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DatasetUnited Nations Millennium Development Indicators
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DescriptionPresents indicators of progress toward making available the benefits of new technologies, especially information and communications, in cooperation with the private sector. Indicators include the number of fixed telephone lines per 100 inhabitants; mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants; and internet users per 100 inhabitants. Data available varies by nation.
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More Infohttp://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx
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LayerDefinition
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Education_enrollmentTotal Enrollment of Population in Primary Education
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Internet_100Total Internet Users per 100 inhabitants
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CellPhones_100Cellular phone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
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Cell PhonesThis indicator is defined as the number of mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.
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Mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions refers to the number of subscriptions to a public mobile-telephone service that provide access to the PSTN using cellular technology. The indicator includes the number of postpaid subscriptions and the number of active prepaid accounts (i.e. that have been used during the last three months). The indicator applies to all mobile-cellular subscriptions that offer voice communications. It excludes subscriptions via data cards or USB modems, subscriptions to public mobile data services, private trunked mobile radio, telepoint, radio paging and telemetry services.
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Method of computation
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This indicator is calculated as the number of mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions divided by the population and multiplied by 100.
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Comments and limitations
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Data on mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions are considered to be relatively reliable, timely, and complete.
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Mobile-cellular telephone penetration in many countries has surpassed 100 per cent. This can be due to a number of factors such as standard issuing of car phones, inactive pre-paid accounts and multiple SIM cards. Statistics on this indicator should distinguish clearly between post-paid subscriptions and pre-paid accounts and only take into considerations subscriptions that have been used within a certain time period (usually three months).
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Sources of discrepancies between global and national figures
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Discrepancies between global and national figures may arise when countries use different definitions than the ones used by ITU and especially when national data for active and non-active subscriptions are not clearly distinguished. Discrepancies may also arise in cases where the end of a fiscal year differs from that used by ITU, which is the end of December for most countries. A number of countries have fiscal years that end in March June or September.
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Process of obtaining data
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Data on mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions are collected through annual questionnaires that ITU sends to government telecommunication agencies, usually the regulatory authority, or the Ministry in charge of telecommunication/ICT. When countries do not reply to the questionnaire, ITU carries out research and collects missing values from government web sites, as well as from Annual Reports by operators. Data are complemented by market research reports.
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The data, which are mainly based on administrative records, are verified to ensure consistency with data from previous years. However there are comparability issues for mobile subscriptions owing to the prevalence of prepaid subscriptions. These issues arise from determining when a prepaid subscription is considered no longer active. Missing values are estimated by ITU.
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Treatment of missing values
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Missing values are estimated by ITU using data released by operators and estimated net additions to the number of subscriptions.
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Data availability
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Country coverage is 100 percent.
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Depending on the country, there is usually a time lag of between 2-3 months, between the reference month (December of each year) and the production time.
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Regional and Global estimates
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Regional and global aggregates of the number of mobile-cellular telephone subscriptions are calculated as unweighted sums of the country values. Regional and global penetration rates (per 100 population) are averages of the country values weighted by the population of the countries and regions.
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Internet UsersThis indicator is defined as the number of individuals using the Internet per 100 inhabitants.
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The Internet is a world-wide public computer network. It provides access to a number of communication services including the World Wide Web and carries e-mail, news, entertainment and data files, irrespective of the device used (not assumed to be only via a computer - it may also be by mobile-cellular telephone, other wireless devices, games machine, digital TV etc.). Access can be via a fixed or mobile network.
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Individuals using the Internet refers to those that used the Internet in the last 12 months from any location. As of 2013, the definition has been updated and the reference period is the last three months instead of 12. While some countries already used the narrower reference period in the past, most countries may still take some time to adhere to the new reference period. Data are based on surveys generally carried out by national statistical offices or estimated based on the number of Internet subscriptions.
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Method of computation
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This indicator is calculated by dividing the total number of in-scope individuals using the Internet (from any location) in the last 12 months by the total number of in-scope individuals.
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Comments and limitations
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While the data on the percentage of individuals using the Internet are very reliable for countries that have carried out official household surveys, they are much less reliable in cases where the number of Internet users is estimated based on the number of Internet subscriptions. The methodology used to estimate the percentage of individuals using the Internet should always be provided.
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Sources of discrepancies between global and national figures
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Discrepancies between global and national figures may arise when countries use a different definition than the one used by ITU. Discrepancies may also arise in cases where the age scope of the surveys differs, or when the country only provides data for a certain age group and not the total population.
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Process of obtaining data
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Data on individuals using the Internet are collected through an annual questionnaire that ITU sends to national statistical offices (NSO). In this questionnaire ITU collects total estimates. The percentages are calculated a-posteriori.
