents difficulty in formulation of hypothesis.

DATA COLLECTION

Data play a vital role in research.  The task of data collection begins after a research  problem has been defined and research plan chalked out.  Data is an idea and it is broadly classified as primary data and secondary data.

PRIMARY DATA

The primary data which are collected afresh and for the first time or first hand and thus happen to be original in character.

SECONDARY DATA

It is called second hand information which has been already collected by someone and it is already processed systematically.

METHODS

1. Observation Method

This method is commonly  used in human behavioral science research.  The main advantage of this method is that it eliminates subjective bias, if observation is done accurately.  In this method we can obtain what is happening currently.

Limitations of this method are expensive and time consuming process.

2. Interview Method

Interview technique is a direct method of data collection.  It is a conversation carried out with the definite purpose of obtaining certain information by means of the spoken works.  This technique is suitable for the following areas of research (a) user satisfaction survey, (b) users needs, (c) library staff job satisfaction (d) employment prospects, status in librarianship,(e) library co-operation , (f) library resource-sharing, (g) Inter-library loans, (h) manpower planning (i) union catalogue, and (j) library administration etc.  The interview can be either ‘structured’ or ‘unstructured’.

3. Questionnaire Method

In this method a researcher prepares question in a format and sends them to the respondent by post or in persona and collects the responses.

                MERITS

• The main advantage of a questionnaire technique is low cost for a large coverage.  It is suitable for repetitive information with greater validity.

• It may be used as a preliminary tool for conducing a depth study later on by any other method.

                DEMERITS

• The behavior , gestures, reactions, emphases, ascertains and emotions of the respondent remain unnoticed.
• It gives a biased sample.  The matter of non-responsive is always a question mark.  
• This is likely to be the slowest of all ( poor feedback and time consuming.

4. SCHEDULE METHOD

This method of data collection is very much like the collection of data through questionnaire, with little difference which lies in the fact that schedules (Proforma containing a set of questions) are being filled in by the researcher.  In this method the respondent say the answers to the questions and researcher will recorded.

5. DOCUMENTARY METHOD

Besides observation, questionnaire and interview, there is another source of data Collection methods, which may be termed as documentary source.  It has been an important source of information.  Through documentary technique the researcher makes use of any or many documents or record, published or unpublished to extract necessary information.  This technique can particularly be used for data collection in following areas of research (a) Bibiliometric studies (b) Historical studies (c) Indexing and abstracting (d) Biographies (e) Thesauri construction etc.

1.         IPO : United Nations

2.         Digital watermarking is part of : Stenography

3.         Information Ice berg : 1/3 Visible 2/3 Non-Visible

4.         A Proxy server is used for : Share Internet Links

5. Library warrant : W.Hulme

6.         Barcode system uses one of the following         technologies :         Pattern Recognition

7.         Information observed and reported by some one else         is         know as : Empirical         Information

8.         Brain Storming : Alex Osborn

9.         IV volume of 20th DDC : Relative Index

10.         Data Ware house is : An Electronic Repository Of         Organizational Data

11.         World Intellectual property day : Aprinl 26 , 2009

12.          Cyberspace is not wires cables and microwave but : A         Physical Place

13.         The book “ S.R. Ranganathan : Pragmatic Philosophy         Of         Information Science                 A  Personal Biography”

14.         Parochial Libraries : Thomas Bray

15.         TQM needs : Concept Oriented Management

16.         Acronym : Donald Davinson

17.         First Public Library Act : Madras

18.         already the world is well into the third great phase of         Human history -the         information         age articulated by :         Alvin Toffler

19.         Buffer overflow : An Attack By Computer Hacker

20.         An equivalent of Is 14000 standards is : ISO 9000

21.         In flowchat Activity is represented by : Rectangle

22.         One of the following is not a cause for obsolescence of         published literature :         No Longer         Valid

23.         Gantt chart : Horizontal Bar Chat

24.         M in five fundamental categories ( PMEST) : Matter

25.         Value added information model for evaluating         information            systems and centers         was         provided by : Robert S Taylor

