Clickers Pathfinder

Resources Relating to the use of Clickers in Education

Introduction	Bibliographies & Resource Collections
Terms Used to Refer to Clickers	Journal Articles
Subject Headings	Other Resources
Books	Multimedia Resources
Journals	Resources for Developing Questions
Abstracts & Indexes	Information About this Pathfinder

Introduction:

This pathfinder is an introductory list of information sources used as a guide to systematically locate materials about the use of clickers in education. Sources are cited ranging from general to specific. Clickers are small-handheld electronic devices used by students to respond to questions posed by instructors. Typically, questions are provided to students using electronic on-screen presentations. The use of clickers gives instructors and students real-time feedback regarding students' knowledge and responses. Students' responses can be immediately displayed to gauge understanding. The use of clickers engage students to actively participate in class sessions. This is especially true in lecture-format types of classes, which are usually passive learning environments.

7 Things You Should Know About Clickers (2005). Educause Learning Initiative.

Terms Used to Refer to Clickers:
The current literature has not settled on standard terminology to describe clicker technology. Below is a list of some of the terms that have been used. Acronyms are also commonly used, such as ARS, CRS, SRS, etc.

Audience-paced Feedback System
Audience Response System
Classroom Communication System
Classroom Participation System
Classroom Performance System
Classroom Response System
Clickers
Electronic Response System
Electronic Student Response System
Electronic Voting System
Group Response System
Hyper-active Teaching Technology
Interactive Audience Response System
Interactive Classroom Response System
Interactive Engagement
Interactive Learning System
Interactive Response System
Interactive Student Response System
Interactive Wireless Keypads
Personal Response System
Polling Device
Polling System
Response System
Student Response System
Voting System
Wireless Response System
Wireless Student Response System

Subject Headings:

Active learning
Active learning -- Technological innovations
Education, Higher -- Computer-assisted instruction
Teaching -- Aids and devices
Educational technology -- design
Educational technology -- methods
Educational tests & measurements
Multimedia systems -- study and teaching
Multiple-choice examinations
Teaching -- methods
Teaching materials

Books:

Banks, D. (2006). Audience Response Systems in Higher Education: Applications and Cases. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Inc (IGI).
Duncan, D. (2005). Clickers in the classroom: how to enhance science teaching using classroom response systems. Pearson Education.
Bruff, D. (2009). Teaching with Classroom Response Systems: Creating Active Learning Environments. John Wiley and Sons.

Abstracts & Indexes:
Print and online abstracts and indexes, with pertinent subject headings. Note: The links below, except those marked by an asterisk (*), link to the entry page for University at Buffalo affiliates. Alternative access to these resources may also be available.

Journals:

Educational Technology Research and Development

EDUCAUSE Quarterly
Journal of Computer Assisted Learning
Learning, Media, and Technology

Bibliographies & Resource Collections:

Bruff, D. (2007). Classroom Response System Bibliography. Vanderbilt Center for Teaching, Vanderbilt University.
Personal Response Systems ("Clickers") Resource List. (2007). Teaching & Learning Center, University of Las Vegas, Nevada.
Student Response Systems. (2007). Educause Connect.

Student Response System. (2007). The UW-System clicker project. Learning Technology Center, University of Wisconsin.

Journal Articles:

Abrahamson, A.L. (1999, May). Teaching with Classroom Communication System -- What it involves and why it works. Paper presented at International Workshop, New Trends in Physics Teaching, Puebla, Mexico.
Beatty, I., Gerace, W., Leonard, W., & Dufresne, R., (2006). Designing effective questions for classroom response system teaching. Scientific Reasoning Research Institute and Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts. Amherst: Massachusetts.
Beatty, I. (2004). Transforming Student Learning with Classroom Communication Systems. Boulder, Colo.: EDUCAUSE Center for Applied Research, 3(5).
Caldwell, J.E. (2007). Clickers in the large classroom: Current research and best-practice tips. Life Sciences Education, 6(1), 9-20.
Conoley, J., Moore, G., Croom, B., & Flowers, J. (2006). A toy or a teaching tool? The use of audience-response systems in the classroom. Techniques (the Journal of the Association for Career and Technical Education). 81(7), 46-49.