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The survey methodology is verified to ensure that it meets adequate statistical standards. The data are verified to ensure consistency with previous years’ data and situation of the country for other related indicators (ICT and economic).
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For most developed and an increasing number of developing countries, percentage of individuals using the Internet data are based on methodologically sound household surveys conducted by national statistical agencies. If the NSO has not collected any Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) data, then ITU estimates the percentage of individuals using the Internet.
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Data are usually not adjusted, but discrepancies in the definition, age scope of individuals, reference period or the break in comparability between years are noted in a data note. For this reason, data are not always strictly comparable.
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Treatment of missing values
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For countries where Internet user data are not available, ITU estimates them by using imputation methods that consider several other indicators such as the number of fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions, active mobile broadband subscriptions, households with Internet and the income of the country.
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Data availability
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Some countries conduct a household survey where the question on Internet use is included every year. For others this frequency is every two or three years. In general, the indicator is available for about 80 countries in the last three years.
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ITU makes the indicator available for each year by using survey data and estimates for most countries of the world.
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Regional and Global estimates
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Regional and global aggregates of the number of Internet users are calculated as unweighted sums of the country values. Regional and global values for the percentage of individuals using the Internet are averages of the country values weighted by the population of the countries and regions.
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Education EnrollmentNet primary enrolment rate in primary education is the number of children of official primary school age (according to ISCED971) who are enrolled in primary education as a percentage of the total children of the official school age population. Total net primary enrolment rate also includes children of primary school age enrolled in secondary education. Where more than one system of primary education exists within the country the most widespread or common structure is used for determining the official school age group.
International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 97). Primary education is defined by ISCED97 as programmes normally designed on a unit or project basis to give pupils a sound basic education in reading, writing and mathematics along with an elementary understanding of other subjects such as history, geography, natural science, social science, art and music.
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Method of computation
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To calculate the indicator one must first determine the population of official school age by reference to the theoretical starting age and duration of ISCED97 Level 1 (primary education) as reported by the country.
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Then, the number of pupils enrolled in primary (or secondary) education who are of the official primary school age is divided by the population for the same age-group and the result is multiplied by 100. This method requires information on the structure of education (i.e. theoretical entrance age and duration of ISCED97 Level 1), enrolment by single years of age and population of the age-group corresponding to the given level of education.
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Comments and limitations
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A high Net Enrolment Rate (NER) denotes a high degree of enrolment in education by the official school-age population. The NER is the number of pupils of the theoretical school-age group for a given level of education, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age group. The theoretical maximum value is 100%. Total NERs below 100 percent provide a measure of the proportion of primary school age children who are out of school. When the NER is compared with the Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) the difference between the two ratios highlights the incidence of under-aged and over-aged enrolment. The GER is the number of pupils enrolled in a given level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population in the theoretical age group for the same level of education.
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Net Enrolment Rates may exceed 100% due to inconsistencies between population and enrolment data. In this case the indicator is adjusted by the Unesco Institute for Statistics (UIS) using a capping factor so that the Gender Parity Index1 of the new set of values remains the same as for the original values but setting the higher of the male and female NERs to 100% and adjusting the other values proportionately.
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Gender parity index is the ratio of female to male values of a given indicator. A GPI of 1 indicates parity between sexes.
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Administrators may report exaggerated enrolments, especially if there is a financial incentive to do so. Children’s ages may be inaccurately estimated or misstated. Census data may be out of date or unreliable.
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Sources of discrepancies between global and national figures
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Nationally-published figures may differ from the international ones because of differences between national education systems and ISCED97; or differences in coverage (i.e. the extent to which different types of education – e.g. private or special education – or different types of programmes e.g. adult education or early childhood care and education - are included in one rather than the other) and/or between national and the United Nations Population Division (UNPD) population data.
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Process of obtaining data
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The UIS produces time series based on enrolment data reported by education ministries or national statistical offices and UN population estimates. These data are gathered through questionnaires sent annually to countries which are typically completed by ministries of education and/or national statistical offices. Countries are asked to report data according to the levels of education defined in ISCED97 to ensure international comparability of resulting indicators.
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The data received by UIS are validated using electronic error detection systems that check for arithmetic errors & inconsistencies and trend analysis for implausible results. Queries are taken up with the country representatives reporting the data so that corrections can be made (of errors) or explanations given (of implausible but correct results).
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In addition, countries also have an opportunity to see and comment on the main indicators the UIS produces in an annual “country review” of indicators.
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National data derived from administrative records are not necessarily based on the same classification over time and may not be comparable with data for other countries, unless exactly the same classification is used. Enrolments data compiled by UNESO are then adjusted to be consistent with the ICSCED1997 and are therefore comparable across countries.