26.         Soul 2.0 is complaint to : Ncip2.0

27.         OSI Stands for : Open System Interconnection

28.         ISO standard for Dublin core Metadata elements set         is :         ISO 15836 : 2009

29.         Seymour Lubetzky was associated with : Catalogue         Codes

30.         VIRUS : Vital Information Resources Under Siege

31.         The largest unit of a database : A File

32.         The term “ Exponential Growth refers to : Geometrical         Progression

33.         The exhaustiveness of indexing system will : Increase         Precision

34.         ILA : 1933

35.         DELNET : Wan

36.         Recommended 6.5% of univ budget : Radhakrishna         Committee

37.         Secon Generation computers is : Transistor

38.         Where is wisdom we have lost in knowledge : T.S.         Eliot

39.         Bradford formulated the law of scatter : 1948

40.         Saraswathi mahal library : Maraja Sarafoji

41.         Invisible colleges : Derek De Solla Price

42.         Half life of information is : Rate Of Obsolescence Of         Information

43.         First univ to introduced M. Phil programs is LIS 1980 :         University Of Madras

44.         Not a image format : Uap

45.         KWIC index was : Hp Luhn

46.         Graphical representation of data on y-axis is :         Quadrant

47.         Z39.50 : Client Server Protocol

48.         Phenomena of literature on a subject appearing in         periodical devoted to other subject         is         know as :Scatter

49.         Which of five laws of library science strongly         advocated adv of open access :First         Law

50.         BIOS : Basic Input/Output System

51.         Punjab Library Primer : A D Dickinson

52.         Classification : Grouping And Arrangement Of Entities

53.         LIS – FORUM : Ncsi

54.         Starvation policy : Revision Of Udc

55.         Five Laws of library science : 1931

56.         Documentation was brought : S C Bradford

57.         Wisdom of mass principle : Wikipedia

58.         Thesaurofacet : Jean Aitchison

59.         Central tendency : Average

60.         Atom index : Inis

61.         Free floating subdivisions : Library Of Congress         Subject         Headings

62.         Shanon and weaver theory of information is based on :         Mathematical         Theory1949

63.         Bodlein library is the university library of : Oxford         University

64.         A patent may be granted for a new useful and non         obvious         : Innovation

65.         Face book is a : Social Networking Site

66.         World cat is : Oclc

67.         Direct method of electro static copying is : Xerography

68.         Focus is a : Facet

69.        Encyclopedia of library and information science is         published by : Marcel         Decker

70.         Dare : Undp

71.         RSS in internet terminology means : Rich Site         Summary

72.         The organizational structure is determined by : Span         Of         Control

73.         See also cross reference normally represent :         Associate         Relations

74.         Research done to find a solution for an immediate problem is known as :Applied         Research

75.         The term Informatics was coined by : Otto Nache

76.         Laissez – faire is : Allow To Act

77.         The diffusion of innovation and its acceptance         normally follows : S-Shaped         Curve

78.         The periodical “ college and research Librararies is         published by : Ala

79.         First Ph.d in the LIS in India : 1958

80.         John cotton Dana : Ala

81.         Indian Reference sources is : J.S.Sharma

82.         Youtube is associated with : Google

83.         Computer virus is a : Computer Programme

84.         Lotka laws is concerned with : Productivity Of Authors         ( Dought)

85.         Library pathfinders : Referral Service

86.         Charles ammi cutter : Rules For Dictionary Catalogue

87.         Coden is : Sericals

88.         Method of experimental enquiry was advocated by : J S         Mills

89.         Truncation device is used to improve : Precision         ( Dought)

90.         Maximum storage space is available on : Hard Disk

91.         Demand Theory of Books selection was coined by : L R         Mccolvin

92.         The Hyderabad public libraries Act was : 1960                   (Actualy         1955)

93.         SRELS Journals : Bangalore

94.         ATM stands for : Asynchronous Transfer Mode

95.         Ocr is a : Input Device

96.         IASLIC bulletine is a : Quarterly

97.         Acheme of role operators are used in : Précis

98.         Intelectual property rights are a bundle of exclusive         rights over creation of the mind         covering : Both         Artistic And Commercial Creations

99.         CODATA was establish by : Icsu

100.        Which one of the following has accelerated the growth of         electronic publishing :         Optical Median

