Open Access within the German Research Foundation / By Johannes Fournier, German Research Foundation 

開放近用在德國研究基金會的發展 / 喬納斯‧傅尼葉, 德國研究基金會

Funding organisations such as the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) have a natural interest in the widest possible dissemination of the research results obtained with their financial assistance so that these results can form the basis for further insights. As a result, the DFG, as one of the first signatories to the ‘Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities’ supports the principle of Open Access and, after conducting a representative survey of funded scientists and scholars from all disciplines(62), was also the first German research organisation to put free-of-charge access to the results of publicly funded research on a legal footing at the start of 2006. The guidelines for the use of funds, which apply to all funds approved by the DFG, explicitly call on recipients to make their research results available free of charge either by publishing them in peer-reviewed Open Access journals or by placing them in repositories. In addition, the DFG can make a lump-sum available for each project to help defray the cost of publication in an Open Access journal(63). As legal and material preconditions are not sufficient to usher in a culture of Open Access, however, this article shall outline the activities which the DFG supports in order to make Open Access a reality.
德國研究基金會之類的贊助機構, 期望儘量散播其贊助的研究成果, 才能形成進一步研究的基礎。作為第一個簽署'柏林宣言'的單位, 德國研究基金會支持開放近用原則，調查被贊助的科學家與學者之後(註62), 於2006年跨出法律上的一大步, 成為德國第一個可以免費近用所有研究成果的機構。使用基金的準則，適用於德國研究基金會核定的所有贊助，明確要求被贊助者，必須將其研究成果發表在同儕評閱的開放近用學刊, 或置於典藏所, 免費供社會大眾近用。此外，德國研究基金會補助每個計畫相當的經費，補貼在開放近用學刊的出版費用(註63)。開放近用文化受到法律和實務等先決條件的限制，本文僅簡述德國研究基金會為實現開放近用的做為。


Information and Awareness-raising ••••
資訊與提昇認知

In order to provide comprehensive information for scientists and scholars on how they can make free access to research results possible, the DFG is supporting the construction of an information platform http://www.open-access.net. On this platform, contents are presented by subject, academic discipline, and role (academics, learned societies, infrastructure service providers, university administrations). Closely intermeshed with this activity is the DFG-funded project ‘Open Access Policies – Was gestatten deutsche Verlage ihren Autoren?’ (What do German publishers allow their authors to do?’)(64), which discusses the conditions on which academic publishers allow articles in respected journals to be additionally made available via repositories. This information, which is also included in an international database, makes it clear at the same time that the ‘green road’ in no way reduces the high quality of the academic work desired by the DFG, as the articles made accessible via repositories have already appeared in traditional journals.
為了對科學家與學者提供完整的資訊，讓研究成果可以被免費近用, 德國研究基金會建構並支持一個資訊平台 http://www.open-access.net。在這個平台裡，依主題、學科、角色(學者、學會、基礎設施服務提供者、大學行政當局)等, 將內容分門別類。德國研究基金會補助一個計畫, 與此活動密切合作, ‘開放近用政策 - 德國出版允許作者做那些事?’(註64)，其中討論了在尊重學刊的前提下，學術出版社允許論文置於典藏所, 供社會大眾近用。這個資訊含蓋國際性的資料庫，同時確認'玉律'絕未降低德國研究基金會要求的品質，因為，經由典藏所被近用的論文, 都已經在傳統學刊出版過。


Organisation of a publication infrastructure••••
出版的組織

The DFG has supported the organisation of Open Access journals in various academic fields (German Medical Science, Forum Qualitative Social Research, sehepunkte) since the mid1990s. The journal economics (http://www.economics-ejournal.org/), recently launched with DFG funds, introduces open peer review as a quality criterion which is closely linked with Open Access, and in addition intends to provide links from the articles to their primary data. For the ‘golden road’, those projects which aim to transform journals currently subject to licence into Open Access journals would be of particular interest in the future. In this way, the existing reputation of a journal can be transferred to the new form of publication.
1990年以來, 德國研究基金會一直支持各學術領域的開放近用學刊組織(German Medical Science, Forum Qualitative Social Research, sehepunkte)。德國研究基金會最近贊助的雜誌經濟學平台(http://www.economics-ejournal.org/)，引入開放式同儕評 閱, 做為與開放近用相關的品質標準，此外, 還打算將論文連接至其原始資料。這些計畫提供的資訊, 對於以授權為主的學刊, 並打算在未來改變為開放近用學刊, 即轉型為'金科', 有相當的助益。現有的知名學刊可透過此方式，轉型為新的出版形式。

In order to ensure the user-friendliness of publications accessible via repositories through full-text searches and subject-based browsing, the DFG supports the organisation of a network of certified repositories: this is intended as a German contribution to a European research infrastructure.
為了碓保典藏所的全文檢索與主題瀏覽具有近用出版品的親和力, 德國研究基金會支持網路組織認證的典藏所：做為德國對歐洲研究基礎設施的貢獻。

Integration of disciplinary communities•••••••••••••
整合學科社群

Different academic fields have different practices with regard to publication. These differences should also be respected when it comes to Open Access: for biologists, what is important is the quickest possible access to an article in a journal; for historians, the conveniently accessible electronic edition; for earth scientists, the verifiability of an article through access to the climate data on which it is based. In the debate with different disciplines, a better definition must therefore be reached of where and in what form Open Access is of particular relevance. The DFG thus expects important impetus for the future shaping of this field from the advisory committee of the above mentioned Open Access information platform, which includes representatives of various academic societies.
不同的學術領域對出版有不同的做法, 開放近用應尊重此差異：對生物學家最重要的是, 盡快近用學刊的論文; 歷史學家在乎的是，近用電子版方便性; 地球科學家需要的是，近用做為論文基礎的氣候資料以便查核論文的重要性。面對各學科時，應界定更好的開放近用定義, 才能夠完成與該學科相關的開放近用形式。因此，由不同的學會代表組成的前述開放近用資訊平台的諮詢委員會, 成為德國研究基金會對未來付出重要動力的來源。

p. 86-87

Open Access: Opportunities and challenges. A handbook [開放近用 : 機會及挑戰] / European Commission/German Commission for UNESCO). -- Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 2008. -- 144 pp., 14.8 x 21.0 cm. -- ISBN 978-92-79-06665-8. -- EUR 23459, http://tinyurl.com/3q8wo5