FREE Notes

Sources and attributions:

Introduction

Page 1: Monty Python YouTube channel: http://www.youtube.com/user/montypython?blend=1&ob=4

Chapter 1

Page 7: History of Jell-O from interviews with Lynne Belluscio, curator of the Jell-O Gallery in LeRoy, NY
Page 8: Background on Jell-O history from: http://www.jellogallery.org/jellohistory.html
Pages 11-12: Gillette history from Cutting Edge: Gillette's Journey to Global Leadership by Gordon McKibben, Harvard Business School Press (2000) and King C. Gillette: The Man and His Wonderful Shaving Device by Russell B. Adams, Little, Brown, 1978
Page 13: Microcosm: The Quantum Revolution in Economics and Technology, George Gilder, Free Press, 1990

Chapter 2

Page 18: Etymology of "free": http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=free
Page 25: "two-sided markets": "Two-Sided Network Effects: A Theory of Information Product Design". G. Parker & M. Van Alstyne. Management Science; 51(10). (Oct. 2005) pp.
1494-1504.
Page 31: Predictably Irrational (Revised and Expanded Edition): The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions by Dan Ariely, Harper Collins, 2008
Page 32: "Reversible business models." Derek Sivers: http://sivers.org/reversible

Chapter 3

Pages 35-36: Source material from Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea, by Charles Seife, Viking Adult, 2000
Pages 37-38: Usury: From the Wikipedia entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usury
Page 39: Kropotkin description from the Wikipedia entry on Anarchist Communism: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchist_communism
Pages 41-42: The section on free lunch draws mostly from the excellent Wikipedia entry on the subject: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_lunch
Pages 42-43: Benjamin Babbitt biographical details from his Wikipedia entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_T._Babbitt
Page 44: ASCAP vs BMI history from Encyclopedia.com's American Decades: ASCAP vs BMI: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3468301604.html
Page 46: Haber-Bosch process, from Wikipedia entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haber
Page 46: Ammonia production, from New World Encyclopedia: http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Fertilizer#cite_note-9
Page 47: Corn economy details from The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals by Michael Pollan, Penguin Press, 2006
Page 48: Limits to Growth details from the Wikipedia entry on the book: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Limits_to_Growth
Page 49: The Ehrlich-Simon bet account is drawn from an article in Wired. "The Doomslayer", by Ed Regis, February 1997: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/5.02/ffsimon.html, cited in the Wikipedia entry on the bet: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon-Ehrlich_wager
Pages 50-51: Historical analogy of salt as a virtual currency: Petr Beckmann, "Too Cheap to Meter: Anatomy of a Lie": http://www.fortfreedom.org/p06.htm
Page 51: Source for the history of plastic: Gone Tomorrow: The Hidden Life of Garbage by Heather Rogers, New Press, 2006
Page 52: "Law of Conservation of Attractive Profits": discussed in The Innovator's Solution: Creating and Sustaining Successful Growth by Clayton Christensen, Harvard Business School Press, 2003, cited by Tim O'Reilly in this article: http://radar.oreilly.com/2008/10/web-20-and-cloud-computing.html
Page 53: "Twenty years ago...": from Unleashing the Ideavirus by Seth Godin, Hyperion, 2001

Chapter 4

Page 56: Village Voice interview, New York magazine: http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/14987/index3.html
Page 59: Mental transaction costs: Nick Szabo: http://szabo.best.vwh.net/micropayments.html
Page 61: Micropayments: Clay Shirky: http://www.shirky.com/writings/fame_vs_fortune.html
Page 62: "penny gap": Josh Kopelman, First Round Capital: http://redeye.firstround.com/2007/03/the_first_penny.html
Page 62: "The demand you get...": Kartik Hosanagar, quoted in Knowledge@Wharton: http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article.cfm?articleid=2169
Pages 62-63: Material on Amazon's experience with free shipping in France: Predictably Irrational (ibid)
Page 67: "Penny Closer" blog: http://apennycloser.com/
Page 68: "you're working for under minimum wage": Steve Jobs, quoted in a CNN interview: http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/industry/04/29/jobs.interview/
Page 68: DIY Drones: http://diydrones.com/
Page 69: Phillip Torrone and Limor Fried presentation on open source hardware business models: http://www.slideshare.net/adafruit/open-source-hardware-overview; Torrone quote from an email to the author
Pages 71-72: Kevin Kelly report on Cliff Harris game survey: http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/08/why_people_pira.php

Chapter 5

Page 76: Lewis Strauss bio from PBS's American Experience: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/bomb/peopleevents/pandeAMEX70.html
Page 76: Other source material on Strauss: The Canadian Nuclear Society: http://www.cns-snc.ca/media/toocheap/toocheap.html
Page 79: The Fairchild 1211 story is drawn from New Rules for the New Economy: 10 Radical Strategies for a Connected World, by Kevin Kelly, Viking Penguin, 1998, http://www.kk.org/newrules/newrules-4.html
Page 80: Automotive price decline statistics from J. Bradford DeLong, "Old Rules for the New Economy": http://econ161.berkeley.edu/comments/for_hudson.html
Page 82: Source: Wikipedia entry on "learning curve": http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_curve
Page 83: Gilder, Microcosm (ibid)
Page 85: Source for chart: Ray Kurzweil.

