Key Sources
To see our webpage on reinfection please visit
https://www.longcovidadvoc.com/box
Covid Emergency Box - Interventions & Medications
Not every study is listed but links to meta analyses & where they are listed are where possible. In alphabetical order. This is to help you make informed decisions when reinfected.
Interventions
Reducing Viral Load - Isolate in Household (Keep others safe)
Viral load and risk of infection matters when exposed to Covid
Viral dynamics in mild and severe cases of COVID-19
Behavioral factors and SARS-CoV-2 transmission heterogeneity within a household cohort in Costa Rica
"I have COVID! What should my kids and I take to reduce chances of severe illness and Long COVID?"
Cetylpyridinium Chloride Mouthwash
5 Key Studies
A Mouthwash with Cetylpyridinium Chloride is reducing salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load in +COVID-19
Salisbury Hospital COVID-19 Mouth Care Guidance
The In Vitro Virucidal Effects of Mouthwashes on SARS-CoV-2
Iota-Carrageenan Nasal Spray
1 Study “Statistically significant lower risk for cases.”
Vicks First Defence
Nasal sprays and behavioural interventions compared with usual care for acute respiratory illness in primary care: a randomised, controlled, open-label, parallel-group trial
Neomycin/Neosporin
Intranasal neomycin evokes broad-spectrum antiviral immunity in the upper respiratory tract
Respirator Masks FFP3/N95
5 Key Studies
Efficacy of FFP3 respirators for prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection in healthcare workers
School Masking Policies and Secondary SARS-CoV-2 Transmission
Nasal Saline Rinse
5 Key Studies
Rapid initiation of nasal saline irrigation to reduce severity in high-risk COVID+ outpatients
Saline nasal irrigation and gargling in COVID-19: a multidisciplinary review of effects on viral load, mucosal dynamics, and patient outcomes
Review of the use of nasal and oral antiseptics during a global pandemic
Could nasal irrigation and oral rinse reduce the risk for COVID-19 infection?
Efficacy and Safety of Saline Nasal Irrigation Plus Theophylline for Treatment of COVID-19-Related Olfactory Dysfunction: The SCENT2 Phase 2 Randomized Clinical Trial
Nitric Oxide
10 Studies “Statistically significant lower risk is seen for cases and viral clearance. 4 studies from 3 independent teams in 3 countries show statistically significant improvements.”
Rest
Do not exercise - Tom Bunker
Why You Should Rest—a Lot—If You Have COVID-19
Testing
First Swab throat, cheek & gum THEN the nose
You are contagious until you test negative for Covid (if you've tested positive)
Ventilation - Air Cleaning Units/HEPA
Extensive list of references can be found HERE
Medications
Anti-Histamines
6 Key Studies
Antihistamines as an early treatment for Covid-19
Existing antihistamine drugs show effectiveness against COVID-19 virus in cell testing
Identification of antiviral antihistamines for COVID-19 repurposing
Histamine Potentiates SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Entry Into Endothelial Cells
Highly Specific Sigma Receptor Ligands Exhibit Anti-Viral Properties in SARS-CoV-2 Infected Cells
The histamine receptor H1 acts as an alternative receptor for SARS-CoV-2
Famotidine
28 Studies of Famotidine "Statistically significant lower risk is seen for mortality, hospitalization, recovery, and viral clearance. 14 studies from 14 independent teams in 7 countries show statistically significant improvements."
5 Key Studies
Oral famotidine versus placebo in non-hospitalised patients with COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, data-intense, phase 2 clinical trial
Role of Famotidine and Other Acid Reflux Medications for SARS-CoV-2: A Pilot Study
Aspirin
69 Studies "Statistically significant lower risk is seen for mortality and progression. 26 studies from 24 independent teams in 11 countries show statistically significant improvements."
5 Key Studies
211 Aspirin is associated with lower risks of severe covid-19 disease: a population-based study
COVID-19 outcomes in patients taking cardioprotective medications
Curcumin
26 Studies “Statistically significant lower risk is seen for mortality, ventilation, hospitalization, progression, recovery, and viral clearance. 18 studies from 16 independent teams in 8 countries show statistically significant improvements.”
5 Key Studies
Curcumin as adjuvant Therapy in Mild - Moderate Covid 19
EGCG
5 Key Studies
EGCG, a green tea polyphenol, inhibits human coronavirus replication in vitro
Protective Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in Diseases with Uncontrolled Immune Activation: Could Such a Scenario Be Helpful to Counteract COVID-19?
