The Freedom To Leave
A journalist asked me an interesting question last Friday. "Why is it," he asked, "that we are seeing so many new desktop tools like word-processors and calendars at the moment?" He's right, of course. There's loads of energy around, with projects like Google Calendar, KOffice, OpenOffice.org, Chandler and plenty more, plus new innovations like Backpack, Writely, BlogBridge and others. I've tried many of these and some of them have stuck. What's the connection between them?
The New Lock-Out
The thing is, all of these tools have worked out that lock-in is the new lock-out. In a networked, participative economy, the fastest way to send early adopters packing is to make your cool new toy the data equivalent of what the Americans call a roach motel – named after a pest control product because of its slogan “The Roaches Check In But Never Check Out”. To start with, early adopters like me are not willing to put live data into applications that don't offer import and export. My calendar is in RFC2445 iCalendar format, so if you want me to try your new calendar thing you'd better accept that as the import format. If I can't add iCalendar and vCalendar appointments I'll not be using it for long, and there had better be an iCalendar sharing facility for scheduling.
What's more, I have to have iCalendar export so I can migrate away from your new toy to things like Apple iCal, Sun Java System Calendar Server or any of the umpteen programs that support those standards. The same goes for everything else - I just moved my blog subscriptions from Bloglines to BlogBridge to give it a try (it's a pretty cool Java Webstart application) using the OPML export in Bloglines, and I work with a group of people routinely exchanging documents between a selection of applications that support the OpenDocument formats, the new ISO26300 standard format for productivity documents.
Confidence To Stay
The availability of open, freely-usable standards creates a bigger market and promotes innovation because we are all free to give things a try, as was clear at BloggerCon. If "interoperability" meant "import only", I'd never feel safe trying new things so market growth and innovation would be inhibited. People who implement open standards like this are smart, because although they allow customers to leave for greener pastures they also allow them to return - I am still using Bloglines despite the appeal of BlogBridge - and the confidence I feel over "owning" my data makes me a much more interesting customer.
That feeling is caused by more than interoperability - it takes full substitutability for me to have the confidence to stay as well as the freedom to leave. That's why Stewart Butterfield is spot-on with the policy at photo sharing site Flickr where he offers free export access to any competing service that will offer him free export access. Paradoxically he will keep my business by allowing me to leave at any time.
Innovation Enabled
More than that, though, full support for truly open standards means that new ways to use the data can occur. For example, the feeds in Bloglines mean I can use BlogBridge to read the for:webmink tag feed using BlogBridge and have analysts at industry firm Redmonk send me interesting links to read without the overhead of e-mail. That's part innovation-by-design and part innovation-enabled, leaving the customer to work out new ways to mash-up the data and create innovative uses for their own data. When using the data demands only a particular vendor's software, or a licensing relationship, or some other boundary traversal, the innovation finds it harder to escape.
So what does it take to have a standard that leads to substitutability and the freedom to leave? At a minimum, it takes the following to innovation-enable a standard.
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First of all, it takes confidence over intellectual property rights. I dream of a world where "standard" implies that all parties to the creation of the specification have been compelled to issue non-assert covenants so every developer can be sure there's no strings attached.
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Second, it takes multiple implementations, proving the format is actually usable in multiple places. This was the genius of IETF and it's one of the lessons of CORBA.
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Third, the approach must not favour any particular implementation or platform. That's the problem Microsoft's Office 12 XML format (or whatever it's called today) turns out to have, and no amount of rubber-stamping by the vendor-only Ecma International will fix it.
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Fourth, and in the coming world of development the most important, is that there's an open source reference implementation, so that the standard can be incorporated into as many systems as possible. This, by the way, is why I am such a fan of open source for the Java platform.
The Richness of the Plains
This is about far more than interoperability. Interoperability was a fine goal in the 90s, but in today's world it takes much more than just the minimum level of allowing others to use your secret sauce. Pragmatic interoperability is better than nothing and certainly beats the cold-war mindset of the 80s and 90s where incompatibility and isolationism were the rule. But I want more than import-only. I want more than lowest-common-denominator exchange, where I have to rework my data to make it survive the teleport. Those are the hallmarks of the monopolist's definition of interoperability - letting me play in your market at little risk to your monopoly.
The network changes everything. I argue after Benkler that injecting the network into society removes the commercial benefits previously achieved by closed behaviour, and the plethora of new software the journalist observed seems to support that. The canyons were the first world of software and interoperability was their high-altitude pass. The plains are the new world, where the spread of open formats and software grows the market and gives us all the opportunity for success - in whatever compatible way we choose to measure it.
The new world is being made by iCalendar, Atom/RSS, OpenDocument, OPML and their like, overturning one of Cringeley's five lock-ins (cited by Charles Miller recently) in a world that's also rejecting the other four. Truly open formats are creating the new market, and those who attempt to subvert the trend with pseudo-openness will fail.
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