Chapter 6

Page 94: Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, by Steven Levy, Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984
Page 95: Wikipedia entry on Tech Model Railroad Club: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_Model_Railroad_Club, which is based on Levy (ibid)
Page 96: Hacker conference report by Fred Turner, Stanford University: "How Digital Technology Found Utopian Ideology: Lessons from the First Hackers’ Conference": http://www.stanford.edu/~fturner/Turner%20Hackers%20Conference%20Chapter.pdf
Page 99: Background on Claude Shannon and information theory: David Weinberger, "Existing Information", in his JOHO: http://www.hyperorg.com/backissues/joho-oct18-08.html
Rest of chapter: Interview with Stewart Brand

Chapter 7

Page 101: Gates' "Open Letter to Hobbyists": http://www.blinkenlights.com/classiccmp/gateswhine.html
Page 102: "Although 3 million computers get sold...": Los Angeles Times, April 9, 2006: http://articles.latimes.com/2006/apr/09/business/fi-micropiracy9
Page 107: "Halloween Document": http://catb.org/esr/halloween/halloween1.html
Page 107: Ed Muth quote: http://catb.org/~esr/halloween/halloween4.html
Page 108: "Five Linux Myths", now gone from Microsoft's site but archived here: http://www.biznix.org/whylinux/microsoft1.htm
Page 108: "We need to more effectively respond...": http://catb.org/~esr/halloween/halloween8.html
Page 109: Interview with Peter Houston
Page 110: Interview with Bill Hilf
Pages 112-118: Interviews with Dan Rosensweig, Brad Garlinghouse and Dave Nakayama

Chapter 8

Pages 123-125: Interview with Eric Schmidt
Page 125: "Google wants information to be free...": Nicholas Carr: http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2008/09/google_at_10.php
Page 129: "zero dollar business": Fred Wilson: http://www.avc.com/a_vc/2006/03/the_zero_billio.html
Page 129: "My first company...": Josh Kopelman: "Shrink a Market!" http://redeye.firstround.com/2006/04/shrink_a_market.html
Page 131: "Think Robin Hood....": Sarah Lacy, Business Week, July 18, 2008: http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/jul2008/tc20080717_362776.htm
Page 133: Forbes 400 List: http://www.forbes.com/2008/09/16/forbes-400-billionaires-lists-400list08_cx_mn_0917richamericans_land.html

Chapter 9

Pages 135-136: The source material for this section comes from Selling Radio, by Susan Smulyan, Smithsonian 1996
Pages 140-141: Jonathan Handel reasons for the devaluation of content: "Is Content Worthless?": http://www.huffingtonpost.com/jonathan-handel/is-content-worthless_b_96195.html
Page 142: "Advertising in traditional media...": Scott Karp, Publishing 2.0: http://publishing2.com/2007/07/26/online-publishers-need-to-stop-selling-space/
Page 143: "...most Web apps will be monetized...": Fred Wilson, http://www.avc.com/a_vc/2008/01/why-you-can-som.html
Pages 148-149: Interview with Alex Garden, former head of Nexon North America
Page 154: Radiohead statistics: From band's press release, cached broadly, such as here: http://www.hiponline.com/music/news/radiohead-release-sales-numbers-for-in-rainbows/
Page 156: "The music industry is growing....": Edgar Bronfman, quoted by Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/technology-media-telco-SP/idUSN1334918220070613
Page 157: Derek Webb quote: From a personal email from the artist
Page 157: 50 Cent interview: Afterdawn: http://www.afterdawn.com/news/archive/12112.cfm
Page 161: "the enemy of the author...": Tim O'Reilly: http://tim.oreilly.com/pub/a/p2p/2002/12/11/piracy.html

Chapter 10

Pages 163-164: Jason Kottke Facebook/Burger King calculus: http://kottke.org/09/01/facebooks-valuation-in-whoppers
Pages 165-167: Sources for the calculations on the size of the Free economy are linked in my original blog post on the subject: http://www.longtail.com/the_long_tail/2008/07/how-big-is-the.html
Page 168: Kevin Kelly Web labor calculus: http://www.kk.org/thetechnium/archives/2008/08/a_trillion_hour.php

Chapter 11

Page 172: Some biographical details on Cournot and the dispute with Bertrand from Cournot's Wikipedia entry: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Augustin_Cournot
Page 174: Discussion on Alfred Marshall from Paul Krugman, "Entertainment Values": http://www.pkarchive.org/new/values.html
Page 178: "Who is the gym's favorite customer...": Hal Varian, interview with the author
Page 178: "One of the things that fascinates me....": Russell Roberts, quoted by Timothy Lee: http://www.freedom-to-tinker.com/blog/tblee/trouble-free-riding?page=1