Potential protective mechanisms of green tea polyphenol EGCG against COVID-19
An Overview on the Potential Roles of EGCG in the Treatment of COVID-19 Infection
Avoid with Paxlovid, Colchine
EPA
5 Key Studies
Reduction of Cardiovascular Events With Icosapent Ethyl–Intervention Trial - REDUCE-IT
EPA and DHA containing phospholipids have contrasting effects on membrane structure
The Omega-3 Index is Inversely Associated with the Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio in Adults
Lactoferrin
7 Studies "Meta analysis using the most serious outcome reported shows 22% [-33‑54%] lower risk, without reaching statistical significance. Results are worse for Randomized Controlled Trials and higher quality studies. Early treatment is more effective than late treatment."
5 Key Studies
Liposomal Lactoferrin Exerts Antiviral Activity against HCoV-229E and SARS-CoV-2 Pseudoviruses In Vitro
Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 isolation in cell culture from nasal/nasopharyngeal swabs or saliva specimens of patients with COVID-19
Lactoferrin reduces the risk of respiratory tract infections: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Inhibition of SARS Pseudovirus Cell Entry by Lactoferrin Binding to Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans
Melatonin
18 Studies "Statistically significant lower risk is seen for mortality, ventilation, and recovery. 9 studies from 9 independent teams in 5 countries show statistically significant improvements."
5 Key Studies
Efficacy and safety of oral melatonin in patients with severe COVID-19: a randomized controlled trial
A Review of the Potential Effects of Melatonin in Compromised Mitochondrial Redox Activities in Elderly Patients With COVID-19
Melatonin as adjuvant treatment in COVID-19 patients. A meta-analysis of randomized and propensity matched studies
The safety and efficacy of melatonin in the treatment of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis
The Effect of Melatonin on Thrombosis, Sepsis and Mortality Rate in COVID-19 Patients
Metformin
75 Studies "Statistically significant lower risk is seen for mortality, ventilation, ICU admission, hospitalization, and progression. 47 studies from 44 independent teams in 12 countries show statistically significant improvements."
5 Key Studies
Metformin and Covid-19: a systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis
Anti‑inflammatory effect of metformin against an experimental model of LPS‑induced cytokine storm
Metformin and Covid-19: a systematic review of systematic reviews with meta-analysis
Berberine
Metformin and berberine, two versatile drugs in treatment of common metabolic diseases
Modified Citrus Pectin
An Oral Galectin Inhibitor in COVID-19—A Phase II Randomized Controlled Trial
Nattokinase
5 Key Studies
Amyloid-degrading ability of nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis natto
Nattokinase decreases plasma levels of fibrinogen, factor VII, and factor VIII in human subjects
Drug Interactions with Nattokinase?
Nigella Satvia
12 Studies “Statistically significant lower risk is seen for mortality, hospitalization, recovery, cases, and viral clearance. 9 studies from 8 independent teams in 6 countries show statistically significant improvements.”
5 Key Studies
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of ThymoQuinone Formula (TQF) for Treating Outpatient SARS-CoV-2
Nigella sativa for the treatment of COVID-19: An open-label randomized controlled clinical trial
Paxlovid
5 Key Studies
Nirmatrelvir and the Risk of Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19
PEA
5 Key Studies
Shuanghuanglian
Anti-SARS-CoV-2 activities in vitro of Shuanghuanglian preparations and bioactive ingredients
The efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of the COVID-19 pandemic in Henan Province: a retrospective study
A bibliometric analysis of research related Chinese Medicine in the prevention and treatment of corona virus disease 2019
Vitamin C
65 Studies “Statistically significant lower risk is seen for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, and recovery. 22 studies from 22 independent teams in 12 countries show statistically significant improvements”
5 Key Studies
Effects of high dose vitamin C administration in Covid-19 patients
Vitamin D
299 Studies “115 treatment studies show statistically significant lower risk for mortality, ICU admission, hospitalization, and cases. 58 studies from 54 independent teams in 20 countries show statistically significant lower risk.”
5 Key Studies
Vitamin D Deficiency in COVID-19 Patients and Role of Calcifediol Supplementation
Melatonin, vitamins and minerals supplements for the treatment of Covid-19 and Covid-like illness: a prospective, randomized, double-blind multicenter study
The Effects of 10,000 IU Vitamin D Supplementation on Improvement of Clinical Outcomes, Inflammatory and Coagulation Markers in Moderate COVID-19 Patients: A Randomized-Controlled Trial
If you are taking any medication, please talk to your medical provider to check for contraindications
If you have Covid and are worried about your symptoms, please contact a HCP immediately
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