101.         Weka is a : Data Mining Software

102.         Cumulative book index is a : Trade Bibliography

103.         Field tag in MARC : Directrory

104.         The inverse square law is the law referred to :                          Lotks’S Law

105.         As per internet standard terminology RFC refrs :         Request For Comments

106.         Manual of library economy was : Brown

107.         ISBD : IFLA

108.         Five new laws of library sicence have been offered in 1995 by : Crwford And         Gorman

109.         The papyrus one of the earliest writing materials :was mainly used by : Egyptians

110.         Decimal classification completed hundred years                         In : 1976

111.         Principle of recency is releated to :Library publicity

112.         Computers process data into information by working         exclusively with : Multimedia

113.         Relics are sources of information for : Historical                          Research

114.         Median is not affected by : Different Values

115.         The acronym ubc coined by : Donald Davinson

116.         Name given by sr ranganathan to book mobile :                 Librachine

117.         Informationas a flow and knowledge as stock :                         Marshall Mchuhan

118.         CCF : Unesco

119.         Which one of the following is an indological library : Adayar Public Library         Chennai

120.         The idea of bibliographic coupling was first  advocated by : M.M. Kessler

121.         Canan for verbal plane are : Four

122.         Baud rate is used to measure : The Speed Of Data         Transmission In Telecommunication

123.         Ernet is : Education And Research Network

124.         Term “epitome” : Review

125.         Thomas website is associated with : Thomas                                 Publishers And Co

126.         Who coined the word ROBOT : Karl Capek

127.         Notation does not make a classification but it may mare                 it : Wc. Berwick         Sayers

128.         Farmingtio plan was initiated in uK in the year : 1948

129.         A postulate is a : A Self Evident Statement About                 The Possibility Of A Thing

130.         PROLOG : Programming In Logic

131.         Which of the following is not a house keeping operation                 in library : Reference

132.         AGRIS regional centre for European countries in located                 at : Philippines

133.         GPSS : Gateway Packet Switched Service

134.         Which of the following evaluation techniques is used in forecasting : Delphi         Technique

135.         The earliest style of chines writing was mainly :                 Pictographic

136.         V-mail : War Time

137.         Digital library of resource of Indian cultural heritage has been named as : Kalanadhi

138.         Ugc-Net consist of : 4 Sections

139.         First Librarian of national library of india was : B.S                 Kesavan

140.         Indcat is a online union cataloge maintained by e : Inflibnet

141.         Digital library of india is hosted by : IIS.

IMPORTANT MEANINGS-ABBREVIATIONS & DATES

142         Scopus: Abstract and citation database of research literature

143         J-Store (1995): Journal Storage

144         Emeralds: Full text Journal Publishers

         Science Direct: Full-text scientific database

         ERIC: Education Resources Information Center, is the world's largest digital library         of         education literature

         J-Gate (2001): J-Gate is an electronic gateway to global e-journal literature

         Project MUSE (1993): Online database of more than 200 journals from nonprofit                 publishers

         EBSCO: Reference Databases

         Pubmed: Citations for biomedical articles from MEDLINE

 IndMed: A Bibliographic Database of Indian Biomedical Literature is an indexing of         medical         and other biomedical journals from India not cover in Medline

 INIS: The INIS Database, contains over 3 million bibliographic records

 LISA: Library and Information Science Abstracts is an international abstracting and

I        ndexingtool designed for library professionals and other information specialists

 Genamics JournalSeek: Genamics JournalSeek is the largest completely categorized

        database of freely available journal information available on the internet. The database

        presentlycontains 95320 titles. Journal information includes the description (aims and

        scope), journal abbreviation, journal homepage link, subject category and ISSN.

 Econlit: The American Economic Association’s electronic bibliography, EconLit, indexes         more         than thirty years of economics literature from around the world. Compiled and

        abstracted in an easily searchable format, EconLit is a comprehensive index of journal

        articles, books, book reviews, collective volume articles, working papers and         dissertations.

 REPEC: Research Papers in economics. Collaborative volunteer effort to enhance the

dissemination of research in economics. The database contains information on more         than

 585,000 items

 OCLC World cat: A global catalog of library collections.