Chapter 12

Page 180: Herbert Simon quote found in several places, including the Wikipedia entry for Attention Economy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention_economy
Page 182: Georg Franck quote: http://www.t0.or.at/franck/gfeconom.htm
Page 186: The Gift: Creativity and the Artist in the Modern World by Lewis Hyde, Vintage, 2007
Page 187: Andy Oram research: http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2006/07/06/rethinking-community-documentation.html

Chapter 13

Page 193: Cory Doctrow, "Thinking like a dandelion": http://www.locusmag.com/Features/2008/05/cory-doctorow-think-like-dandelion.html

Chapter 14

Page 201: Interview with Ed Peto
Page 203: China Market Research Group study: Article by co-author, Shaun Rein in ZDNet Asia: http://www.zdnetasia.com/news/software/0,39044164,62023662,00.htm
Page 204: Raustiala, Kal, and Sprigman, Christopher Jon: "The Piracy Paradox: Innovation and Intellectual Property in Fashion Design". Virginia Law Review, Vol. 92, p. 1687, 2006 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=878401
Page 206: Hermano Vianna story found in "Brazils's Two Music Industries" by Sam Howard Spink, OpenDemocracy: http://www.opendemocracy.net/media-Music/brazil_music_3880.jsp
Page 206: Ronaldo Lemos study: http://icommons.org/download_banco/from-legal-commons-to-social-commons-brazil-and-the-cultural-industry-1
Page 207: "Every licence...": from "We Pledge Allegance to the Penguin" by Julian Dibbell, Wired, November 2004: http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.11/linux.html?pg=2

Chapter 15

Page 208: "Last bastion of philosophical writing...": Clive Thompson column: Wired, Feb 2008: http://www.wired.com/techbiz/people/magazine/16-02/st_thompson
Page 209: "The Machine Stops", by E.M Forster, Oxford and Cambridge Review, 1909
Page 210: The City and the Stars by Arthur C Clarke, Harcourt, 1956
Page 211: Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom by Cory Doctorow, Tor, 2003
Page 211: The Diamond Age: Or, A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer by Neal Stephenson, Spectra, 1995
Page 213: Iron Bridge: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge

Chapter 16

Page 215: Andrew Rosenthal's interview is no longer available on Radar Online. The quoted passages can be found here: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2007/11/07/andrew-rosenthal-understa_n_71586.html
Page 216: "People with a sound education...": http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/community_posts/open_source_almost_always_free
Page 216: TANSTAFL description: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TANSTAAFL
Page 219: "Free isn't what it used to be...": John Schwartz, New York Times: http://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/23/business/yourmoney/23free.html
Page 220: "Excuse me but when has the internet been free...": Comment on this post: http://www.freesoftwaremagazine.com/columns/save_the_internet_before_it_s_too_late
Page 221: "In today's "free" world...": Hank Williams (originally published in Silicon Alley Observer): http://whydoeseverythingsuck.com/2008/04/free-is-killing-us-blame-vcs.html
Page 222: "I have asked many people...": Paul Ellis, pseudosavant.com: http://pseudosavant.com/blog/2008/08/06/the-problem-of-free-why-charging-for-xbox-live-is-good/
Page 223: "I'm sad when people feel like music should be free...": Sheryl Crow quoted in the New York Times, January 27, 2008: http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/magazine/27wwln-Q4-t.html
Page 225: "Of the world's economies...": Bill Gates interviewed in 2005: http://news.cnet.com/Gates-taking-a-seat-in-your-den/2008-1041_3-5514121.html?part=rss&tag=5514121&subj=news.1041.5
Page 226: "Free parking has contributed...": The High Cost of Free Parking, Donald Shoup, Chicago: Planners Press, 2005
Page 228: "You're a communist aren't you...": Xenohacker, comment 17: http://www.techdirt.com/articles/20061115/020157.shtml
Page 229: "Just a few decades ago....": Alex Iskold, originally published on Read Write Web, now stored here: http://alexiskold.wordpress.com/2008/01/16/freeconomics-the-danger-of-free/
Page 230: "There is no business model...": Jack Valenti, quoted in PCWorld, May 2003: http://www.pcworld.com/article/110698/three_minutes_with_jack_valenti.html
Page 231: "What is the writer or musician to do...": Steven Poole: http://stevenpoole.net/blog/free-your-mind/
Page 232: History of Coelho's free book experiment, from his speech on the subject: http://en.sevenload.com/videos/bIjFXZD-DLD08-Day1-Creating-universes
Page 232: "I do think that when a reader...": Paulo Coelho, interviewed by TorrentFreak: http://torrentfreak.com/best-selling-author-turns-piracy-into-profit-080512/
Page 233: "We don't want to waste our time...": Mark Cuban, quote found here: http://vator.tv/news/show/2008-07-12-free-is-good
Page 234: "It is no coincidence that just as you have the rise...": Andrew Keen, quoted by journalism.co.uk: http://www.journalism.co.uk/2/articles/531521.php

Appendix: Freemium Tactics

Page 247: Nabeel Hyatt post on game freemium conversion ratios: http://nabeel.typepad.com/brinking/2008/09/theres-been-som.html
Page 248: Gupta and Mela auction paper discussed here: http://www.longtail.com/the_long_tail/2008/11/whats-a-free-cu.html