Objectives for ZOO 200 Lecture Midterm 1

Introductory Concepts

  1. Define anatomy and describe (as discussed in lecture) the major subdivisions of anatomical study.

  1. Define physiology and describe (as discussed in lecture) the major subdivisions of physiology.

  2. Describe the levels of structural organization making up the human body.

  3. Define mitosis and differentiation; what four major cell types

  4. Identify the principal organ systems of the human body and give their general functions. (note: for Midterm 1, know these functions only to the detail presented in the accompanying handout; we will expand upon these functions in later lectures.)

  5. Describe and define the following: internal environment, extracellular fluid, plasma, interstitial fluid, and intracellular fluid.

  6. In the context of the internal environment, what “goal” of interacting organ systems helps to ensure cell survival, and thus survival of the organism?

  7. Define homeostasis.

Note: objectives 9-14 below will be discussed in lab and not lecture; however, they will be covered both on the first lecture midterm and the first lab practical)

  1. Define the anatomical position and know the anatomical terms used to describe various regions of the human body.

  2. Define the directional terms used in association with the human body.

  3. Describe the common sectional planes used in anatomical study.

  4. List the principal body cavities and the organs contained within.

  5. Define the mediastinum and know the organs found within.

  6. Describe how the anterior abdominopelvic surface is divided into nine regions and four quadrants. 

 

Tissue Objectives

 

  1. Define tissue.

  2. Describe the three types of cell junctions in terms of function and typical locations.

  3. Name the three embryonic tissues (i.e. the primary germ layers) and give examples of structures they develop into.

  4. What are the four primary tissues that the embryonic tissues develop into?

  5. Describe three examples of specializations of epithelial cells.

  6. Describe six characteristics common to most epithelial tissues.

  7. Describe four general functions of epithelial tissues and give examples of each.

  8. Describe the two functional classifications of epithelial tissues.

  9. Describe how epithelial tissues are classified on the basis of structure.

  10. List the structure, location, and function of the six anatomical classes of epithelial tissue discussed in lecture.

  11. Describe three ways by which epithelial tissues maintain their structural integrity.

  12. Describe the two general components of most connective tissue (CT).

  13. What are the two major components in the matrix of most CT?

  14. What are the three major categories of CT?

  15. Describe the cell types, including functions, found in fibrous CT (CT proper)

  16. Describe the fiber types, including functions, found in fibrous CT.

  17. Name and describe the characteristics of the various types of  fibrous CT, and give examples of location.

  18. What are the two types of supporting CT?

  19. Describe the organization of cartilage, including chondrocytes, lacunae, and cartilaginous matrix.

  20. What characteristic of cartilage, unusual for CT, is a reason why it heals slowly?

  21. Describe the structure and function of perichondrium.

  22. Name, give examples of location, and describe the structural differences of the three types of cartilage.

  23. Distinguish between cartilage at the tissue and organ level of organization and give examples.

  24. Describe the organization of bone (osseous) CT, including the four types of bone cells, the composition of osseous matrix, the arrangement of matrix into lamellae, and the canaliculi.

  25. What are the characteristics of bone matrix that make it both strong and hard?

  26. Distinguish between compact (cortical) and spongy (cancellous) bone and give examples of location.

  27. Describe the structure of an osteon (Haversian system).

  28. Where is bone marrow found?

  29. Differentiate between bone at the tissue and organ level of organization.

  30. Describe the structure and function of periosteum

  31. Describe the process of bone remodeling.

  32. What are the fluid CTs?

  33. Describe the principal physical characteristics of blood and its functions in the body

  34. What comprises the formed elements of blood?

  35. Describe an erythrocyte in terms of shape, size, function, and internal composition. Why must erythrocytes be small and flexible? What is the advantage of its shape? What are typical RBC counts and hematocrits?

  36. What are the two categories and five sub-categories of leukocytes? What are the general functions of each? What are typical WBC counts? Where are the various leukocytes produced?

  37. Describe platelets. What is their general function? Describe their production. What is a typical platelet count?

  38. Describe the process of hemopoiesis and the hormonal control of RBC production.

  39. Describe the composition of plasma. Give the general functions of each of the plasma proteins.