1. Tamil Nadu Public Libraries Act.                                           1948
2.  Andhra Pradesh Public Libraries Act.                                      1960
3. Karnataka Public Library Act                                 1965
4. Maharashtra Public Libraries Act                                 1967
5. West Bengal Public Libraries Act                                 1979
6. Manipur Public Libraries Act                                 1988
7. Kerala Public Libraries Act                                         1989
8. Haryana Public Libraries Act                                        1989
9. Mizoram Public Libraries Act                                 1993
10. Goa Public Libraries Act                                         1993
11.  Gujarat Public Libraries Act                                 2002
12. Orissa Public Library Act                                         2002
13. Uttaranchal Public Libraries Act,                                 2005
14.  Rajasthan Public Libraries Act                                 2006
15. Pondy                                                                     2007
16.  Arunalchal predesh                                                        2009
17. Utterpredesh
18. Mathya predesh
19. Jarkand

 Delhi Public Library                                        1951

 DRTC, Bangalore                                         1962

 Raja Ram Mohan Roy Library Foundation                 1972

 Connemara Public Library                                1890

 Khuda Baksha Oriental Public Library                        1891

 Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Pune                 1917

 Rampur Raza Library, Uttar Pradesh                         1774

 State Lenin Library, Moscow                                 1862

 National Library of India-                                1835

 Bibliothec Nationale, Pris (National Library, France)         1440

 National Diet Library, Japan                                 1948

 National Library, Germany                                1912

 Library of Congress, USA                                 1800

 Library Association (UK)-1877 now Known as Chartered institute of Library and         Information         Professionals(From 2002) 1877 (now name changed in 2002 as CILIP)

 American Library Association-                                1876

 ASLIB                                                        1926

 IFLA-                                                        1929

      UBC-                                                        1974        

     UAP-                                                        1976

 SLA)                                                         1909

 FID                                                        1982

 UNESCO                                                1945

     India Library Association                                 1933

 IASLIC                                                         1955

 RRRLF                                                        1972

 DDC by Melvil Dewey                                        1876

 Expansive Classification by C.A. Cutter-                1879

 Library of Congress Classification                        1902

 Subject Classification by J. D. Brown                         1906

 Colon Classification                                         1933

 Bibliographic Classification by H. E. Bliss                 1935

 International Classification by F. Rider                 1961

 Library of Congress Subject Headings                         1898

 Sears List of Subject Headings (SLSH)                 1923

 AACR first published                                         1908

 MARC                                                         1966

 AACR-I                                                        1967

 CCF1                                                        1972

 ISBD                                                        1974

 UNIMARC                                                 1977

 AACR-II                                                        1978

 Online Computer Library Centre (OCLC)                 1967

 Research Library Group (RLG)-RLIN                         1974

 Joint Academic Network (JANET)                        1994

 Consortium of University Research Libraries                1997

 China Academic Library & Information System           1998

 NICNET                                                 1977

 CALIBNET                                                 1986

 ERNET                                                         1986

 INFLIBNET                                                 1988

 DELNE                                                        1992

 ADINET                                                        1993

      MALIBNET                                                 1993

 MYLIBNET                                                 1994

 UGC INFONET                                                2002

 HELINET                                                2003

 Asia and Pacific Information Network (APIN)

 Information Society program for Latin America and The Caribbean (INFOLAC)         1986                

 Global Network for Education in Journalism                          1999

 Orbi.com                                                         1994

 UNESCO Network for Associated Library(UNAL)