Draper, S.W., & Brown, M.I. (2004). Increasing interactivity in lectures using an electronic voting system. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20(2), 81-94.
Duncan, D. (2006). Clickers: A New Teaching Aid with Exceptional Promise. University of Colorado, The Astronomy Education Review, 1-5(70-88).
Fagen, A. P., Crouch, C. H., & Mazur, E. (2002). Peer instruction: Results from a range of classrooms. The Physics Teacher, 40, 206-209.
Hall, R.J., Collier, H. L., Thomas M. L., & Hilgers, M. G. (2005). A student response system for increasing engagement, motivation and learning in high enrollment lectures. Proceedings of the Eleventh Americas Conference on Information Systems (pp. 1-7). Omaha, NE.
Hoffman, C., & Goodwin, S. (2006). A Clicker for your thoughts: Technology for active learning. New Library World, 107(1228/1229), 422-433.
Knight, J., & Wood W. B. (2005). Teaching more by lecturing less. Cell Biology Education, 4, 298-310

Littauer, R. (1972). Instructional implications of a low-cost electronic student response system. Educational Technology: Teacher and Technology Supplement, 12(10), 69-71.
Martyn M. (2007). Clickers in the Classroom: An Active Learning Approach. EDUCAUSE Quarterly. (30)2. pp. 71-74.
Robertson, L. J. (2000). Twelve Tips for Using a Computerized Interactive Audience Response System. Medical Teacher, (22)3, pp. 237–239.
Sawada, D. (2002). Learning from past and present: electronic response systems in college lecture halls. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and Science Teaching.
Stuart, A. J., Brown, M. I., & Draper, S. W. (2004). Using an electronic voting system in logic lectures: One practitioner's application. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 20(2), 95-102.
Sullivan, Roberta (Robin). (2009, March). Principles for Constructing Good Clicker Questions: Going Beyond Rote Learning and Stimulating Active Engagement with Course Content. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 37(3).
Uhari, M., Renko, M. & Soini, H. (2003). Experiences of using an interactive audience response system in lectures. BMC Medical.
Wit, E. (2003). Who wants to be...The use of a personal response system in statistics teaching. MSOR Connections, 3(2), 14-20.
Zhu, E. (2007). TEACHING WITH CLICKERS. CRLT Occasional Papers, University Of Michigan. No. 22.

Other Resources:

Bruff, D. (2009). Teaching with Classroom Response Systems (Resources for engaging and assessing students with clickers).

Kaleta, R., & Joosten. T. (2007). Student Response Systems: A University of Wisconsin System Study of Clickers.

SRS Faculty Development Workshop. (2005). Learning Technology Center. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Website.
Mazur, E. (2007). Mazur Group website.

Turning Technologies Audience Response Systems. (2007) Higher Education Best Practices.
Carl Wieman Science Education Initiative, University of British Columbia, & The Science Education Initiative, University of Colorado (2008)._Clicker Resource Guide: An Instructor's Guide to the Effective Use of Personal Response Systems (Clickers) in Teaching.

Multimedia Resources:

Gilbert, S., & Bruff, D. (2006) Clickers - FridayLive Webcast Digital Archive.

Herreid, C., & Wood, T. (2007). Clickers in the classroom discussion forum - video archive. Teaching & Learning Center. University at Buffalo, the State University of New York.
Interactive Teaching Using the Classroom Performance System. (2007). Division of Instructional Innovation and Assessment, The University of Texas at Austin.
TurningTechnologies Presentations and Podcasts . (2009). TurningTechnologies LLC.
Bruff, D. (2009). Classroom Response Systems ("Clickers")

Resources for Developing Questions:

Bannister, S. (2002). Developing Objectives and Relating them to Assessment. University of North Carolina-Charlotte Website.
Beatty, I., Gerace. W., Leonard, W., & Dufresne, R. (2006). Designing effective questions for classroom response system teaching, American Journal of Physics, 74(1), 31-39.
Carneson, J., Delpierre, G., and Masters, K. (1996). Designing and Managing Multiple Choice Questions. University of Cape Town Website.
Clegg, V. L., & Cashin, W. E. (1986). Improving multiple-choice tests. Manhattan, Kan.: Center for Faculty Evaluation & Development, Kansas State University.
Designing Questions for Clickers. Technology Enhanced Learning & Research. Ohio State University.
Haladyna, T.M., and Downing, S.M. (1989). A taxonomy of multiple-choice item-writing rules. Applied Measurement in Education. pp. 37-50.
Improving Multiple Choice Questions. (1990) Center for Teaching and Learning, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Jacobs, L. (2004). How to Write Better Tests: A Handbook for Improving Test Construction Skills. Indiana University Website.

Welsh, A.L. (1978). Multiple choice objective tests. In P. Saunders, A.L. Welsh, & W.L. Hansen (Eds.), Resource manual for teacher training programs in Economics (pp 191-228). New York: Joint Council on Economic Education.

Information About this Pathfinder:
This Pathfinder has been created as an assignment for the course LIS 523 - User Education taught by Chris Hollister for the Library and Information Sciences Department. The concept for this pathfinder has been adopted from an assignment created by Judith Robinson, Professor, Library and Information Sciences, for the course LIS518 - Reference Sources and Services. The initiative for the development of this pathfinder is the University clicker standardization project UBclicks.

Direct questions relating to this pathfinder to Roberta (Robin) Sullivan, Instructional Designer, Teaching & Learning Center, Office of the Vice Provost for Faculty Affairs, University at Buffalo, the State University of New York.