 UNISIST Program                                                1971

 CDS/ISIS                                                         1985

 WINISIS Distributed

 SOUL                                                                2000

 GREENSTONE                                                        1997

 DSPACE                                                                2002

 KOHA                                                                2000

 NEWGENLIB                                                        2007

 EPRINTS                                                         2000

 Relational Indexing- J.E.L.Farradane                                1950

 Coats Subject Indexing- E.J. Coats                                 1963

 PRECIS-Derek Austin                                                 1974

 POPSI-G. Bhattacharya                                         1964

 Kaisers systematic Indexing                                         1911

 UNITERM- Martimer Taube                                         1953

 Science Citation Index                                                 1974

 Social Science Citation Index                                         1973

 Arts & Humanities Citation Index                                 1978

 Roget’s Thesaurus                                                 1852

 Andhra Pradesh Library Association,                                 1914

 Maharashtra Library Association,                                 1921

        Bengal Library Association,                                         1925

 Madras Library Association,                                         1928

 Karnataka Library Association,                                 1929

 Punjab Library Association,                                         1929

 Samasthana Kerala Pustakalaya Samiti                                1931

 Bihar Library Association,                                         1936

 Assam Library Association,                                         1938

 Utkal Library Association,                                         1944

 Kerala Library Association,                                         1945

 Hyderabad Library Association,                                 1951

 U.P. Library Association,                                         1951

 Delhi Library Association,                                         1953

 Gujarat library Association,                                         1953

 Mathyapradesh Library Association,                         1957

 Goa Library Association,                                 1961

 Rajasthan Library Association,                                 1962

 Jammu & Kashmir Library Association,                 1966

 Tripura  Library Association,                                 1967

 Manipur  Library Association,                                 1987

 Mizoram  Library Association,                                 1987

 Mehalaya Library Association,                                 1994

 Nagaland Library Association,                                 1996

 A&I-Abstracting and Indexing

 CRG – Classification Research Group

 AACR2 -Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, Second Edition

 AALL- American Association of Law Libraries

 AASL- American Association of School Librarians

 ABAA -Antiquarian Booksellers Association of America

 ACRL- Association of College & Research Libraries

 AGRIS – Agricultural Information System AHIP - Academy of Health Information                         Professionals

 AICTE - All India Council for Technical Education

 ALC - Americans for Libraries Council

 ALCTS - Association for Library Collections and Technical         Services.

 ALISE - Association for Library and Information Science         Education

 ALISE - Association for Library and Information Science         Education

 ALOHA - Astronomy Librarians of Hawaii Association

 ALP – Advancement for Librarianship

 ANSI - American National Standards Institute

 APA - American Psychological Association

 ARL - Association of Research Libraries

 ARLIS/ANZ - Arts Libraries Society of Australia and

        NewZealand

 ARLIS/NA - Art Libraries Society of North America

 ARLIS/UK & Ireland - Arts Libraries Society of the United         Kingdom and Ireland

 ARMA International - Association of Records Managers and Administrators International                

 ASCII - American Standard Code for Information         Interchange

 ASIS - American Society for Information Science (and         Technology)

 ASTED - Association for  advancement des Sciences et Techniques de la         Documentation

 AV - Audio-Visual

 BALID - Bangladesh Association of Librarians, Information         Scientists and                 Documentations

 BCI - Bar Council of India

 BFM - Bibliographic File Maintenance

 BI - Bibliographic Instruction

 BIBCO - the monograph Bibliographic record Component of         the Program for         

                          Cooperative Cataloging

 BIP - Books In Print

 BL - British Library

 BNF - Bibliotheqe national de France BONET– Bombay Library Network                        

 BPL- Boston Public Library

 CAHSL- Connecticut Association of Health Sciences                 Librarians

 CALIBNET – Calcutta Network

 CAPS – Content, Abstract and Photocopy Service (INSDOC)

 CDA- Communications Decency Act

 CDC -Curriculum Development Committee

 CD-R -Compact Disc-Recordable

 CD-ROM -Compact Disc Read-Only Memory

 CD-RW -Compact Disc Re Writable

 CDS -Cataloging Distribution Service (Library of                 Congress)

 CDS/ISIS -Computerized Documentation Services Integrated Set of Information         System

 CEP -Continuing Education Program

 CILIP -Chartered Institute of Library and Information         Professionals

 CIP -Cataloging-In-Publication

 CLA- Canadian Library Association

 CLIR -Council on Library & Information Resources

 CNI- Coalition for Networked Information

 CONSER -Cooperative Online Serials (PCC component)

 CPSO -Cataloging Policy and Support Office (Library of                 Congress)

 CSIR -Council of Scientific and Industrial Research

 DCM Z1 -Descriptive Cataloging Manual Z1 ("Yellow Pages")

 DDB- die Deutsche Bibliothek (German National Library)

 DDS -Document Delivery Service

 DEC -Distance Education Council

     DELNET– Delhi Library Network

 DESIDOC -Defense Scientific Information and Documentation                 Center

 DEVSIS – Development Science Information System

 DIRKS - Design and Implementation of Record keeping                 Systems

 DMCA -Digital Millennium Copyright Act

 DOI- Digital Object Identifier

 DRC – Data Referral Center

 DRM -Digital Rights Management

 DRTC -Documentation Research and Training Center

 DVD-Digital Video Disc

 ENVIS – Environment Information System

 ERIC -Educational Resources Information Clearinghouse

 FDLP -Federal Depository Library Program

 FRBR - Functional Requirements of Bibliographic Records

 GIF- Graphics Interchange Format

 GIS - Geographic Information Systems

 GPO-Government Printing Office

 GUI-Graphical User Interface

 HTML-Hyper Text Markup Language

 HTTP -Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

 HTTPS -Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Secure

 IALL- International Association of Law Libraries

 IAMSLIC - International Association of Aquatic and Marine Science Libraries         

     ICSSR - Indian Council of Social Science Research

 IE - Internet Explorer

 IFLA - International Federation of Library Associations                 and                                 Institutions

 III- Innovative Interfaces, Incorporated

 ILL – Inter Library loan

 IMLS - Institute for Museum and Library Services

 INFLIBNET – Information and Library Network (UGC)

 INSDOC - Indian National Scientific Documentation Center

 ISBD- International Standard Bibliographic Description

 ISC - Information for Social Change (Advocacy group : UK

 ISP - Internet Service Provider

 JAKE -Jointly Administered Knowledge Environment

 JPEG -Joint Photographic Experts Group

 JSTOR -Journal Storage

 LAB- Library Association of Bangladesh

 LCC - Library of Congress Classification

 LCCN- Library of Congress Control Number

 LCRI- Library of Congress Rule Interpretation(s)

 LCSH- Library of Congress Subject Heading Information         Centers

 IASLIC - Indian Association of Special Libraries and         Information Centers

 IATLIS - Indian Association of Teachers in Library and         Information Science

 IB - Information Behavior LCSH- Library of Congress         Subject Headings, aka         "The         Big Red Books"

 LFF - Librarians For Fairness

 LISA - Library and Information Science Abstracts

 LISA - Library and Information Services in Astronomy

 LISbd - Librarians and Information Scientists, Bangladesh

 LITA- Library and Information Technology Association

 LOCKSS - Lots of Copies Keep Stuff Safe

 LTTE - Letter To The Editor

 MALS -Master of Arts, Librarianship

 MARC 21 Machine Readable Catalogue 21 Century

 MCI-Medical Council of India

 Medical Library Association

 MFHD-MARC Format for Holdings Data

 MLA -Modern Library Association

 Modern Language Association

 Music Library Association

 NAAC -National Assessment and Accreditation Council

 NACO -the Name Authority Component of the PCC

 NAMTC -National Association of Media & Technology Centers

 NAR -Name Authority Record

 NASIG- North American Serials Interest Group NASSDOC -         National Social         Science  Documentation Center

 NCLIS - National Commission on Libraries and Information         Science

 NCTE - National Council for Teachers Education

 ND - No Date

 NISC - National Information Services Corporation

 NISCAIR - National Institute for Science Communication         and Information Resources

 NISO - National Information Standards Organization

 NLA - Nevada Library Association

 NN/LM - National Network of Libraries of Medicine

 NTIS - National Technical Information Service

 NUC National Union Catalog

 NYPL - New York Public Library

 OCLC - Online Computer Library Center

 ODLIS - Online Dictionary for Library and Information         Science

 OED - Oxford English Dictionary

 OP - Out of Print

 OS - Out of Stock

 PC - Personal Computer

 PCC - Program for Cooperative Cataloging (Library of         Congress)

 PDF - Portable Document Format

 PGDIT - Post Graduate Diploma in Information Technology

 PLA - Pakistan Library Association

PLG - Progressive Librarians Guild (Advocacy group : chiefly United States)

 PMOLIB - Prime Minister's Office Library

 PO - Purchase Order

 PPL - Peace Palace Library

 RA - Readers' Advisory

 RAK - Regeln für Alphabet ische Katalogisierung RDA-Resource Description and Access

 RDF- Resource Description Framework

 RFK- Regeln für die Formal katalogisierung

 RFP -Request For Proposal

 RIM -Records and Information Management

 RSS -Multiple, depending on the version

 RSWK -Regeln für den Schlagwortkatalog

 RUSA- Reference and Users Services Association

 SAA- Society of American Archivists

 SACO- the Subject Authority COmponent of the PCC

 SCCTP -Serial Cataloging Cooperative Training Program

 SCM -Subject Cataloging Manual (Library of Congress)

 SIC code -Standard Industrial Classification code

 SLA- Special Libraries Association

 SPARC -Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources         Coalition

 SRRT -Social Responsibilities Round Table (American         Library Association)

 SSL- Secure sockets layer

 SuDoc- Superintendent of Documents

 T.P. -Title page

 TOC -Table Of Contents

 URI- Unifrom Resource Indicator

 URL- Uniform Resource Locator

  USA PATRIOT Act -Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools         Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act

     USB- universal serial bus

 VHS -Video Home System

 VLOG- Video (web-)log.

 VPN-Virtual Private Network

 WLIC -World Library and Information Congress